Oral and Maxillofacial Radiology Exam Review
Course Introduction
Oral and Maxillofacial Radiology is a specialized branch of dentistry focused on the acquisition and interpretation of diagnostic images related to the oral and maxillofacial region. This course provides students with a comprehensive understanding of the principles of radiation physics, radiographic techniques, and safety protocols essential for accurate diagnosis and treatment planning. Topics include conventional and digital imaging modalities, interpretation of normal anatomical structures and pathological findings, and the role of advanced imaging technologies such as cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT). Through lectures, practical sessions, and case studies, students develop the skills needed to select appropriate imaging methods, interpret radiographs, and integrate radiological findings into clinical practice.
Recommended Textbook
Dental Radiography Principles and Techniques 4th Edition by Iannucci DDS MS
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Page 2
Chapter 1: Radiation History
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Sample Questions
Q1) Radiation is defined as:
A) A form of energy carried by waves or streams of particles.
B) A beam of energy that has the power to penetrate substances and record image shadows on photographic film.
C) A high-energy radiation produced by the collision of a beam of electrons with a metal target in an x-ray tube.
D) A branch of medicine that deals with the use of x-rays.
Answer: A
Q2) William Rollins:
A) Established the first college course in radiography for dental students.
B) Was the first to use film in intraoral radiography.
C) Developed the first dental x-ray unit.
D) Developed the first hot cathode x-ray tube.
Answer: C
Q3) The variable kilovoltage x-ray machine was introduced in:
A) 1895
B) 1913
C) 1923
D) 1957
Answer: D
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Chapter 2: Radiation Physics
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which transformer in the x-ray machine is used to increase the voltage from the incoming 110- or 220-line voltage to the 65,000 to 100,000 volts required?
A) Step-down transformer
B) Step-up transformer
C) Autotransformer
D) Both a and c
Answer: B
Q2) The nucleus of an atom contains:
A) Protons
B) Neutrons
C) Protons and neutrons
D) Electrons
Answer: C
Q3) Which of the following elements is the simplest atom, with an atomic number of 1?
A) Hydrogen
B) Helium
C) Nitrogen
D) Oxygen
Answer: A
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Page 4
Chapter 3: Radiation Characteristics
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Sample Questions
Q1) ____ is a measurement of force that refers to the potential difference between two electrical charges.
A) Exposure time
B) Wavelength
C) Voltage
D) Ampere
Answer: C
Q2) A film with "low" contrast (greater or equal to 90 kVp):
A) Is useful for the detection of periodontal or periapical disease.
B) Is useful for the detection and progression of dental caries.
C) Has many shades of gray.
D) Both a and c.
Answer: D
Q3) Which of the following statements is true of the use of voltage in dental x-ray equipment?
A) Dental x-ray equipment requires the use of 3 to 5 volts.
B) Dental x-ray equipment requires the use of less than 65 kilovolts.
C) Dental x-ray equipment requires the use of more than 100 kilovolts.
D) Dental x-ray equipment requires the use of 65 to 100 kilovolts.
Answer: D
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Chapter 4: Radiation Biology
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Sample Questions
Q1) ____ is/are the single largest contributor to artificial radiation exposure (0.00053 Sv/year).
A) Consumer products
B) Medical radiation
C) Fallout from atomic weapons
D) The nuclear fuel cycle
Q2) The potential risk of dental radiography inducing a fatal cancer in an individual is about ____ the risk of a person developing cancer spontaneously.
A) 1/10
B) 1/100
C) 1/1000
D) 1/1,000,000
Q3) A 1 in 1 million risk of a fatal outcome is associated with which of the following activities?
A) Riding 10 miles on a bike
B) Riding 300 miles in an auto
C) Riding 1000 miles in an airplane
D) Choices a, b, and c
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Chapter 5: Radiation Protection
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Sample Questions
Q1) The collimator:
A) Is always round.
B) Restricts the size and shape of the x-ray beam.
C) Is a solid piece of aluminum.
D) Is fitted within the copper stem beneath the molybdenum cup.
Q2) The thyroid collar:
A) Is recommended for all intraoral films.
B) Is recommended for all extraoral films.
C) May exist as a separate shield or as part of the lead apron.
D) Both a and c.
