Nursing Theory and Research
Exam Answer Key
Course Introduction
Nursing Theory and Research explores the foundational theoretical frameworks that guide nursing practice, education, and inquiry. The course examines key nursing theories, their development, and their applicability in addressing complex health care challenges across diverse populations. Students will analyze the research process, including the formulation of questions, literature review, methodology, data analysis, and ethical considerations. Emphasis is placed on the integration of theory and evidence-based research to inform clinical decision-making, improve patient outcomes, and advance the nursing profession. Through case studies and research critiques, learners will develop skills to critically evaluate and apply nursing research in professional practice.
Recommended Textbook
Nursing Research 7th Edition by Geri LoBiondo Wood
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Chapter 1: Integrating the Processes of Research and
Evidence-Based Practice
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Q1) What is the overall value of developing evidence-based nursing practice?
A) Implementation of the most cost-effective nursing practice patterns
B) Allowing the nurse to use the best available evidence, individual clinical expertise, and the patient's values and preferences in making clinical decisions
C) Separation of nursing research from the research of other disciplines
D) Development of new nursing theories
Answer: B
Q2) Which aspects of the nursing research process are common to all educational levels of nurses? (Select all that apply.)
A) Disseminating research findings in research reports
B) Maintaining protection of human subjects
C) Using expertise to develop theoretical explanations for findings
D) Being aware of the relationship between research and nursing practice
E) Being a collaborative member of a team that applies research to practice
Answer: B,D,E
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3
Chapter 2: Research Questions, hypotheses, and Clinical Questions
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Q1) What are the properties of interest in a research study that take on different values and differ with each other?
A) Variables
B) Concepts
C) Hypotheses
D) Assumptions
Answer: A
Q2) What type of format is demonstrated by the following research question: "What is the lived experience of late-stage pregnancy loss among women over age 35? "
A) Correlational
B) Comparative nonexperimental
C) Quantitative experimental
D) Phenomenologic
Answer: D
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Chapter 3: Gathering and Appraising the Literature
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Q1) Why would a nurse researcher decide to include a refereed journal as part of the literature review?
A) The articles are critiqued by a panel of international and external reviewers.
B) The articles selected for publication relate to a specific field of knowledge.
C) There is competition among authors to have their articles published.
D) The journal publishes only articles that are primary sources of research findings.
Answer: A
Q2) How is a model related to a concept or concepts?
A) A model tests conceptual theories.
B) A concept defines the purpose of a model.
C) A model demonstrates the relationships among or between concepts.
D) Concepts generate the theoretical basis for knowledge depicted in a model.
Answer: C
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5
Chapter 4: Introduction to Qualitative Research
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Q1) A description of women's process of recovery from depression,with each category fully described and the conditions for progression laid out,would be an example of which category of qualitative findings?
A) Restricted by a priori (existing theory) frameworks
B) Descriptive categories
C) Shared pathway or meaning
D) Depiction of experiential variation
Q2) Which mode of clinical application for qualitative research would allow a nurse researcher to share qualitative findings with the patient?
A) Insight or empathy
B) Assessment of status or progress
C) Anticipatory guidance
D) Coaching
Q3) Which of the following descriptions is typical of qualitative research studies?
A) Use deduction and test hypotheses.
B) Truth is a subject's expression of reality.
C) Determine sample size before the study begins.
D) Measure one or more variables in a context-free setting.
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Chapter 5: Qualitative Approaches to Research
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Q1) In historical research,what or who constitutes the sample of the study?
A) The individuals who are the main characters in the historical context under study
B) The physical setting(s) in which the event occurred
C) The researchers and data gatherers
D) The data sources
Q2) What criterion of scientific rigor for qualitative research is met when the research report leads the reader from the research question and raw data through the steps of analysis and interpretation of the data?
A) Confirmability
B) Auditability
C) Fittingness
D) Credibility
Q3) How can computer management of qualitative data assist a nurse researcher in the research process?
A) Interpretation of data
B) Organization of data
C) Credibility of data
D) Analysis of data
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Chapter 6: Appraising Qualitative Research
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Q1) What is qualitative research designed to describe?
A) Results of hypothesis testing
B) Definitive conclusions to research questions
C) Findings generated from large, randomly selected samples
D) Insiders' view of a phenomenon
Q2) The nurse researcher is critiquing a qualitative research study.Which question would most appropriately analyze the statement of the phenomenon of interest?
A) What is the projected significance of the work to nursing?
B) If a particular approach is used to guide the inquiry, does the researcher complete the study according to the processes described?
C) Are the informants who were chosen appropriate to inform the research?
D) Is protection of human participants addressed?
