Nursing Theory and Practice
Midterm Exam
Course Introduction
Nursing Theory and Practice explores the foundational concepts, models, and principles that guide professional nursing care. This course examines major nursing theories and their practical applications in various clinical settings, emphasizing the integration of theoretical knowledge with hands-on skills. Students will learn to critically analyze and apply different theoretical frameworks to enhance patient outcomes, practice ethical decision-making, and deliver holistic, evidence-based care. The course fosters the development of critical thinking, clinical reasoning, and effective communication, preparing students to meet the dynamic challenges of modern healthcare environments.
Recommended Textbook
Nursing Research in Canada Methods Critical Appraisal and Utilization 3rd Canadian Edition by
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Chapter 1: The Role of Research in Nursing
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Q1) When a change in nursing practice results in decreased cost of care,what additional factor must be considered before general implementation of this change?
A) Ensuring compliance of the change by nurses with diverse educational backgrounds
B) Maintaining or improving the quality of care resulting from the change in practice
C) Encouraging patients to be active partners in their health care decisions
D) Disseminating the change beyond the discipline of nursing
Answer: B
Q2) Why are nursing practice-oriented scientific investigations valuable?
A) They validate the effectiveness of particular nursing interventions.
B) They encourage consumers to question the quality of health care.
C) They limit the theory base for clinical decision making.
D) They mandate health care reform.
Answer: A
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Chapter 2: Theoretical Framework
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Q1) In an article reporting the results of a quantitative study that used deductive reasoning methods,where is the conceptual framework usually presented?
A) Introduction
B) Methods
C) Statistical Analysis
D) Discussion
Answer: A
Q2) Which of the following sequences represents movement from a greater level of abstraction to a more concrete relationship between concepts?
A) Conceptual model, theory, hypothesis
B) Theory, hypothesis, conceptual model
C) Hypothesis, conceptual model, theory
D) Hypothesis, theory, conceptual model
Answer: A
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Chapter 3: Critical Reading Strategies: Overview of the Research Process
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Q1) Which of the following factors is essential for an accurate and responsible critique of a research article or paper?
A) Skill in statistical analysis
B) Knowledge of the subject matter
C) Familiarity with the conceptual framework
D) In-depth comprehension of classic and current literature related to the study concepts
Answer: B
Q2) You find that the method of statistical analysis is not provided in a report of a qualitative research study.How would you describe this deficiency in your critique?
A) Avoid all mention of the deficiency.
B) Point out the deficiency as a major flaw in the presentation.
C) List the deficiency as a limitation to the generalizability of the research findings.
D) Assume that the investigators (authors) were not familiar with the research process. Answer: A
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Chapter 4: Developing Research Questions, hypotheses, and Clinical Questions
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Q1) The initial review of the literature helps the investigator:
A) organize the summary.
B) identify statistical tests.
C) identify the need to extend knowledge base.
D) determine the scope of the study.
Q2) Which of the following statements about independent and dependent variables is true?
A) All research problem statements must contain a dependent variable and an independent variable.
B) There should only be one dependent variable associated with a single independent variable.
C) The relationship between the independent variable and the dependent variable for any study must be causal.
D) A given characteristic or situation may be a dependent variable in one study and an independent variable in another.
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Chapter 5: Finding and Appraising the Literature
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Q1) Some reviews of the literature are organized according to:
A) retrieved materials.
B) theoretical summaries.
C) importance of the author.
D) variables being studied.
Q2) Which of the following article titles suggests that the article is conceptual or theoretical in nature?
A) A Nursing Intervention to Reduce Prehospital Delay in Acute Coronary Syndrome: A Randomized Clinical Trial
B) The Vulnerability of Elder Abuse Among a Sample of Custodial Grandfathers: An Exploratory Study
C) Depression, Self-Esteem, Loneliness, and Social Support Among Mothers Participating in the New Parents Project
D) Toward a Theory of Patient Satisfaction
Q3) In which of the following lists are the terms synonymous?
A) Conceptual literature, empirical literature, data-based literature
B) Empirical literature, scientific literature, theoretical literature
C) Theoretical literature, conceptual literature, research literature
D) Data-based literature, research literature, empirical literature
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Chapter 6: Legal and Ethical Issues
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Q1) A woman newly diagnosed with breast cancer is asked to participate in a clinical trial for a new chemotherapy agent.Which of her human rights is protected by her freedom to choose whether nor not to participate in the study?
A) Right to fair treatment
B) Right to self-determination
C) Right to privacy and confidentiality
D) Right to anonymity
Q2) Which of the following statements about informed consent is accurate?
A) Informed consent needs to be sought only if risks outweigh benefits.
B) Informed consent is required if physical risks exist but not psychological risks.
C) Researchers must obtain voluntary participation of subjects after informing them of possible risks and benefits.
D) A researcher is not obligated to seek informed consent if the details of the study could upset the subject and potentially affect the study outcome.
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Chapter 7: Introduction to Qualitative Research
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Q1) Which of the following aims of research is characteristic or appropriate for qualitative research methods?