Q3) Inherent filtration in the dental x-ray tubehead:
A) Includes filtration that takes place when the primary beam passes through the glass window of the x-ray tube, the insulating oil, and the tubehead seal.
B) Includes the placement of aluminum discs in the path of the x-ray beam between the collimator and the tubehead seal.
C) Alone meets the standards regulated by state and federal law.
D) Is equivalent to approximately 5.0 mm of aluminum.
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Chapter 6: Dental X-Ray Equipment
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Sample Questions
Q1) The ____ allow(s) for positioning of the tubehead.
A) control devices
B) extension arm
C) control panel
D) exposure button
Q2) The position-indicating device (PID) is an extension of the:
A) Tubehead
B) Extension arm
C) Control panel
D) Exposure button
Q3) A ____ eliminates the need for the patient to stabilize the film.
A) PID (position-indicating device)
B) film holder
C) control panel
D) beam alignment device
Q4) The ____ activate(s) the machine to produce x-rays.
A) on-off switch
B) exposure button
C) exposure light
D) control devices
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Chapter 7: Dental X-Ray Film
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which of the following types of film shows a wide view of the upper and lower jaws on a single radiograph?
A) Periapical
B) Bite-wing
C) Panoramic
D) Cephalometric
Q2) The embossed pattern placed on the lead foil sheet by the manufacturer will reveal:
A) Whether or not the film has been exposed.
B) If the film has been exposed to moisture.
C) If the film packet is inadvertently positioned in the mouth backward and then exposed.
D) If the film packet is inadvertently opened before the film is processed.
Q3) The latent image is stored by the ____ in dental x-ray film.
A) Gelatin
B) Film base
C) Adhesive layer
D) Silver halide crystals
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Chapter 8: Dental X-Ray Image Characteristics
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Sample Questions
Q1) The typical stepwedge is constructed of:
A) Aluminum.
B) Steel.
C) Wood.
D) Copper.
Q2) A radiograph that has ____ is said to have low contrast.
A) A very dark overall appearance
B) A very light overall appearance
C) Many shades of gray
D) Very dark areas and very light areas
Q3) If the milliamperage is increased, the film density ____, and the film appears ____.
A) Increases; lighter
B) Increases; darker
C) Decreases; darker
D) Decreases; lighter
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Chapter 9: Dental X-Ray Film Processing
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Sample Questions
Q1) Potassium bromide functions as which of the following components of developer solution?
A) Developing agent
B) Preservative
C) Accelerator
D) Restrainer
Q2) The purpose of the fixing agent is to remove all ____ from the film emulsion.
A) Unexposed silver halide crystals
B) Exposed silver halide crystals
C) Unexposed and exposed silver halide crystals
D) Of the emulsion
Q3) Which of the following chemicals is the accelerator in developer solution?
A) Hydroquinone
B) Elon
C) Sodium sulfite
D) Sodium carbonate
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11
Chapter 10: Quality Assurance in the Dental Office
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Sample Questions
Q1) If the processor is functioning properly, the results of the automatic processor test films will be that:
A) The unexposed film appears clear and dry, and the film exposed to light appears black and dry.
B) The unexposed film appears clear and wet, and the film exposed to light appears black and wet.
C) The unexposed film appears black and dry, and the film exposed to light appears clear and dry.
D) The unexposed film appears black and wet, and the film exposed to light appears clear and wet.
Q2) To perform the coin test, the film and coin are exposed to:
A) The safelight.
B) The darkroom ceiling or white light.
C) The light with the darkroom door open.
D) No light at all.
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Chapter 11: Dental Radiographs and the Dental
Radiographer
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Sample Questions
Q1) A ____ may be a dental radiographer. 1. Dental hygienist
2) Dental assistant
3) Dentist
A) 1, 2, 3
B) 1, 2
C) 1, 3
D) 3 only
Q2) Radiographs are a(n) ____ comprehensive patient care.
A) Adjunct to
B) Necessary component of
C) Option for
D) Supplement to
Q3) Through the use of dental radiographs, the dental radiographer can detect ____ that cannot be detected clinically. 1. Diseases
2) Lesions
3) Conditions of teeth and bones
A) 1, 2, 3
B) 1, 2
C) 2, 3
D) 3 only
Page 13
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Chapter 12: Patient Relations and the Dental Radiographer
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Sample Questions
Q1) ____ is a nonverbal communication skill associated with interest and warmth.
