Nursing Theory and Concepts
Final Exam
Course Introduction
Nursing Theory and Concepts introduces students to the foundational frameworks that guide nursing practice, emphasizing the evolution and application of nursing theories in clinical settings. The course explores major nursing theorists, their models, and the ways in which these concepts shape patient care, inform decision-making, and foster professional growth. Students analyze and compare various nursing theories, considering their relevance to contemporary healthcare challenges, evidence-based practice, and holistic patient-centered care. Through case studies and reflective activities, learners develop a critical understanding of how theory underpins the art and science of nursing.
Recommended Textbook
Professional Nursing Practice Concepts and Perspectives 7th Edition by Blais
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637 Flashcards
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Page 2
Chapter 1: Beginning the Journey
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Sample Questions
Q1) According to the 2013 National Workforce Survey,what is the highest level of educational preparation for the majority of RNs?
A)Diploma
B)Associate degree
C)Baccalaureate degree
D)Master's degree
Answer: C
Q2) What statement about specialty certification in nursing is true?
A)Specialty certification guarantees increase in salary for the nurse.
B)Healthcare agencies rarely recognize certifications by nursing specialty groups.
C)The nurse who works in hospital practice must hold at least one specialty certification.
D)The nurse must demonstrate extensive experience and continuing education in the specialty area.
Answer: D
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Chapter 2: Socialization to Professional Nursing Roles
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Q1) What is the only major discipline that does not require its members to hold at least a baccalaureate degree in order to be licensed?
A)Nursing
B)Medicine
C)Physical therapy
D)Dentistry
Answer: A
Q2) The first-semester nursing student expresses concern that staff actions in the clinical setting do not reflect the same standards being taught in nursing classes.Which stage of Davis's model does this represent?
A)Initial innocence
B)Labeled recognition of incongruity
C)Role simulation
D)Provisional internalization
Answer: B
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Chapter 3: Historical Foundations of Professional Nursing
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Sample Questions
Q1) During which war did Dorothea Dix serve as superintendent of the United States Army nurse corps?
A)Revolutionary War
B)Civil War
C)War of 1812
D)Spanish-American War
Answer: B
Q2) Which statement describes the significance of the Mosaic Code in the history of health care?
A)The code outlined policy and procedure for early surgical interventions.
B)Early nurses ascribed to the code as a part of their registration process.
C)Public health was improved by this first sanitary legislation.
D)This code provided strict educational requirements for physicians.
Answer: C
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Chapter 4: Ethical Foundations of Professional Nursing
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Sample Questions
Q1) The nurse has been caring for a ventilator-dependent patient for several days.The family has made the decision to withdraw ventilatory support.How should the nurse interpret this decision?
A)As active euthanasia
B)As illegal euthanasia
C)As passive euthanasia
D)As alleviation euthanasia
Q2) Which scenario represents a nurse working at Kohlberg's preconventional stage of moral development?
A)The nurse agrees to work overtime today if he or she can have a weekend shift off.
B)The nurse agrees to work overtime today to gain the approval of the new nursing supervisor.
C)The nurse agrees to work overtime today because the hospital administration has released a rule stating that each nurse must work one overtime shift per month.
D)The nurse agrees to work overtime today because the other nurse who was asked to work the overtime shift needs to attend his or her child's school play.
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Chapter 5: Legal Foundations of Professional Nursing
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which organization was established by the American Nurses Association as the first labor union for registered nurses in the United States?
A)United American Nurses
B)National Labor for Nurses
C)United States Nurses United
D)American Federal Union of Nurses
Q2) The nurse educator is developing materials to educate hospital employees about sexual harassment.Which information should be included in these materials?
A)Victims of sexual harassment are always female.
B)Any sexual conduct,even if it is desired by both parties,is considered sexual harassment.
C)It includes unwanted verbal or physical conduct of a sexual nature.
D)Sexual harassment occurs only in the workplace.
Q3) For which nurse would the concern about chemical abuse be most appropriate?
A)A nurse who avoids colleagues and friends and has frequent mood swings.
B)A nurse who requests night shifts because of increasing financial responsibilities.
C)A nurse who always comes to work 15 minutes early by bus.
D)A nurse who arrives late for work with the excuse of a flat tire.
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Chapter 6: Remembering Development in Nursing
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Sample Questions
Q1) The nurse says she knows a particular fact is true because "God says it is true." Which of Kneller's types of knowing is this nurse describing?
A)Rational
B)Empirical
C)Intuitive
D)Revealed
Q2) A hospital's nursing assessment form reflects first-level and second-level assessment.From this information,the nurse seeking employment at this facility determines that nursing service follows which theorist?
