Nursing Research
Pre-Test Questions
Course Introduction
Nursing Research is a foundational course that introduces students to the principles, methodologies, and ethical considerations involved in conducting scientific inquiry within the field of nursing. The course covers qualitative and quantitative research designs, data collection and analysis techniques, and the critical appraisal of research literature. Students learn how to formulate research questions, design studies, interpret findings, and incorporate evidence-based practices into patient care. Emphasizing the importance of research in advancing nursing knowledge and improving healthcare outcomes, this course equips future nurses with the skills necessary to evaluate and contribute to the growing body of nursing research.
Recommended Textbook
Nursing Research 8th Edition by
Geri LoBiondoWood
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Chapter 1: Integrating Research, Evidence-Based Practice, and Quality Improvement Processes
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Q1) What is the primary value of evidence-based nursing practice?
A) Implementing the most cost-effective nursing practices when providing patient care
B) Incorporating research findings with clinical expertise when individualizing patient care
C) Separating nursing research as unique from the research of other disciplines
D) Developing new nursing theories to promote the growth of nursing science
Answer: B
Q2) Which statement(s) describe the actions of the baccalaureate nurse graduate as a participant in the nursing research process? (Select all that apply.)
A) Administering care at the bedside according to a research protocol
B) Providing leadership by helping others apply scientific knowledge to practice
C) Sharing with nursing colleagues research findings that are pertinent to practice
D) Designing and conducting nursing research studies
E) Functioning as a primary investigator for a research study
Answer: A, C
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3
Chapter 2: Research Questions, Hypotheses, and Clinical Questions
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Q1) A nurse has defined the research question as, "Is there a relationship between self-esteem and body weight among postmenopausal women?" What type of research-question format (or research design) is implied by this question?
A) Correlational nonexperimental
B) Comparative nonexperimental
C) Quantitative experimental
D) Grounded theory nonexperimental
Answer: A
Q2) The nurse has defined the hypothesis as, "There will be no difference in the number of adverse events among patients discharged two days after an abdominal hysterectomy compared with patients discharged 4 days after an abdominal hysterectomy." This statement is an example of what?
A) Directional hypothesis
B) Nondirectional hypothesis
C) Research hypothesis
D) Null hypothesis
Answer: D
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Chapter 3: Gathering and Appraising the Literature
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Q1) Which is an example of a \(\bold{secondary}\) source in a literature review?
A) An oral history of a nurse researcher
B) An investigator's report of a research study
C) A summary and critique of another's scholarly work
D) An autobiography of a developer of a nursing theory
Answer: C
Q2) A study published in a nursing research journal is titled, "Effects of nocturnal hemodialysis on physiological and psychological parameters of patients with end-stage kidney disease." The nurse should recognize that this study belongs to which of these types of reference?
A) Primary
B) Secondary
C) Tertiary
D) Historical
Answer: A
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Chapter 4: Theoretical Frameworks for Research
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Q1) A graphic or symbolic representation of a phenomenon not directly observable, which allows the reader to visualize key constructs and their interrelationships, is called what?
A) A concept
B) A conceptual definition
C) An operational definition
D) A model
Q2) Which statement is an operational definition of a concept?
A) Death anxiety is an uncomfortable feeling on contemplation of one's own death, measured by Templar's Death Anxiety Scale (Templar, 1986).
B) Pain is a pattern of responses to protect the organism from harm (Sternbach, 1979).
C) Maternal identity entails maternal cognitions and affect with regard to the maternal-infant relational system (Walker and Montgomery, 1994).
D) Spirituality is a way of being or experiencing that comes about through an awareness of a transcendent dimension and one's identifiable values with regard to self, other, nature, and whatever one considers to be ultimate (Elkins, 1988).
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Chapter 5: Introduction to Qualitative Research
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Q1) A nurse reads a qualitative study concerning the grief process. Later, the nurse explains to a grieving widow that grief is a process and that many others have successfully made their way through the process. The nurse is using which clinical application of research?