A) Leaning slightly away from the patient
B) A slumped posture
C) Tapping fingers
D) An attentive posture
Q2) Good verbal communication skills for dental radiographers involve:
A) Speaking in a rushed manner to convince the patient that the radiographer is working hard.
B) Using words such as cut, drill, and scrape to put the procedure in the patient's language so that the patient may understand.
C) A loud tone of voice so that the patient may hear clearly.
D) A soft tone of voice.
Q3) Communication is defined in the text as:
A) Having a conversation.
B) Establishing a connection.
C) The process by which information is exchanged between two or more persons.
D) Two or more persons in the same location or room.
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14
Chapter 13: Patient Education and the Dental Radiographer
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Sample Questions
Q1) The time interval between radiographic examinations for children should be based on:
A) Their age.
B) The individual needs of the child.
C) A 6-month interval for bite-wing films.
D) A 12-month interval for bite-wing films.
Q2) Exposures in the range of thousands of roentgens are ____ in dental radiography.
A) Often exceeded
B) Exceeded with a full mouth series
C) Rarely exceeded
D) Inconceivable
Q3) To answer questions about the necessity of dental x-ray films, tell the patient:
A) They are an option, not a necessity.
B) There are many diseases and conditions that cannot be detected simply by looking into the mouth.
C) All diseases and conditions produce signs and symptoms that render x-ray films unnecessary.
D) Tooth decay, gum disease, cysts, and tumors all can be detected eventually simply by looking in the mouth.
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Page 15
Chapter 14: Legal Issues and the Dental Radiographer
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Sample Questions
Q1) If informed consent is not obtained from a patient before the exposure of dental radiographs, a patient may legally claim:
A) Negligence.
B) Malpractice.
C) Malpractice or negligence.
D) Disclosure.
Q2) The process of informing the patient about the particulars of exposing dental radiographs is termed:
A) A treatment alternative.
B) Disclosure.
C) Self-determination.
D) Behavior modification.
Q3) Lack of informed consent may be shown by the following:
A) Consent from an individual under the influence of drugs or alcohol
B) Consent from an individual with legal right to give it
C) Consent from an individual under duress
D) Both a and c
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16
Chapter 15: Infection Control and the Dental Radiographer
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Sample Questions
Q1) ____ is defined as the absence of pathogens, or disease-causing microorganisms.
A) Antiseptic
B) Antibiotic
C) Antiinfective
D) Asepsis
Q2) Commercially available barrier envelopes:
A) Minimize contamination before exposure of the film.
B) Minimize contamination after exposure of the film.
C) Are made of a material that blocks the passage of photons.
D) Are made of a material that blocks the passage of electrons.
Q3) Which of the following are considered to be semicritical instruments?
A) The exposure button
B) The x-ray control panel
C) The lead apron
D) X-ray film-holding devices
Q4) ____ when using medical latex or vinyl gloves.
A) Gloves may be rewashed between patients and reused until damaged
B) Nonsterile gloves are recommended for examinations and nonsurgical procedures
C) Hands should not be washed before gloving
D) Hands should not be washed between patients
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Chapter 16: Introduction to Radiographic Examinations
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Sample Questions
Q1) CMRS stands for:
A) Complete mouth restorative series.
B) Complete mouth radiographic series.
C) Complete mouth restorative service.
D) Complete mouth radiographic service.
Q2) The CMRS is defined as a series of intraoral dental radiographs that shows:
A) All the dentulous tooth-bearing areas of the upper and lower jaws.
B) All the edentulous tooth-bearing areas of the upper and lower jaws.
C) All the dentulous or edentulous tooth-bearing areas of the upper and lower jaws.
D) All the dentulous tooth-bearing areas of the upper and lower jaws that can be verified clinically.
Q3) There are ____ methods for obtaining periapical radiographs.
A) Two
B) Three
C) Five
D) Ten
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18
Chapter 17: Paralleling Technique
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Sample Questions
Q1) The entire crowns and roots of one lateral and one central incisor, including the apices of the teeth and surrounding structures, must be seen on the ____ radiograph.