A)Orem
B)Roy
C)Benner
D)Leininger
Q3) According to Carper,which way of knowing reflects the science of nursing?
A)Empirical knowing
B)Personal knowing
C)Esthetic knowing
D)Ethical knowing
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8
Chapter 7: The Nurse As Health Promoter and Care Provider
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Sample Questions
Q1) A client who has been considering smoking cessation says "I've already quit.I haven't had a cigarette for 6 weeks." According to Prochaska and DiClemente,in which stage of change is this client?
A)Preparation
B)Precontemplation
C)Action
D)Contemplation
Q2) What is a mission of Healthy People 2020?
A)Encourage all people to change behavior.
B)Identify nationwide health improvement priorities.
C)Increase the number of health-related research studies.
D)Increase the number of healthcare professionals.
Q3) The client has a strong belief that he can successfully change his eating and exercise pattern in order to lose weight.Using Pender's Health-Promotion Model,how would the nurse document this belief?
A)As a positive activity-related affect.
B)As a perceived barrier to action.
C)As positive self-efficacy.
D)As good interpersonal influence.
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Page 9
Chapter 8: The Nurse As Learner and Teacher
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which teaching objective is correctly written?
A)At the end of the teaching session the client will list three strategies for control of hypertension.
B)The client will write a comprehensive review of two articles about hypertension.
C)During the class the nurse will present material regarding risk factors associated with the development of hypertension.
D)The client will understand how hypertension develops by the end of the second teaching session.
Q2) The female nurse is planning to provide education to a male client from a different culture.What should the nurse consider?
A)All cultures value female nurses.
B)It may be better to have two female nurses in the room during teaching.
C)The nurse should consider asking a male colleague to perform the teaching.
D)Most cultures accept teaching from medical personnel of either gender.
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Chapter 9: The Nurse As Leader and Manager
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Sample Questions
Q1) The staff members of a unit are inspired by their nurse-manager's leadership and enjoy working to create a positive nursing environment of the unit's patients.What style of leadership does this situation best describe?
A)Transformational
B)Authoritarian
C)Laissez-faire
D)Situational
Q2) What is the best way for the nurse to ensure control on the nursing unit?
A)Create tightly written job descriptions
B)Write extensive rules
C)Make certain that procedures are strict
D)Support continuous quality improvement activities
Q3) The chair of a hospital committee acts as a facilitator and provides constructive criticism,information,and suggestions.Which style of leadership does this represent?
A)Authoritarian
B)Transformational
C)Democratic
D)Laissez-faire
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Chapter 10: The Nurses Role in Evidence-Based Health Care
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Sample Questions
Q1) The physician leading a research study asks a client to participate and infers that unless the client agrees the physician will no longer provide medical care for the client.What client right is violated in this situation?
A)Right of self-determination
B)Right to full disclosure
C)Right not to be harmed
D)Right of privacy and confidentiality
Q2) What is the name of the nursing research journal first published in 1952?
A)American Journal of Nursing
B)Research in Nursing and Health
C)Nursing Research
D)Western Journal of Nursing Research
Q3) The nurse has read about a clinical innovation that is evidence-based.The nurse is developing a positive attitude about the use of this innovation.Which stage of Rogers' theory of diffusion of innovation does this reflect?
A)Knowledge
B)Persuasion
C)Decision
D)Implementation
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Page 12
Chapter 11: The Nurses Role in Quality and Safety
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Q1) The Quality Improvement director is reviewing the number of medication errors that occurred in a skilled nursing facility over the last month. The total number of medication doses provided equals 625,500. The total number of medication errors was 7. If using the Six Sigma statistical measure to limit defects to 3.4 per million opportunities, what should be the goal for the number of medication errors for this care area? (Round the answer to the nearest whole number.)
Q2) A client with a nasogastric tube to suction has been prescribed tracheostomy suctioning as needed to maintain airway integrity.While rounding after report the nurse notes that the tubing for the nasogastric suction has been switched with that to be used for the tracheostomy suctioning.How should the charge nurse categorize this error?
A)Latent
B)Active
C)Technical
D)Organizational system
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Chapter 12: The Nurses Role As Political Advocate
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Sample Questions
Q1) How can power be defined?
A)Position within an organization
B)Control over events
C)Authority to act
D)Potential to influence events
Q2) The nurse who works at a Veterans Administration hospital would like to publicly campaign for a candidate in a national election.This nurse should first review which document?
A)The Nursing Reform Act
B)The Nightingale Amendment
C)The Hatch Act
D)The Cox Amendment
Q3) What is a strategy used to influence political decisions?