Q3) The nurse researcher is critiquing a qualitative research study and asks,"Has the researcher remained true to the data? " Which area of the study does this question critique?
A) Conclusions, implications, and recommendations
B) Findings
C) Data analysis
D) Data collection
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Page 8
Chapter 7: Introduction to Quantitative Research
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Q1) A nurse researcher assigns half of a study sample to an experimental group and the other half of the study group to a control group.What does this represent regarding controlling for mediating variables?
A) Data-collection constancy
B) Manipulation of the mediating variable
C) Elimination of the mediating variable(s)
D) Manipulation of the independent variable
Q2) How could a nurse researcher control for selection bias in a study?
A) By allowing subjects to self-select into an experimental or a control group
B) By hand picking the subjects for the study and determining the group assignment
C) By using defined selection criteria for approaching potential subjects
D) The task of selecting subjects should not be performed by the researcher conducting the study.
Q3) When should a nurse researcher include an extraneous variable as part of a study's design?
A) When it is nonmodifiable, such as age or gender
B) When it is an important consideration for the outcome
C) When the researcher is limited by time and monetary influences
D) When it would not make a difference in the overall study outcome
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Page 9
Chapter 8: Experimental and Quasi-Experimental Designs
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Q1) The nurse researcher is planning a research study in which subjects will not be randomly assigned to groups.Which type of quasi-experimental design would be most appropriate for this study?
A) Nonequivalent control group design
B) After-only control group design
C) Solomon four-group design
D) Time series design
Q2) A nurse researcher is conducting an experimental study on self-care behaviors of subjects related to hygienic practices when dining in restaurants.Which of the following characteristics or factors could be antecedent or intervening variables? (Select all that apply.)
A) Subjects' ethnicity
B) Location of the restaurants
C) A recent change in health status
D) Subjects' educational level
Q3) How should the experimental treatment initiated by the researcher be described?
A) Independent variable
B) Dependent variable
C) Extraneous variable
D) Outcome variable
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Chapter 9: Nonexperimental Designs
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Q1) Why would a nurse researcher choose to use a correlational study of multiple variables?
A) To identify the independent variable
B) To test whether one variable causes another variable
C) To examine relationships between or among variables
D) To distinguish how different one variable is from another variable
Q2) Why would a nurse researcher choose to use research studies that examine the associations or relationships between variables?
A) A causal relationship can be determined.
B) Greater manipulation of the variables is possible.
C) Randomization of participants allows for increased generalizability.
D) There is potential application in clinical settings and a foundation for future experimental studies.
Q3) Which statement about cross-sectional studies is most accurate?
A) More than one group can be compared.
B) Only descriptive data can be measured.
C) Data are collected retrospectively rather than prospectively.
D) Data collection and data analysis can occur simultaneously.
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Chapter 10: Sampling
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Q1) What factors should a nurse researcher consider when determining a proposed quantitative sample size? (Select all that apply.)
A) Type of design used
B) Personal preference
C) Type of sampling procedure used
D) Data saturation
E) Projected costs of sampling strategy
Q2) The nurse researcher is attempting to develop a purposive sampling strategy as part of a research study.What criteria will be used to determine whether the strategy is purposive? (Select all that apply).
A) Validation of scale with a known-group technique
B) Focus of study population relates to specific diagnosis.
C) Focus of study population relates to broad, general topic.
D) Effective posttesting of instruments
E) Collection of exploratory data
F) Collection of descriptive data
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12
Chapter 11: Legal and Ethical Issues
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Q1) Which basic human right is considered to be equitable selection of subjects and their treatment during the research study?
A) Right to self-determination
B) Right to anonymity and confidentiality
C) Right to fair treatment
D) Right to protection from discomfort and harm
Q2) A patient newly diagnosed with breast cancer is asked to participate in a clinical trial for a new chemotherapy agent.This patient's freedom to participate or not participate in the study exercises protection of which of her human rights?
A) Right to fair treatment
B) Right to self-determination
C) Right to privacy and dignity
D) Right to anonymity and confidentiality
Q3) When did the United States government mandate that all research studies must be reviewed and approved by an IRB?
A) 1946
B) 1964
C) 1973
D) 1984
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Page 13
Chapter 12: Data-Collection Methods
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Q1) The nurse researcher wants to use a data-collection method with the lowest possible refusal rate.Which type of data-collection method be would be most appropriate?
A) Closed-ended questionnaire
B) Open-ended questionnaire
C) Physiologic measurement
D) Interview
Q2) How should the nurse researcher inform subjects that he or she would like to include them in a research study and that they can refuse to participate?
A) Through informed consent
B) Through concealment
C) Through unauthorized research
D) Through scientific misconduct
Q3) Why would a nurse researcher decide not to use physiologic data-collection methods?