A) Insight or empathy
B) Assessment of status or progress
C) Anticipatory guidance
D) Coaching
Q2) Which research topic would most likely be studied through a qualitative research approach?
A) The meaning of health and health promotion among low-income Southern rural women.
B) Changes in hope and coping in older adults during rehabilitation after hip fracture.
C) Exercise effects on fatigue and emotional distress during radiation therapy for breast cancer.
D) Older adults and HIV/AIDS: The relationship of perceived risk and willingness to interact with individuals with HIV/AIDS.
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Chapter 6: Qualitative Approaches to Research
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Q1) Which feature is characteristic of the grounded theory method of qualitative research?
A) Data gathering and data analysis occur simultaneously.
B) The researcher has also experienced the phenomenon being studied.
C) A grounded theory study is based on only a single research question.
D) Participants in a grounded theory study must experience the phenomenon currently, during the study.
Q2) A nurse researcher has chosen to use the phenomenologic method. What feature distinguishes the intensive dialogue the researcher will use in this method from a simple interview?
A) Notes are made about the participant's responses during the interview.
B) The researcher is fully engaged, becoming a thoughtful presence during the interview.
C) The questions posed during the interview were developed before the actual interview occurred.
D) The researcher completes the questionnaire for the participant to avoid misunderstanding or confusion.
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8
Chapter 7: Appraising Qualitative Research
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Q1) During the critique of a qualitative research study, the nurse notes the statement, "Saturation was achieved at the completion of 20 interviews." What is the significance of this statement?
A) The investigator should collect additional data.
B) The data collection period has ended.
C) Purposive sampling is now required.
D) Random sampling should be initiated.
Q2) In the report of a qualitative research study, what does a theme represent?
A) A guideline for evaluating the appropriateness of the study
B) The operational definition of the study's conceptual framework
C) A label that describes key ideas shared by study participants
D) The relationship between the study's hypotheses and the research questions
Q3) The nurse researcher reports that after data collection was completed, a follow-up focus group session with participants was used to validate that the participants agreed the findings were true to their own experiences. What aspect of the study does this support?
A) The study's credibility
B) The study's auditability
C) The study's transferability
D) The study's fittingness
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Chapter 8: Introduction to Quantitative Research
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Q1) A nurse researcher is planning to write a proposal for a research study using a quantitative design. To maintain control in the study, the nurse should include which elements? (Select all that apply.)
A) Valid, reliable collection methods
B) Subjects of all ages
C) Trained data collectors
D) Standardized data collection processes
E) Analysis of data by words or text only
Q2) The issue of control would be less important in a quantitative study with which type of research design?
A) Exploratory
B) Experimental
C) Correlational
D) Randomized clinical trial
Q3) How could a nurse researcher's use of a homogeneous sample weaken a research study?
A) By decreasing the reliability of the findings
B) By decreasing the generalizability of the findings
C) By increasing the number of subjects needed to reach statistical significance
D) By increasing the risk that the findings were the result of chance alone
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Chapter 9: Experimental and Quasi-Experimental Designs
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Q1) What type of threat to validity is minimized by the use of a Solomon four-group design?
A) Mortality
B) Selection bias
C) Testing
D) Antecedent variable
Q2) A planned quasi-experimental study using a nonequivalent control group design has several extraneous variables that threaten its internal validity. The nurse researcher's actions should be based on which understanding?
A) The results of the study will not be statistically significant.
B) The random assignment of subjects to groups will nullify the intervening variables.
C) The study should be strengthened by controlling intervening variables.
D) Because observation rather than causation is the purpose of the study, no action is necessary.
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Chapter 10: Nonexperimental Designs
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Q1) Which method of data collection is most appropriate for a nurse researcher to use in a survey study?
A) Videorecording of people-to-people interactions
B) Direct participant observation
C) Unstructured interview
D) Questionnaires
Q2) What features identify a study as methodologic in design? (Select all that apply.)