A)Demanding change
B)Acting as an individual
C)Negotiating
D)Complaining to peers
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Chapter 13: The Nurse As Colleague and Collaborator
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which group established a standard of professional performance focused on the nurse's collaboration with clients,families,and other healthcare professionals?
A)The National Council of State Boards of Nursing
B)The National League for Nursing
C)The American Association of Colleges of Nursing
D)The American Nurses Association
Q2) What percentage of Medicare dollars are thought to be expended on care provided in the last year of life?
A)A little less than 10%
B)More than 25%
C)At least 40%
D)Just under 60%
Q3) What is true about the nurse's role in collaboration?
A)Collaboration occurs mainly with physicians.
B)By law,nurses can collaborate only on client care issues.
C)Peer collaboration can occur only when both nurses are educated at the baccalaureate level.
D)It may include collaboration on health-related research.
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Chapter 14: Communicating Effectively
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Sample Questions
Q1) The nurse enters the client's room and asks the client a from the doorway.What distance is this considered?
A)Public
B)Social
C)Personal
D)Intimate
Q2) What is the denotative meaning of a word?
A)The meaning of the word,regardless of language.
B)The way a word is generally used by people who share a common language.
C)The definition of the word as listed in a commonly referenced dictionary.
D)The meaning of the word as derived from one's personal experience.
Q3) What is included in intrapersonal communication?
A)Exchange of information
B)Two or more people
C)Rapport
D)Knowledge
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Chapter 15: Managing Change
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which is a key characteristic of a change agent?
A)Formal power
B)Coercive power
C)Trust
D)Charisma
Q2) To manage resistance to change,the change agent may use which strategy?
A)Defend the status quo.
B)Provide evidence to challenge the status quo.
C)Reject opposition to the plan.
D)Eliminate from the organization those who are opposed.
Q3) The nurse is expected to use new intravenous equipment.After receiving instruction on the use,the nurse is still nervous about using the new equipment.What type of change is this nurse experiencing?
A)Planned change
B)Spontaneous change
C)Developmental change
D)Pendulum change
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17
Chapter 16: Technology and Informatics
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Sample Questions
Q1) What is the term informatics used to describe?
A)The use of the World Wide Web
B)PDAs
C)How nurses use data
D)All aspects of computers and information systems
Q2) How does the patient-centered informatics model differ from the older nursing informatics models?
A)It is used to guide patient care decisions at the bedside.
B)It includes nursing science.
C)It is interdisciplinary.
D)It relies on the World Wide Web for information.
Q3) To what does the term data integrity refer?
A)Use of current technology
B)Communication of data
C)Accurate and complete data
D)Privacy of client information
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Chapter 17: Nursing in an Evolving Health Care Delivery System
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Q1) What does capitation funding provide?
A)Admission criteria
B)Prospective payment
C)Retrospective payment
D)Personal payment
Q2) What does fee-for-service payment mean?
A)The patient has a healthcare card that must be presented at the point of care.
B)Patients pay the practitioner for each service they receive.
C)Healthcare providers are paid a fixed amount per person to provide care.
D)Charges are waived by the government.
Q3) What health care shift from centralized biomedical centers did the American Nurses Association identify to address cost containment?
A)Academic health centers
B)HMOs
C)Community nursing centers
D)Case management
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Chapter 18: Providing Care in Home and Community
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Q1) What would be included in the assessment of the politics and government subsystem of a community? (Select all that apply. )
A)The predominant political party affiliation
B)The number of crimes committed
C)The unemployment rate
D)Participation of residents in decision making
E)Election of a local board of education
Q2) The nurse includes the following information as part of daily documentation: The air quality at Elizabeth,PA has reached the unhealthful range with >100 microns/unit of particulate matter.The ozone level is elevated and individuals with respiratory illnesses should stay indoors during the afternoon hours.
In which type of role is this nurse practicing?
A)Public health
B)Occupational health
C)Environmental health
D)Patient-centered medical home
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Chapter 19: Global Health
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Sample Questions
Q1) The nurse providing care in a community clinic becomes aware of treatments used to terminate unwanted pregnancies for some clinic patients.Which human right is affecting this nurse's practice?
A)Ethics
B)Health equity
C)Reproduction
D)Access to care
Q2) A nurse wants to volunteer in West Africa to assist with the Ebola outbreak.What should the nurse consider before agreeing to relocate to West Africa for 6 months?
(Select all that apply. )
A)Locate the nearest embassy
B)Receive recommended immunizations
C)Understand the country's security standards
D)Receive permission from the state board of nursing
E)Know the scope of nursing practice in the host country
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21
Chapter 20: Dimensions of Holistic Health Care
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Sample Questions
Q1) A 47-year-old male with a BMI of 32 does not smoke,has a blood pressure of 160/90,and a family history of diabetes and kidney disease.When preparing to perform primary prevention education for this patient,which non-modifiable risk factors should the nurse identify?
