Nursing Theory and Research Exam Bank
Course Introduction
This course introduces students to the foundational theories and research methodologies that shape contemporary nursing practice. Emphasizing the integration of nursing theories, students will explore key conceptual frameworks and models that inform patient care, clinical decision-making, and professional development. The course also focuses on the role of research in advancing evidence-based practice, including the processes of literature review, research design, data collection, analysis, and ethical considerations. Students will learn to critically appraise research articles, understand the steps for translating research findings into practice, and develop skills necessary for participating in or conducting nursing research to improve health outcomes.
Recommended Textbook
Nursing Research in Canada 4th Edition by
Geri LoBiondo Wood
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20 Chapters
577 Verified Questions
577 Flashcards
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Chapter 1: The Role of Research in Nursing
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Sample Questions
Q1) How are nursing theory and nursing research related?
A) Nursing theory and nursing research are independent of each other and have no direct relationship.
B) Without nursing theory, research conducted by nurses would not have an impact on nursing practice.
C) Nursing research drives the direction and specific content of nursing theory.
D) Both advance the knowledge base of nursing.
Answer: D
Q2) Why do nurses who do not conduct research need to understand the nursing research process?
A) To identify potential participants for clinical research studies
B) To assist in collecting accurate data for clinical research studies
C) To teach patients and families about the usefulness of participation in research
D) To be able to evaluate nursing research reports for relevance to their own clinical practice
Answer: D
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3
Chapter 2: Theoretical Framework
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Q1) What is the major difference between inductive reasoning and deductive reasoning?
A) Inductive reasoning is theory driven, and deductive reasoning is independent of theory.
B) Deductive reasoning forms the basis for qualitative research, and inductive reasoning forms the basis for quantitative research.
C) Deductive reasoning is an unconscious approach in which intuition, rather than logical, is the key feature, whereas inductive reasoning encompasses a more logical and systematic approach to problem identification.
D) Inductive reasoning starts with observed details that lead to a general structure or picture, whereas deductive reasoning begins with a structure or picture that guides the search for associated details.
Answer: D
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Chapter 3: Critical Reading Strategies: Overview of the Research Process
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which of the following is one of the first objectives of critically reading a research study report?
A) To apply the research to practice
B) To determine if the study is quantitative, qualitative, or mixed methods
C) To quickly critique the study
D) To provide feedback to the author(s) of the research study
Answer: B
Q2) In which section of a research report would you expect to find the following statement? "Despite efforts to improve the discharge-planning process and subsequent outcomes,existing mechanisms fail to identify elders' needs for follow-up care,and studies report rehospitalization rates rising from 12% to 50%" (Bull et al.,1995; Happ et al.,1997; Lockery et al.,1993).
A) "Introduction"
B) "Methods"
C) "Results"
D) "Discussion"
Answer: A
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5
Chapter 4: Developing Research Questions, Hypotheses, and Clinical Questions
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Q1) Which of the following is the purpose of a hypothesis for any study?
A) To identify dependent and independent variables
B) To provide direction for research by identifying the expected outcome
C) To define the appropriate measures needed to test the research question
D) To provide a means to know whether or not the study of the research problem is feasible
Q2) How is a hypothesis related to a theory?
A) A hypothesis can determine the validity of a theory.
B) A hypothesis can be used to evaluate the merit of a theory.
C) A theory can determine the validity of a hypothesis.
D) A theory can be used to evaluate the merit of a hypothesis.
Q3) When an idea or a clinical situation has emerged as a potential research problem,what is the next appropriate step?
A) Identifying the variables
B) Formulating a hypothesis
C) Performing a literature review
D) Validating that the problem really exists
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Page 6
Chapter 5: Finding and Appraising the Literature
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Q1) Which of the following is an appropriate method of "weeding out" irrelevant sources when conducting an electronic search for articles for the literature review on a selected topic?
A) Collecting and critically reading all articles related to the topic published in the last 10 years.
B) Selecting for printout only those articles whose abstracts indicate usefulness.
C) Avoiding articles from clinical journals.
D) Avoiding articles that do not include the term "study" in the title.
Q2) Which of the following factors limits the usefulness of the World Wide Web as a source of information for research consumers?
A) Downloading being a slow process at times
B) Nontext capabilities that reduce the professionalism of presentations
C) Poor quality control over the information on some Web sites
D) Much of the available information being too technical to be understood by the casual reader
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Chapter 6: Legal and Ethical Issues
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Sample Questions
Q1) The Research Ethics Board (REB)is responsible for
A) approval of the research design.
B) protecting participants from undue risk.
C) ensuring that informed consent is obtained.
D) promotion of nursing research in health care institutions.
Q2) Which of the following ethical principles is violated when a potential participant refuses to participate in a clinical study and,in response,the physician takes less time to answer this patient's questions than he does with other patients?
A) Promoting Justice
B) Promoting Health and Well-Being
C) Maintaining Privacy and Confidentiality
D) Preserving Dignity
Q3) Women have been excluded as participants in many randomized controlled trials because
A) it is difficult to include both genders.
B) female hormones may interact with the drugs studied.