A) A description of how the tool's items were formulated
B) A description of the experimental treatment
C) A clear definition of how the construct was measured
D) A reporting on the tool's tested reliability and validity
E) A statistical table showing the effect of the independent variable
Q3) Which type of study should be used when data are collected at only one point in time?
A) Cross-sectional
B) Retrospective
C) Longitudinal
D) Prospective
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Chapter 11: Systematic Reviews and Clinical Practice Guidelines
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Q1) ___ analysis of the located studies
Q2) What is known to contain bibliographic information on articles and books on reviewing research and methodological studies?
A) Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
B) Database of Abstracts of Review of Effects
C) Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials
D) Cochrane Methodology Register
Q3) What source contains information on studies published in conference proceedings and other sources not available in other databases?
A) Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
B) Database of Abstracts of Review of Effects
C) Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials
D) Cochrane Methodology Register
Q4) The highest level of evidence is known to be provided by what?
A) Meta-analysis
B) Systematic review
C) Effect size
D) Integrative review
Q5) ____ types of participants
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Chapter 12: Sampling
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Q1) Which type of sampling is most at risk for sample bias?
A) Quota
B) Random
C) Purposive
D) Convenience
Q2) What is the process of selecting representative units of a population for study in a research investigation?
A) Sampling
B) Snowballing
C) Delimination
D) Random assignment
Q3) A nurse researcher can most accurately use the technique of power analysis to do what?
A) To estimate sample size
B) To establish sampling strata
C) To assign subjects randomly
D) To analyze sample representativeness
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Chapter 13: Legal and Ethical Issues
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Q1) A person gives consent to participate in a study, is assigned to an intervention group, and is expected to remain in the study for 1 year. What ethical principle is violated if after 6 months the subjects in the treatment group have more problems than the control subjects, and the nurse researcher does not allow the members of the treatment group to stop treatment?
A) Justice
B) Beneficence
C) Confidentiality
D) Respect for persons
Q2) The nurse researcher is planning a research study that will use human subjects and their choice to participate in a specific treatment. The ethical principle guiding the research study that describes the nurse researcher's obligation to benefit others is what?
A) Justice
B) Beneficence
C) Confidentiality
D) Respect for persons
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Chapter 14: Data Collection Methods
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Q1) Which data collection method is most vulnerable to researcher bias?
A) Questionnaires
B) Available data
C) Observation methods
D) Physiologic measurement
Q2) During a research project, the researcher notes that the subject completes each assigned task with a much higher level of performance than he normally exhibits. How should a nurse researcher most accurately describe this change in the subject's behavior?
A) Reactivity
B) Instability
C) Therapeutic
D) Interventionist
Q3) Which data collection method would be most appropriate in studying bullying behavior in elementary school-aged girls?
A) An unstructured interview
B) Asking parents about their children's experience with bullying
C) Responses of the children on a paper-and-pencil bullying scale
D) Concealment of the researcher without intervention in children's behavior
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Chapter 15: Reliability and Validity
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Q1) When validity of an instrument is determined, the nurse researcher assesses what? (Select all that apply.)
A) Stability
B) Variance
C) Accuracy
D) Precision
Q2) Which type of validity is demonstrated by administering a test in which all items relate to wound care, and then evaluating student performance in caring for patients with wounds in the clinical setting?
A) Face validity
B) Content validity
C) Construct validity
D) Criterion-related validity
Q3) A nurse researcher would want to use a Kuder-Richardson (KR-20) coefficient to establish the internal consistency of an instrument in which case?
A) When questions are open-ended
B) When multiple choice tests are analyzed
C) When the instrument uses a Likert-type response scale
D) When the instrument is designed to measure more than one concept
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Chapter 16: Data Analysis: Descriptive and Inferential Statistics
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Q1) The nurse researcher opts to use a measure of variability. Which measure of variability does the researcher recognize as being most unstable?