A) Control
B) Prediction
C) Explanation
D) Understanding
Q2) A qualitative nursing research approach will be most suitable for which of the following research topics?
A) Experiences of elder abuse among diverse ethnic populations
B) Reduction of prehospital delay in the face of acute coronary syndrome symptoms
C) Examining trajectories of depressive symptoms among young adults
D) Perceived risk and willingness to interact with individuals with HIV or AIDS
Q3) By what process does the nurse researcher set aside personal biases in order to avoid leading the participant to issues that may be important to the researcher?
A) Inference
B) Avoidance
C) Bracketing
D) Restructuring
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Chapter 8: Qualitative Approaches to Research
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Q1) Which of the following specific major premises of grounded theory is represented when the members of a nation are outraged by their nation's flag being burned by the members of another nation?
A) Social interactions are the focus of grounded theory.
B) Humans respond to objects on the basis of the meanings those objects have for them.
C) People use interpretive processes in order to deal with or change the meanings of their situations.
D) Personal meanings arise from interactions with others over time and are perceived through one's individual world view.
Q2) Which of the following is considered the foundation of the grounded theory method of qualitative research?
A) Cultural anthropology
B) Spirituality or religiosity
C) Philosophy, art, and science
D) Symbolic interaction and social science
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Chapter 9: Introduction to Quantitative Research
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Q1) Why is the administration of a pretest a cause for concern in a research study?
A) It is a threat to internal validity, as it may affect the post-test results.
B) It is a threat to external validity, as it may affect the post-test results.
C) It is a form of selection bias that contributes to the problem of maturation.
D) It is a form of maturation that contributes to the problem of selection bias.
Q2) For which type of quantitative study is the issue of control less important?
A) Paper-and-pencil
B) Exploratory
C) Experimental
D) Correlational
Q3) Which of the following factors is considered a measure to keep the conditions of a quantitative study uniform?
A) Accuracy
B) Methods
C) Control
D) Validity
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Chapter 10: Experimental and Quasiexperimental Designs
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Q1) Which of the following statements about random assignment or randomization is true?
A) The randomization process decreases the influence of researcher bias but can increase the effect of systematic bias in a study.
B) The randomization process decreases the influence of systematic bias but can increase the effect of researcher bias in a study.
C) With randomization, each subject has an equal and known probability of being assigned to any group in a study.
D) Randomization eliminates the need for informed consent.
Q2) Which of the following criteria must be met to infer causality?
A) The relationship between cause and effect must be measurable and reciprocal.
B) The relationship must not be explainable by any other variable.
C) The independent variable must change in response to manipulation of the dependent variable.
D) The outcome must be logical, expected, and predictable.
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Chapter 11: Nonexperimental Designs
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Q1) In which study design do participants serve as their own controls,allowing early trends in the data to emerge?
A) Cross-sectional
B) Ex post facto
C) Retrospective
D) Longitudinal
Q2) What is the purpose of a correlational study of multiple variables?
A) To identify the independent variable
B) To test whether one variable causes another variable
C) To examine relationships between or among variables
D) To distinguish how different one variable is from another variable
Q3) Which of the following titles suggests a descriptive study?
A) Characterization of Chemotherapy-Induced Peripheral Neuropathy
B) The Lived Experience of Liver Transplantation Among Older Caucasian Men
C) Effect of Virtual Reality as a Distraction Intervention on Adolescents Undergoing Chemotherapy
D) Correlation Between Current Income Level and Self-Esteem Among Recently Widowed Women
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Chapter 12: Sampling
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Q1) Which of the following sampling strategies has the greatest risk for sample bias?
A) Quota
B) Random
C) Purposive
D) Convenience
Q2) How do researchers use the technique of power analysis?
A) To estimate sample size
B) To establish sampling strata
C) To assign subjects randomly
D) To analyze sample representativeness
Q3) What is the major benefit of nonprobability sampling,as compared with probability sampling?
A) It does not affect generalizability.
B) Informed consent must be obtained.
C) The necessary sample sizes are easier to obtain.
D) Sample sizes are too small for most methods of statistical analysis.
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Chapter 13: Data-Collection Methods
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Q1) Which of the following factors or issues are most important in deciding on a method of data collection for a specific research study?
A) The number of hypotheses or research questions and the experience of the investigator
B) The nature of the research question and the specific population to be studied
C) The cost of the instrument and the amount of research effort involved
D) The number of co-investigators on the study and the educational preparation of the primary investigator
Q2) Which of the following data collection methods is most at risk of researcher bias?
A) Questionnaires
B) Available data
C) Observation methods
D) Physiological measurement
Q3) What are the advantages of physiological data collection methods?
A) Low cost and subject acceptance
B) Reduced duration of data collection
C) Objectivity and sensitivity
D) No need for interrater reliability determination
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Chapter 14: Rigour in Research
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Q1) A researcher who is developing a new instrument to measure pain has been told by experts and patients that the instrument has face validity.What should be the researcher's next step?