A) Maxillary canine
B) Maxillary incisor
C) Mandibular canine
D) Mandibular incisor
Q2) When tori are present:
A) The patient will require a panoramic film.
B) The film should be placed on the torus and exposed.
C) The patient should be referred for surgical tori reduction before films are taken.
D) The film must be placed on the far side of the torus.
Q3) The paralleling technique ____ on fixed vertical angulations and produces a radiographic image ____ dimensional distortion.
A) Does not rely; without
B) Relies; without
C) Does not rely; with D) Relies; Without
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19
Chapter 18: Bisecting Technique
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Sample Questions
Q1) According to the recommended posterior periapical exposure sequence for the bisecting technique, the second posterior quadrant exposed should be the:
A) Maxillary right quadrant.
B) Maxillary left quadrant.
C) Mandibular right quadrant.
D) Mandibular left quadrant.
Q2) Which of the following commercially available film holders can be used with the bisecting technique?
A) Rinn BAI instruments
B) Rinn XCP instruments
C) Stabe bite-block
D) Both a and c
Q3) When Rinn BAI instruments are used, "BAI" refers to which of the following?
A) Bisecting, aiming, instrument
B) Bisecting, angle, instrument
C) Bisecting, angle, integration
D) Both, angle, integration
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Chapter 19: Bite-Wing Technique
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which size bite-wing film may be placed in a horizontal or vertical position?
A) Size 0
B) Size 1
C) Size 2
D) Size 3
Q2) For the premolar bite-wing exposure, the front edge of the film should be aligned with the midline of the:
A) Maxillary canine.
B) Mandibular canine.
C) Maxillary first premolar.
D) Mandibular first premolar.
Q3) When vertical posterior bite-wing exposures are indicated, size ____ film is placed with the long portion of the film in a ____ direction.
A) 1; horizontal
B) 2; horizontal
C) 1; vertical
D) 2; vertical
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Chapter 20: Exposure and Technique Errors
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Sample Questions
Q1) To prevent a dropped film corner:
A) Change the horizontal angulation.
B) Increase the vertical angulation.
C) Decrease the vertical angulation.
D) Make certain the edge of the film is placed parallel to the incisal-occlusal surfaces of the teeth.
Q2) Blurred images appear on the film when:
A) There is patient movement.
B) The film is reversed.
C) There is a double exposure.
D) The film is creased.
Q3) The appearance of a patient's finger on the film is called a:
A) Hemangioma
B) Phalangioma
C) Myxoma
D) Pericytoma
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Chapter 21: Occlusal and Localization Techniques
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Q1) The buccal object rule depends on a ____ image shift when trying to locate vertically aligned images. With the buccal object rule, an object to the buccal of the reference object will move in the ____ direction as the shift.
A) Vertical; same
B) Vertical; opposite
C) Horizontal; same
D) Horizontal; opposite
Q2) When the occlusal technique is used, a ____ to stabilize the film.
A) Stabe bite-block is used
B) hemostat is used
C) patient gently bites on the surface of the film
D) bite-wing tab is used
Q3) The pediatric projection is recommended for use in children ____ years old or younger.
A) 2
B) 5
C) 8
D) 10
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Chapter 22: Panoramic Imaging
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Sample Questions
Q1) An "exaggerated smile line" is seen on the radiograph if the patient's:
A) Chin is tipped down.
B) Chin is tipped up.
C) Teeth are positioned too far back on the bite-block.
D) Teeth are positioned too far forward on the bite-block.
Q2) A panoramic film is ____ film(s) taken using an ____ technique.
A) A series of; intraoral
B) A series of; extraoral
C) A single; intraoral
D) A single; extraoral
Q3) The rotational change in a panoramic machine allows the image layer to conform to the ____ shape of the dental arches.
A) Square
B) Tapering
C) Ovoid
D) Elliptical
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Chapter 23: Extraoral Imaging
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Q1) The purpose of the transcranial projection is to evaluate the articular eminence and ____ surface of the condyle.
A) Anterior
B) Posterior
C) Superior
D) Inferior
Q2) Lateral jaw radiography:
A) Requires the use of a special x-ray unit.
B) Provides for more diagnostic information than a panoramic radiograph.
C) Is used to examine the anterior portion of the mandible.
D) Is valuable for patients with limited jaw opening because of a fracture or swelling.
