Nutritional Biochemistry
Textbook Exam Questions
Course Introduction
Nutritional Biochemistry explores the chemical processes and substances that are fundamental to nutrition and health. The course examines the structure, function, and metabolism of nutrients including carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, vitamins, and minerals, as well as their roles in human physiology. It emphasizes the molecular mechanisms by which nutrients affect cellular functions, energy production, and metabolic pathways. Additionally, the curriculum covers nutrition-related disorders and the biochemical basis of dietary recommendations, providing students with an integrated understanding of how biochemical principles underpin essential aspects of nutrition and health.
Recommended Textbook
Advanced Nutrition and Human Metaboli 7th Edition Sareen S. Gropper
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Chapter 1: The Cell: A Microcosm of Life
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Q1) When discussing enzyme kinetics,Km refers to the substrate concentration at which the enzyme is saturated and functioning at maximal velocity.
A)True
B)False
Answer: False
Q2) Elongation is the process by which ____.
A)the mRNA strand is formed
B)peptide bonds are formed between aligned amino acids after the amino acids are positioned
C)amino acids are activated by ATP at their carboxyl end
D)activated amino acids are transferred to their specific tRNAs that contain the anticodon complementary to each amino acid's codon
Answer: A
Q3) Different cells express different proteins because they contain different sequences of DNA in the nucleus.
A)True
B)False
Answer: False
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Chapter 2: The Digestive System: Mechanism for Nourishing the Body
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Q1) The total bile acid pool in the human body is 2.5 to 5 g.What percentage of bile is reabsorbed in the distal ileum?
A)10 percent
B)30 percent
C)65 percent
D)90 percent
Answer: D
Q2) Bile is most important for the digestion and absorption of ____.
A)carbohydrates
B)proteins
C)fats
D)vitamins
Answer: C
Q3) Which division of the nervous system decreases digestive tract motility and secretions?
A)parasympathetic
B)somatic
C)adrenergic
D)sympathetic
Answer: D
Page 4
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Chapter 3: Carbohydrates
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which disaccharide is commonly found in mushrooms?
A)glucose
B)fructose
C)trehalose
D)galactose
Answer: C
Q2) Choose the best description of the main method of glucose absorption.
A)passive diffusion down a concentration gradient
B)active transport with fructose
C)facilitated transport
D)active transport with sodium
Answer: D
Q3) Insulin is an anabolic hormone.Which process does insulin stimulate?
A)lipolysis
B)gluconeogenesis
C)glycogenesis
D)ketogenesis
Answer: C
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Chapter 4: Fiber
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Sample Questions
Q1) Consistent evidence shows that soluble fibers can lower the levels of cholesterol in many people with high serum cholesterol.Discuss the three mechanisms by which fibers are proposed to lower serum cholesterol.
Q2) The bran component of cereals contains the most fiber.
A)True
B)False
Q3) What are the components that make up fermentable dietary fiber and in what foods are each found?
Q4) Foods may be considered a "good" source of fiber if they contain at least 5% of recommendations.
A)True
B)False
Q5) What associations have been found between high fiber intake and obesity? What mechanisms may be at work? How clear/consistent is the evidence?
Q6) By what mechanism do soluble fibers decrease the absorption of lipids?
A)by increasing growth of bacteria that use the lipids
B)by lowering blood cholesterol
C)by adsorbing/interacting with lipids
D)by reducing mineral absorption
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Chapter 5: Lipids
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Sample Questions
Q1) Ketogenesis would be the HIGHEST ____.
A)after a high-CHO meal
B)after a high-protein meal
C)after a high-fat meal
D)during prolonged starvation
Q2) How does hypertension increase the risk for CVD?
A)It damages white blood cells.
B)It damages red blood cells.
C)It leads to a disturbed repair process in arteries leading to aneurysms.
D)It increases the risk of thromboses in veins.
Q3) Brown fat contains more mitochondria than white fat and is involved in thermogenesis.
A)True
B)False
Q4) Ketones are produced from ____.
A)cholesterol
B)hormones
C)amino groups
D)acetyl-CoA
Q5) Describe fat metabolism in the adipose cell following a meal.
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Chapter 6: Protein
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Q1) Changes in hormone balance serve as the primary mechanism for adjustment to starvation.What changes occur and how do they facilitate adjustment to starvation?
Q2) One of the body's responses to metabolic stress is ____.
A)reduction in blood glucose levels
B)loss of sodium
C)an increase in blood glucose levels
D)retention of fat
Q3) Which organ serves as the primary site of amino acid metabolism?
A)kidney
B)muscles
C)liver
D)neuropeptides
Q4) Zwitterions are amino acids that have no net electrical charge because ____.
A)their side chains are not charged
B)they migrate to a neutral place in an electrical field
C)they are essential/indispensable
D)they have an amino group in their side chain
Q5) Bile is needed to produce taurocholate and glycocholate.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 7: Integration and Regulation of Metabolism and the Impact of Exercise
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Q1) The fed state of the fed-fast cycle lasts about how long and is characterized by secretion of which hormone?
A)1 hour/insulin
B)2 hours/insulin
C)3 hours/insulin
D)4 hours/insulin
Q2) The correct order of the pathway leading to glycogen production is ____.
A)pyruvate, alanine, glucose, glycogen
B)alanine, glucose, pyruvate, glycogen
C)pyruvate, glucose, alanine, glycogen
D)alanine, pyruvate, glucose, glycogen
Q3) liver
A)relies solely on glucose for energy
B)fatty acids/glucose are the major fuel
C)stores large amounts of triacylglycerols
D)uses little glucose-6-phosphate and stores much glycogen
E)can adapt to using ketone bodies during prolonged energy deficit
Q4) Describe the various functions of insulin in the fed state.