C) women are generally more difficult to recruit as participants.
D) female participants may not realize they are pregnant, thus putting the fetus at risk.
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Chapter 7: Introduction to Qualitative Research
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which of the following distinctions is characteristic of qualitative research methods?
A) Data are in text form.
B) Data are dichotomous (either yes or no).
C) Qualitative research does not generate data.
D) Data from qualitative studies are inappropriate for analysis.
Q2) How are values managed in qualitative research studies compared with quantitative research studies?
A) In both types of studies, the goal is to separate values from the research process.
B) In quantitative studies, the values of the researcher are considered study variables.
C) In qualitative studies, the values of the participant are considered an outcome of the study.
D) Although values are acknowledged by both types of research, the quantitative approach uses statistical methods to remove or minimize the impact of values.
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Chapter 8: Qualitative Approaches to Research
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Q1) What forms the final synthesis of participants' descriptions after a researcher has analyzed data from a phenomenological study?
A) Description of the lived experience
B) Identification of thought sequences
C) Generalization of the findings
D) Classification of themes
Q2) Which of the following titles suggests that the study employs the ethnographic method?
A) The Phenomenon of Breast Self-Examination Among African-Canadian Women
B) The Lived Experience of Breast Cancer in Postmenopausal Women
C) The Need for Culturally Sensitive Cancer Prevention Patient Education Materials
D) Preserving Femininity After Mastectomy
Q3) In historical research,what or who constitutes the sample of the study?
A) Individuals who are the main characters in the historical context under study
B) Physical setting(s) in which the event occurred
C) Researchers and data gatherers
D) Data sources
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10
Chapter 9: Introduction to Quantitative Research
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Sample Questions
Q1) Why is the administration of a pretest a cause for concern in a research study?
A) It is a threat to internal validity, as it may affect the posttest results.
B) It is a threat to external validity, as it may affect the posttest results.
C) It is a form of selection bias that contributes to the problem of maturation.
D) It is a form of maturation that contributes to the problem of selection bias.
Q2) A study is examining the effect of a new antilipemic drug,compared with placebo,on lipoprotein levels in postmenopausal women.Which of these actions represents the researcher's attempt at constancy in data collection to control extraneous variables?
A) Drawing the serum lipoprotein levels of all participants at the same time of day
B) Having the same phlebotomist draw serum lipoprotein levels of all participants
C) Using the same room for drawing blood for lipoprotein levels of all participants
D) Ensuring that all participants are postmenopausal women taking lipid-lowering medication
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11
Chapter 10: Experimental and Quasiexperimental Designs
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Sample Questions
Q1) A study compared weight loss in obese participants between those who participated in a support group and those who chose not to.Which of the following factors or conditions in the study would be considered an intervening variable?
A) Data collection for both groups occurred over the Thanksgiving holiday.
B) The group that did not participate in a support group had a greater percentage of male participants.
C) Three participants received a diagnosis of hypertension 1 month after the study began.
D) Two participants dropped out of the study 1 month after the study began.
Q2) Which of the following factors or characteristics is present only in true experimental design (and not in a quasi-experimental design)?
A) Research question or hypothesis
B) Experimental treatment
C) Informed consent
D) Randomization
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Chapter 11: Non-Experimental Designs
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Sample Questions
Q1) What type of research focuses on the theory and development of measurement instruments?
A) Meta-analysis
B) Psychometrics
C) Methodology
D) Data management
Q2) Which of the following statements about cross-sectional studies is most accurate?
A) More than one group can be compared.
B) Only descriptive data can be measured.
C) Data are collected retrospectively, rather than prospectively.
D) Data collection and data analysis can occur simultaneously.
Q3) In a study of psychosocial adjustment to breast cancer,data collection instruments were sent to the same sample of women at six different times during their first year of living with breast cancer.What type of study design does this exemplify?
A) Cross-sectional
B) Retrospective
C) Longitudinal
D) Correlational
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Chapter 12: Sampling
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which of the following statements best identifies the sample descriptors that form the basis for eligibility criteria in sample selection?
A) A sample of 1,000 practising nurses in a selected state was surveyed.
B) The sample consisted of 267 Canadian girls and American girls who lived in urban areas in their respective countries.
C) The sample consisted of 40 men between the ages of 20 and 55 who were treated for burn injuries during the past decade at a specialized burn unit.
D) The sample consisted of 57 hospital nurse executives and 178 staff registered nurses employed in Ontario.
Q2) A nurse researcher should be particularly concerned about having a small sample size for which reason?
A) There is increased risk of obtaining a nonrepresentative sample.
B) There is increased risk of a study participant interacting with another study participant.
C) There is increased potential for loss of confidentiality.
D) There is increased regression toward the mean.
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Chapter 13: Data Collection Methods
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Sample Questions
Q1) A nurse researcher would choose physiological data-collection methods for which reason?
A) Cost and participant acceptance
B) Reduced duration of data collection
C) Objectivity and sensitivity
D) No need for interrater reliability determination
Q2) Which of the following data-collection methods is most at risk of researcher bias?