Q3) Scatter radiation:
A) Increases film fog.
B) Increases film contrast.
C) Reduces film contrast.
D) Both a and c.
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Chapter 24: Imaging of Patients With Special Needs
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Q1) ____ periapical films can be used to examine the edentulous arches.
A) Eight
B) Twelve
C) Fourteen
D) Eighteen
Q2) If a person is blind or visually impaired, the dental radiographer must:
A) Communicate using clear visual explanations.
B) Communicate using clear verbal explanations.
C) Not explain each procedure before performing it.
D) Gesture to another person in the presence of a person who is blind.
Q3) The gag reflex is a(n) ____ effort, preceded by ____ of respiration.
A) voluntary; an increased rate
B) involuntary; cessation
C) voluntary; cessation
D) involuntary; an increased rate
Q4) Suggestions to avoid stimulating the gag reflex include:
A) Sliding the film along the palate.
B) Placing the film slowly to avoid stimulating the patient.
C) Demonstrating film placement.
D) Waiting for 30 seconds before exposing each film.
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Chapter 25: Digital Imaging
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Q1) Most digital imaging systems use a ____ as the x-radiation source.
A) Flat-bed scanner
B) Conventional dental x-ray unit
C) Commercial analog intraoral camera
D) Commercial digital intraoral camera
Q2) Given that the human eye can resolve 8 to 10 lp/mm, a CCD system is inadequate for diagnosis of dental disease. The majority of the research has shown that the traditional Radiographs perform at least as well as digital images and at times even better.
A) Both statements are true.
B) Both statements are false.
C) The first statement is true; the second statement is false.
D) The first statement is false; the second statement is true.
Q3) The electrons that compose the silicon charge-coupled device (CCD) can be visualized as being divided into an arrangement of blocks or picture elements known as:
A) A field arrangement.
B) Pixels.
C) Phosphors.
D) A grid.
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Page 27
Chapter 26: Three-Dimensional Digital Imaging
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Q1) When viewed together, the axial, coronal, and sagittal images are referred to as:
A) MPR images.
B) Multiplanar reconstructed images.
C) CBCT images.
D) Both a and b.
Q2) Radiation is stopped and may not reach the receptor when it interacts with an area of high attenuation, such as:
A) Soft tissue.
B) Large amalgam restorations.
C) Periodontal abscess.
D) Normal anatomic structures.
Q3) The specialty of oral and maxillofacial radiology was recognized in 1999 by the: A) Public.
B) American Radiology Association.
C) American Dental Association.
D) Academy of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery.
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Chapter 27: Normal Anatomy: Intraoral Images
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Q1) On a periapical radiograph, the genial tubercles appear as a ring-shaped ____ the apices of the mandibular incisors.
A) Radiolucency below
B) Radiolucency above
C) Radiopacity below
D) Radiopacity above
Q2) On a periapical radiograph, the superior foramina appear as radiolucencies located superior to apices of the:
A) Maxillary canines.
B) Maxillary central incisors.
C) Mandibular canines.
D) Mandibular central incisors.
Q3) The lingual foramen is surrounded by the:
A) Mental foramen.
B) Genial tubercles.
C) Anterior nasal spine.
D) Internal oblique ridge.
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29
Chapter 28: Film Mounting and Viewing
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Q1) The text recommends viewing radiographs ____ in a room with ____ lighting.
A) as many times as necessary; bright
B) as many times as necessary; dimmed
C) A single time; bright
D) A single time; dimmed
Q2) In dental radiography, film mounting is the placement of radiographs:
A) On a viewbox.
B) In a supporting structure or holder.
C) In the patient's mouth.
D) In the processor.
Q3) In the labial mounting method, radiographs are placed in the film mount with the ____ side of the identification dot facing the viewer. They are then viewed from the ____ aspect.
A) Depressed; labial
B) Depressed; lingual
C) Raised; labial
D) Raised; lingual
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Chapter 29: Normal Anatomy: Panoramic Images
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Q1) The glenoid fossa is a ____ areA.
A) Convex, raised
B) Convex, depressed
C) Concave, raised
D) Concave, depressed
Q2) The nasal ____ is a vertical bony wall or partition that divides the nasal cavity into the right and left nasal fossae.