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Q5) Describe the four phases of the fed-fast cycle and include the time frames associated with each state.
Chapter 8: Energy Expenditure, Body Composition, and Healthy Weight
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Q1) desirable body weight calculation
A)resting metabolic rate in kcal/day
B)appropriateness of an individual's weight for height
C)ideal body weight for height
D)improves the accuracy of RMR measurements in people with excess body fat
E)appropriate body weight target when reducing body fat to a lower level
Q2) Because BMI has limitations,many health professionals also measure BMR.
A)True
B)False
Q3) The ratio of carbon dioxide produced relative to oxygen consumed is known as the
A)respiratory quotient
B)respiratory balance
C)respiratory deficit
D)respiratory ratio
Q4) Diet-induced thermogenesis is also called ____.
A)basal metabolic rate
B)resting metabolic rate
C)thermal regulation
D)thermic effect of food
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Chapter 9: Water-Soluble Vitamins
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Q1) Erythrocyte transketolase activity is an assay to assess the status of ____.
A)thiamin
B)B
C)riboflavin
D)B<sub>12</sub>
Q2) Methylation of DNA influences gene expression.Which vitamin is important in this process?
A)niacin
B)folate
C)pantothenic acid
D)riboflavin
Q3) What is the significance of vitamin C to carnitine and fat metabolism?
Q4) Large amounts of folic acid can mask a vitamin B<sub>12</sub> deficiency and prevent ____ from resulting.Over time,the symptoms unique to a vitamin B<sub>12</sub> deficiency will occur,and these are related to the ____.
A)microcytic anemia; muscular system
B)DNA and RNA synthesis; vascular system
C)one-carbon transfer; nervous system
D)macrocytic anemia; nervous system
Q5) Discuss niacin equivalents and how they are calculated based on protein intake.
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Chapter 10: Fat-Soluble Vitamins
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Q1) Risk of vitamin K deficiency is greatest in ____.
A)newborns
B)children
C)adolescents
D)older people
Q2) Why are vitamins A and E said to be antagonists of vitamin K?
Q3) Immediately following a balanced meal that contained vitamin E (such as fortified milk),where would you most likely find most of the vitamin E in the body?
A)in the portal blood as -tocopherol
B)inside cells as free -tocopherol
C)stored in adipose tissue
D)in chylomicrons in the lymphatic vessels and general circulation
Q4) alpha-tocopherol
A)interacts with nuclear VDR to increase calbindin
B)required for carboxylation of glutamic acid
C)needed for binding with opsin in the photoreceptor rod cells
D)transported into nucleus to affect gene transcription of keratin proteins
E)donates hydrogens to terminate propagation of membrane lipid peroxidation chain reactions
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Chapter 11: Major Minerals
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Q1) Phosphorous is second to calcium in abundance in the body.
A)True
B)False
Q2) How is calcium status assessed?
Q3) Paracellular absorption of calcium ____.
A)occurs by diffusion mainly in the jejunum and ileum
B)requires a membrane channel protein called TRPV6
C)requires energy and is saturable
D)increases with low dietary calcium intakes
Q4) Which two minerals are the major part of the crystal,hydroxyapatite,formed in ossification of bone?
A)sodium, chloride
B)sulphur, magnesium
C)calcium, phosphorus
D)calcium, potassium
Q5) Resorption of phosphate from bone may take place through ____.
A)enhanced acid phosphatase activity
B)enhanced alkaline phosphatase activity
C)diminished acid phosphatase activity
D)diminished alkaline phosphatase activity
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Chapter 12: Water and Electrolytes
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Q1) potassium
A)muscular weakness,paralysis
B)anorexia,muscle atrophy
C)decreased BP,reduced GFR
D)sodium loss,dehydration
E)weakness,lethargy
Q2) What is the condition that may result in cardiac arrhythmias when extracellular potassium is increased?
A)hypernatremia
B)hypokalemia
C)hyperkalemia
D)hyponatremia
Q3) Colloid osmotic pressure attracts water into the plasma and is mainly due to ____.
A)large protein molecules
B)the pumping of the heart
C)sodium ions
D)chloride ions
Q4) Explain the relationship between dietary sodium intake and essential hypertension.
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Chapter 13: Essential Trace and Ultratrace Minerals
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Q1) Chromium absorption is inhibited by ____ and enhanced by ____.
A)antacids; picolinate
B)methionine; phytic acid
C)picolinic acid; vitamin C
D)phenylalanine; histidine
Q2) Discuss the following measurements of red blood cells,telling what they are and how they are used in assessment of iron nutriture: hemoglobin,hematocrit,MCV,MCH,MCHC.
Q3) List five dietary factors that influence iron absorption and indicate what each factor does.
Q4) Which mineral is thought to potentiate the action of insulin?
A)chromium
B)manganese
C)copper
D)cobalt
Q5) Which of the following dietary components impedes copper absorption?
A)gluconate
B)phosphate
C)citric acid
D)phytic acid
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Chapter 14: Nonessential Trace and Ultratrace Minerals
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Q1) Even though fluoride is a gaseous chemical,it is usually found bound to a metal,nonmetal,or organic compound.
A)True
B)False
Q2) The Dietary Supplement Health and Education Act (DSHEA)of 1994 requires that manufacturers ____.
A)secure prior approval to sell their products
B)demonstrate that the supplements are safe
C)provide a disclaimer on the label stating that "this statement has not been evaluated by the Food and Drug Administration"
D)provide proof of the dietary supplement's effectiveness
Q3) Human toxicity has been shown as black foot disease,a peripheral vascular condition,in individuals drinking water contaminated with ____.
A)boron
B)arsenic
C)silicon
D)vanadium
Q4) Explain the physiological role of silicon in normal growth and bone development.
Q5) Describe the pharmacological effects of vanadium.
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