A) Data interpretation is subjective.
B) Their use dictates inclusion of physiologic variables.
C) They cannot be used to measure the independent variable.
D) They cannot be used to measure the dependent variable.
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14
Chapter 13: Reliability and Validity
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Q1) Which type of validity is demonstrated by examining the extent to which a passing grade in physiology is correlated with passing the registered nurse licensure examination?
A) Content validity
B) Construct validity
C) Predictive validity
D) Concurrent validity
Q2) What type of validity is demonstrated when a nurse researcher submits items of an instrument to a panel of experts to evaluate item clarity and reflection of the concept under consideration?
A) Content validity
B) Construct validity
C) Concurrent validity
D) Criterion-related validity
Q3) How can a nurse researcher determine an instrument's homogeneity?
A) Split-half reliability
B) Test-retest reliability
C) Interrater reliability
D) Alternate form reliability
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Page 15
Chapter 14: Data Analysis: Descriptive and Inferential Statistics
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Q1) The nurse researcher finds that the data include a score reported to be in the 75th percentile.How should the researcher interpret this?
A) The score is at the median.
B) The score has exceeded the mode.
C) The score is exceeded by only 25% of the cases.
D) The score represents the average of all scores measured at this time.
Q2) Which of the following alpha levels should be interpreted by the nurse researcher as a highly statistically significant result?
A) p = 0.20
B) p = 0.02
C) p = 0.002
D) p = 0.0002
Q3) The nurse researcher is interested in describing and summarizing the characteristics of the sample used in the research study.Which type of data analysis should be used to allow this to occur?
A) Inferential statistics
B) Descriptive statistics
C) Nonparametric statistics
D) Mathematical statistics
Page 16
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Chapter 15: Understanding Research Findings
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Q1) What should investigators demonstrate when they report results?
A) Subjectivity
B) Appropriateness
C) Objectivity
D) Inference
Q2) In which section of the report will the nurse researcher address supported and unsupported data?
A) Results
B) Discussion
C) Literature review
D) Methods
Q3) If a study's results are not supported statistically or are only partially supported,what should research consumers conclude about the study?
A) Irrelevant
B) Important to review
C) Proven
D) Unconfirmed
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Page 17
Chapter 16: Appraising Quantitative Research
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Q1) Why is it significant that other nurses evaluate the scientific merit of quantitative nursing research studies?
A) To diversify the focus of nursing
B) To broaden the base for nursing practice
C) To demonstrate that nursing is a true science as well as a discipline
D) To ensure that nursing research does not borrow from other disciplines
Q2) A nurse researcher is critically appraising a research report and asks the question "What provision is made for maintaining accuracy of the instrument and its use,if any? " Which data-collection methods and procedures would this question evaluate?
A) Physiologic measurement
B) Questionnaires
C) Available data records
D) Observation
Q3) Which should be addressed in both the problem statement and the purpose of a quantitative research study report?
A) Generalizability
B) Sampling procedure
C) Implications for future research
D) Relationship between the variables
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Page 18
Chapter 17: Developing an Evidence-Based Practice
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Q1) What would be an appropriate EBP performance criterion for a chief nurse executive?
A) Creates a microsystem that fosters critical thinking
B) Challenges staff to seek out evidence to resolve clinical issues and improve care
C) Role models EBP
D) Assigns accountability for EBP
Q2) What is a question that a nurse researcher should consider in identifying key stakeholders?
A) When will system changes be needed?
B) How will uncooperative stakeholders be handled?
C) What is the step-by-step process of decision-making in implementing EBP?
D) Who can influence the decision to proceed with implementation of an EBP?
Q3) How can a nurse researcher use research findings to go beyond dissemination of evidence-based guidelines and promote adoption of evidence-based practice (EBP)guidelines?
A) Through dissemination activities
B) Through translating research into practice (TRIP)
C) Through research utilization
D) Through critiquing findings
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19
Chapter 18: Tools for Applying Evidence to Practice
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Q1) A nursing researcher is describing likelihood ratios.What is the significance of a diagnostic test with a large positive likelihood ratio?
A) It provides only limited predictive value for disease.
B) It provides a high degree of certainty that the patient has the suspected disorder.
C) It mandates other supportive diagnostic tests.
D) It provides little assistance in clinical decision making.
Q2) How should the nurse researcher interpret an odds ratio greater than 1.0?
A) This means there is no difference in the odds of an event occurring between the experimental and control groups.
B) The event is less likely in the treatment group than the control group.
C) The event is more likely to occur in the treatment group than the control group.
D) Percent increase in risk of the event that is added after considering the percent of risk that Would occur anyway.
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