A) Spine
B) Cavity
C) Hard palate
D) Septum
Q3) The anterior nasal spine is a sharp bony projection of the maxilla located at the ____ portion of the nasal cavity.
A) Anterior and superior
B) Anterior and inferior
C) Posterior and superior
D) Posterior and inferior
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31
Chapter 30: Introduction to Image Interpretation
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Sample Questions
Q1) The definition of interpret is to:
A) Establish a diagnosis.
B) Offer an explanation.
C) Process radiographs.
D) Mount radiographs.
Q2) In the dental setting, most films are examined in the:
A) Business office.
B) Darkroom.
C) Operatory.
D) Reception room.
Q3) Radiographic interpretation enables the dental professional to play a vital role in the detection of ____ of the teeth and jaws that cannot be identified clinically.
1) Lesions
2) Diseases
3) Conditions
A)1, 2, 3
B)1, 2
C)1, 3
D)1 only
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Page 32
Chapter 31: Descriptive Terminology
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Sample Questions
Q1) A radiograph should not be referred to as a(n):
A) Radiogram.
B) Roentgenogram.
C) X-ray.
D) X-ray film.
Q2) A unilocular lesion with corticated borders is usually indicative of a ____ process.
A) Benign slow-growing
B) Benign rapidly growing
C) Malignant slow-growing
D) Malignant rapidly growing
Q3) Which of the following is an example of a soft-tissue opacity?
A) Osteitis deformans
B) Sialolith
C) Chondrosarcoma
D) Florid osseous dysplasia
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33
Chapter 32: Identification of Restorations, Dental Materials, and Foreign Objects
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Sample Questions
Q1) A base material appears ____. If compared with amalgam, the base material appears ____ radiodense.
A) Radiolucent; more
B) Radiolucent; less
C) Radiopaque; more
D) Radiopaque; less
Q2) Porcelain restoration are:
A) Radiolucent.
B) Slightly radiolucent.
C) Slightly radiopaque.
D) Radiopaque.
Q3) According to the text, if questions arise as to what is seen on a radiograph concerning dental restorations, materials, or foreign objects, ____ can be used to obtain additional information.
A) Verbal inquiry of the patient
B) Clinical examination of the patient
C) An Internet search
D) A textbook reference
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Chapter 33: Interpretation of Dental Caries
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Sample Questions
Q1) ____ caries are found between two teeth.
A) Occlusal
B) Buccal
C) Lingual
D) Interproximal
Q2) ____ occlusal caries cannot be seen on a dental radiograph and must be detected clinically with an explorer. (1) Incipient
(2) Moderate
(3) Severe
A) 1, 2, 3
B) 1, 3
C) 2, 3
D) 1 only
Q3) On a dental radiograph, interproximal caries are typically seen at or just below the:
A) Marginal ridge.
B) Contact point.
C) Cementoenamel junction.
D) Crest of the alveolar bone.
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35
Chapter 34: Interpretation of Periodontal Disease
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Sample Questions
Q1) The ____ of adjacent teeth can be used as a plane of reference in determining the pattern of bone loss present.
A) Marginal ridge height
B) Cementoenamel junctions (CEJs)
C) Pulp chambers
D) Cementum thickness
Q2) In health, the lamina dura around the roots of the teeth appears as a(n) ____ line.
A) Dense radiolucent
B) Dense radiopaque
C) Intermittent radiolucent
D) Intermittent radiopaque
Q3) Calculus ____ on a dental radiograph.
A) Appears radiolucent
B) Appears radiopaque
C) Does not appear
D) Appears dark or black
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36
Chapter 35: Interpretation of Trauma and Pulpal and Periapical Lesions
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Q1) ____ is the most common periapical radiopacity observed in adults.
A) Hypercementosis
B) Sclerotic bone
C) Condensing osteitis
D) Pulpal sclerosis
Q2) Teeth that have been luxated should be evaluated by a(n) ____ radiograph.
A) Bite-wing
B) Periapical
C) Occlusal
D) Panoramic
Q3) The treatment for condensing osteitis is:
A) Extraction.
B) Root canal therapy.
C) Osseous recontouring.
D) No treatment is necessary.
Q4) ____ resorption is a process seen with the normal shedding of primary teeth.
A) Physiologic
B) Pathologic
C) External
D) Internal
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