A) Questionnaires
B) Available data
C) Observation methods
D) Physiological measurement
Q3) Which of the following terms describes the process of translating the researcher's concepts of interest into observable and measurable phenomena?
A) Analysis
B) Objectivity
C) Consistency
D) Operationalization
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15
Chapter 14: Rigour in Research
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which of the following types of validity is the most difficult to establish?
A) Content validity
B) Construct validity
C) Predictive validity
D) Concurrent validity
Q2) A researcher who is developing a new instrument to measure pain has been told by experts and patients that the instrument has face validity.What should be the researcher's next step?
A) Use the instrument in a parent study
B) Use the instrument in a pilot study
C) Assess the reliability of the instrument
D) Assess the content validity of the instrument
Q3) A new instrument has been determined to be highly valid.The nurse researcher should interpret this finding to mean what?
A) It is sensitive but not specific.
B) Its use results in minimal random errors.
C) It accurately measures level of mentation.
D) Determination of inter-rater reliability is unnecessary.
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16
Chapter 15: Qualitative Data Analysis
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Q1) When a reader critiques a phenomenological study for appropriateness,the reader will examine the study to see if the researcher
A) questioned the participants of the study to confirm identified themes.
B) documented the bracketing process used to maintain the proper perspective.
C) presented the narrative in a way that captured the everyday reality of participants.
D) discussed in detail the process by which identified themes emerged.
Q2) What is the term used to describe the central meaning of the thematic conclusions drawn in phenomenological analysis?
A) Vignettes
B) Narrative
C) Essence
D) Phenomenon
Q3) Which of the following computer programs can be used to help researchers in qualitative data management?
A) SPSS
B) QSR NVivo
C) Minitab
D) EPI DATA
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17
Chapter 16: Quantitative Data Analysis
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Sample Questions
Q1) What conclusion can be drawn from statistics that indicate that the average cost of a house in a specific neighbourhood is $150,000,the range is $48,000 to $2,000,000,the median house cost is $98,000,and the mode is $90,000?
A) The standard deviation is small.
B) The mode can be calculated from the median.
C) The cost of a "typical" house in this neighbourhood is $150,000.
D) The mean does not reflect the true housing cost in this neighbourhood.
Q2) The nurse researcher is interested in describing and summarizing the characteristics of the sample used in the research study.In order for this to occur,the researcher should use what?
A) Inferential statistics
B) Descriptive statistics
C) Nonparametric statistics
D) Mathematical statistics
Q3) Which term represents the middle score in a frequency distribution?
A) Mean
B) Mode
C) Median
D) Percentile
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Page 18
Chapter 17: Presenting the Findings
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Q1) A problem with the study's validity would be classified as what?
A) Unsupported data
B) Poor interpretation of results
C) Limitation
D) Lack of objectivity
Q2) When researchers write the "Discussion" section of a study report,what aspect of their research should they use to evaluate the findings?
A) Method
B) Introduction
C) Theoretical framework
D) Data analysis
Q3) Which section of the report allows the researcher to determine if evidence provided in the findings validates current practice or supports the need for change?
A) Results
B) Discussion
C) Recommendations
D) Methods
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19
Chapter 18: Critiquing Qualitative Research
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Q1) What is meant when a qualitative researcher indicates that the process of research used was "NVivo"?
A) The study blended qualitative and quantitative approaches.
B) All research processes were performed simultaneously.
C) More than one researcher was responsible for data collection.
D) A computer program was used to categorize data.
Q2) Rigour in qualitative studies is measured by its
A) data audit.
B) fittingness.
C) trustworthiness.
D) statistical analysis.
Q3) Which of the following activities represents attention to credibility in a qualitative study?
A) Ensuring that all participants self-identified with a specific racial or ethnic group
B) Providing direct quotations from participants
C) Identifying the basic psychological process (BSP)
D) Participants recognizing their data and approving their accuracy during validation
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Chapter 19: Critiquing Quantitative Research
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Q1) In evaluating a report of a quantitative research study what is considered an issue related to style?
A) The sample size was appropriate for the statistical tests used.
B) There was one independent variable and two dependent variables.
C) Data described in narrative form within the text would have been more concise if they had been placed in a table.
D) The data presented support the direction of the primary hypothesis.
Q2) This statement was included in a study's abstract: "By formalizing parenting education in the immediate postpartum period,midwives may have the opportunity to reduce the prevalence of postnatal depression"? What is this indicative of?
A) The study's results
B) The study's analysis
C) The study's implications
D) The study's recommendations
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Chapter 20: Developing an Evidence-Informed Practice
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Q1) Which of the following types of teams is warranted for an EIP project to succeed in improving practice?
A) Physician
B) Stakeholder
C) External
D) Administrative
Q2) Which of the following types of support for a nursing action or intervention is eliminated by EIP?
A) Expert advice
B) Ritual-based practices
C) Case studies
D) Findings from quasiexperimental studies
Q3) Applying study results to individual patients or to a specific patient population and communicating findings to patients in a meaningful way is the hallmark of A) the scientific perspective.
B) clinical practice.
C) meta-analysis.
D) evidence-informed practice.
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