A)Age,gender,and genetics
B)Previously diagnosed disease processes
C)Diabetes,hypertension,and kidney disease
D)Gender and family history
Q2) By volunteering at the local health fair and handing out Women's Heart Disease pamphlets,the nurse is practicing which type of health promotion?
A)Primary prevention
B)Secondary prevention
C)Tertiary prevention
D)Preventative care
Q3) Nurses working on a post-op care unit are practicing which level of care?
A)Primary
B)Secondary
C)Tertiary
D)Preventive
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Page 22
Chapter 21: Nursing in a Culturally Diverse World
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Sample Questions
Q1) A 38-year-old female who speaks very little English has been admitted to the emergency department with abdominal pain.What is the best way to communicate with this client?
A)Ask a nursing student who is fluent in Spanish to interpret.
B)Communicate by using hand gestures to supplement words.
C)Use a translator provided by the hospital or a community agency.
D)Use the client's 14-year-old son as a translator because he is fluent in both English and Spanish.
Q2) Variations of life passage events such as the bar mitzvah for 13-year-old Jewish boys and the quinceañero party for 15-year-old Hispanic girls are examples of which cultural event?
A)Cultural universals
B)Cultural awareness
C)Cultural sensitivity
D)Cultural competence
Q3) What can be stated regarding diversity in the United States?
A)Diversity is decreasing in the United States.
B)Diversity is increasing in the United States.
C)Diversity is relatively stable in the United States.
D)There has been no change in diversity within the last 40 years.
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Chapter 22: Nursing in a Spiritually Diverse World
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Q1) When using the SPIRIT model for assessing spirituality,what does the 'R' represent?
A)Religious beliefs
B)Relationships
C)Requests
D)Ritualized practices and restrictions
Q2) Which nursing action exemplifies presence?
A)Calling the patient's spiritual counselor
B)Praying with the patient
C)Ensuring that family can visit at any time
D)Communicating a willingness to care,to listen,and to be available to the patient
Q3) What should the nurse include when assessing a patient's spirituality? (Select all that apply. )
A)Relationship with self
B)Relationship with other cultural groups
C)Relationship with deity
D)Relationship with others
E)Relationship with nature
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Chapter 23: Nursing in a Culture of Violence
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Q1) When assessing community needs,where should the nurse be aware that domestic violence is found?
A)All strata of society
B)Exclusively among the less well-educated segment of the population
C)Primarily in lower-income families
D)Mostly in the elderly
Q2) A person comes into the emergency department with injuries consistent with abuse.In which order should the nurse complete the assessment of this person's injuries?
A)Paresthesia
B)Facial bruising
C)Limited joint mobility
D)Abdominal tenderness
E)Skin tenderness and scars
Q3) What is the result of exposure to violence in the community?
A)Inevitable depression
B)Not a problem outside the poor neighborhoods
C)Mediated by the quality of family and social supports
D)Important only for children
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25
Chapter 24: Advanced Nursing Education and Practice
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Q1) What is the focus of a nurse practicing as a clinical nurse specialist (CNS)?
A)Improvement of client care and nursing practice
B)Providing orientation for the novice nurse
C)Acting as a liaison between staff nurses and administration
D)Assisting physicians with in-patient care delivery
Q2) While completing courses for a master's degree in nursing education the nurse has taken electives for gerontology,informatics,and pain management.Using the table below,which certifications should this nurse plan to obtain upon graduation from the program?
[Insert Table 24-2 here]
A)Informatics
B)Gerontological
C)Adult Gerontology
D)Adult Gerontology-Acute
E)Adult Gerontology-Primary
Q3) Which role can be practiced without an advanced nursing education degree?
A)Nurse-midwife
B)Nurse practitioner
C)Clinical nurse specialist
D)Nurse administrator
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Chapter 25: The Future of Nursing
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Q1) For which reason was the 2-year associate degree in nursing developed?
A)Distance education
B)Nursing shortages
C)Advanced practice roles
D)Consumerism
Q2) The inability to reach consensus on the "entry into practice" preparation for nursing has caused which outcome?
A)A unified approach to professional regulation and licensure
B)Differentiated practice
C)Divisiveness among nurses with different educational preparation
D)The current nursing shortage
Q3) What was the motivation for focusing on wellness in the healthcare system?
A)Demands by the public
B)Nurse practice acts
C)Higher education
D)Cost-containment measures
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