A) Mean
B) Median
C) Range
D) Semiquartile range
Q2) In a study of nurses' willingness to care for patients with a contagious disease, it was found that the greater the nurses' spirituality, the greater the willingness to provide care. This finding represents what?
A) No correlation
B) Perfect correlation
C) Positive correlation
D) Negative correlation
Q3) The nurse researcher should report the mean, mode, and median of a variable in a research study in which case?
A) When the distribution is uneven.
B) When the distribution is wide.
C) When the distribution is narrow.
D) When the distribution is symmetrical.
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Chapter 17: Understanding Research Findings
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Q1) A researcher makes generalizations beyond the population being studied. This is known as what?
A) Accurate
B) Appropriate
C) Inappropriate
D) Supportable
Q2) The findings of a study include what? (Select all that apply.)
A) Methods
B) Conclusions
C) Interpretations
D) Theories
Q3) Which section of the report will allow the nurse researcher to determine the strength, quality, and consistency of the evidence provided by the findings?
A) Results
B) Discussion
C) Recommendations
D) Methods
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Chapter 18: Appraising Quantitative Research
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Q1) Which critical appraisal question would evaluate the data analysis of a research report?
A) Would it be possible to replicate this study in another clinical setting?
B) Are the results of each hypothesis or research question presented and presented objectively?
C) Did testing of the hypothesis(es) or research question(s) clearly support or not support each hypothesis or research question?
D) Was there an observation guide?
Q2) Which critical appraisal question would evaluate the review of the literature of a research report?
A) Is there a synthesis summary that presents the overall strengths and weaknesses and arrives at a logical conclusion that generates hypotheses or research questions?
B) What are the sources of bias, and are they dealt with appropriately?
C) How have the purpose, aims, or goals of the study been substantiated?
D) To what population may the findings be generalized? What are the limitations in generalizability?
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Chapter 19: Strategies and Tools for Developing an
Evidence-Based Practice
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Q1) In reviewing product materials, which reported precision confidence interval (CI) would make the nurse researcher interested in purchasing the product?
A) CI of 2-100 mm
B) CI of 15-75 mm
C) CI of 25-75 mm
D) CI of 2-5 mm
Q2) Which database is most likely to yield the highest-level evidence for a nurse researcher?
A) Psychological abstracts
B) Google.com
C) Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature (CINAHL)
D) Cochrane Review
Q3) A nurse researcher critiquing a research study notes that a confidence interval (CI) is too large for a new therapy to be clinically meaningful. What likely contributed to this statistical outcome?
A) Strong power level
B) Quantitative experimental design
C) Statistical analysis
D) Too small a sample
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Chapter 20: Developing an Evidence-Based Practice
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Q1) Sources of relevant research and related literature that are needed for evidence retrieval include what? (Select all that apply.)
A) Hospital policies
B) Meta-analyses
C) Integrative literature review
D) Anecdotal reports
Q2) A nurse researcher can use research findings to go beyond dissemination of evidence-based guidelines and promote adoption of evidence-based practice (EBP) guidelines through what?
A) Through dissemination activities
B) Through translating research into practice
C) Through research utilization
D) Through critiquing findings
Q3) Which question should a nurse researcher consider in identifying key stakeholders?
A) When will system changes be necessary?
B) How will uncooperative stakeholders be handled?
C) What is the step-by-step process of decision making in implementing EBP?
D) Who can influence the decision to proceed with implementation of an EBP?
Q4) ___ provide feedback of analyzed data to staff
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Chapter 21: Quality Improvement
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Q1) Increased ability to review, challenge, and change opinions and decisions
A)Customer focus/patient focus
B)Leadership
C)Involvement of people
D)Process approach
E)System approach to management
F)Continual improvement
G)Factual approach to decision making
H)Mutually beneficial supplier relationships
Q2) Informed decisions
A)Customer focus/patient focus
B)Leadership
C)Involvement of people
D)Process approach
E)System approach to management
F)Continual improvement
G)Factual approach to decision making
H)Mutually beneficial supplier relationships
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