A) Commence use of the instrument in any appropriate study.
B) Use the instrument in a pilot study.
C) Assess the reliability of the instrument.
D) Assess the content validity of the instrument.
Q2) What does concurrent validity refer to?
A) The degree of correlation between the measure of the concept and some future measure of the same concept
B) The degree of correlation between two measures of the same concept administered at the same time
C) The extent to which a test measures a theoretical construct or trait
D) The representativeness of items to measure a specific concept
Q3) Which of the following types of validity is the most difficult to establish?
A) Content validity
B) Construct validity
C) Predictive validity
D) Concurrent validity
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Chapter 15: Qualitative Data Analysis
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Q1) Why do all qualitative researchers "immerse" themselves in the data?
A) To fully understand the meaning of the data
B) To discover the essence of the data
C) To gain a statistical sense of the data
D) To substantiate existing knowledge about the topic of focus
Q2) What is the contribution of qualitative computer software to the research process?
A) Interpretation of data
B) Management of data
C) Credibility of data
D) Analysis of data
Q3) Which of the following is a possible ethical issue that must be considered when evaluating qualitative research?
A) Researchers focus on the emic view of participant experiences.
B) Researchers may want to speak to participants on more than one occasion.
C) Researchers serve as instruments for data interpretation.
D) Researchers may assign codes with personal meaning to sort data for interpretation.
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Chapter 16: Quantitative Data Analysis
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Q1) What is indicated by a correlation?
A) The most frequently occurring score
B) Variability of scores from the mean
C) Range of the middle 50% of the scores
D) Magnitude and direction of the relationship between variables
Q2) Which of the following parametric statistical tests compares the difference between mental status scores for patients with dementia (Group 1)and those for patients with confusion from dehydration (Group 2)?
A) The t test
B) Pearson Product Moment Correlation Coefficient
C) Chi-square
D) Meta-analysis
Q3) Which of the following terms represents the middle score in a frequency distribution?
A) Mean
B) Mode
C) Median
D) Percentile
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Chapter 17: Presenting the Findings
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Q1) Which of the following are included in the findings of a study?
A) Data collection and transcription
B) Results and discussion
C) Descriptive analysis and inferential analysis
D) Theoretical framework and conceptualization
Q2) How should the following statements be interpreted?
(1)"There is a positive relationship between the degree of social support available to new mothers and maternal attachment scores." (2)"The Pearson correlation coefficient was r = 0.79,p <.05."
A) The hypothesis was proven.
B) The hypothesis was supported.
C) The result was clinically significant but not statistically significant.
D) The statistical analysis indicates that the positive correlation was a chance event.
Q3) Researchers and reviewers should accept statistical significance with:
A) the belief that statistically significant results are the final word.
B) cautious regard for how results might apply to practice.
C) the view that careful appraisal is needed to apply results to theory.
D) the idea that additional testing is not necessary.
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Chapter 18: Critiquing Qualitative Research
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Q1) Why are themes important results for a qualitative study?
A) They reflect the congruence between the questions asked and the method of study used.
B) They allow description of a large quantity of data in a condensed format.
C) They demonstrate both emic and etic views of a topic.
D) They explain the nature of the differences reported by participants experiencing a similar phenomenon.
Q2) What did the metaphor of a "black box" symbolize in experimental research?
A) A wondrous "bag of tricks" that can help increase study participation
B) The participants' choice to participate
C) A motivational, TV-like box that provided inspiration and positive feedback to study participants
D) The unknown, intermediary steps in the study implementation process that account for the experiment effects.
Q3) The appropriate method for program evaluation includes a:
A) case study.
B) historical approach.
C) naturalistic approach.
D) ethnographic approach.
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Chapter 19: Critiquing Quantitative Research
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Q1) Which of the following issues should be addressed in both the problem statement and the purpose of a quantitative research study report?
A) Generalizability
B) Sampling procedure
C) Implications for future research
D) Relationships among the variables
Q2) What is indicated by the following statement found in the report of a quantitative nursing research study?
"By formalizing parenting education in the immediate postpartum period,midwives may have the opportunity to reduce the prevalence of postnatal depression."
A) Results
B) Analysis
C) Implications
D) Recommendations
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Chapter 20: Developing an Evidence-Informed Practice
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Q1) How do "opinion leaders" influence their peers among the staff to adhere to the specific new EIP standard?
A) Bringing in consulting experts
B) Role-modelling the new practice
C) Evaluating the supporting research data
D) Pressuring the staff to adopt the proposed changes
Q2) Evidence-informed practice (EIP)is defined as:
A) the integration of best research evidence with clinical expertise and patient values.
B) promoting the publication of research findings among practising nurses.
C) the process of using research findings to improve patient care.
D) collecting data from subjects using measurement devices.
Q3) What is the purpose of "translational" research?
A) Globalization of nursing research
B) Applying research results to clinical practice
C) Using the results of medical research to direct nursing research
D) Translating the results of nursing research into language common across all health care disciplines
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