Nursing Research
Midterm Exam
Course Introduction
Nursing Research introduces students to the foundational principles and methodologies of scientific inquiry within the nursing profession. The course emphasizes the development of critical thinking skills necessary to evaluate existing research, identify clinical problems, and formulate relevant research questions. Students explore qualitative and quantitative research designs, data collection techniques, ethical considerations, and the process of critiquing and applying research findings to evidence-based nursing practice. Through case studies and practical assignments, learners gain experience in interpreting research literature and understanding its role in improving patient care, healthcare outcomes, and professional practice.
Recommended Textbook
Nursing Research in Canada 4th Edition by
Geri LoBiondo Wood
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Page 2
Chapter 1: The Role of Research in Nursing
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Q1) Why do nurses who do not conduct research need to understand the nursing research process?
A) To identify potential participants for clinical research studies
B) To assist in collecting accurate data for clinical research studies
C) To teach patients and families about the usefulness of participation in research
D) To be able to evaluate nursing research reports for relevance to their own clinical practice
Answer: D
Q2) What action or strategy can limit the depth of nursing research?
A) Addressing physiological and psychological responses to actual or potential health problems
B) Employing both qualitative methods and quantitative methods in the same study
C) Developing programs of research that build on prior investigations
D) Using singular measures to assess phenomena
Answer: D
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3
Chapter 2: Theoretical Framework
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Q1) What is the major difference between inductive reasoning and deductive reasoning?
A) Inductive reasoning is theory driven, and deductive reasoning is independent of theory.
B) Deductive reasoning forms the basis for qualitative research, and inductive reasoning forms the basis for quantitative research.
C) Deductive reasoning is an unconscious approach in which intuition, rather than logical, is the key feature, whereas inductive reasoning encompasses a more logical and systematic approach to problem identification.
D) Inductive reasoning starts with observed details that lead to a general structure or picture, whereas deductive reasoning begins with a structure or picture that guides the search for associated details.
Answer: D
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Chapter 3: Critical Reading Strategies: Overview of the
Research Process
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Q1) A researcher conducts a qualitative study that examines the lived experience of those being receive[d] a diagnosis of breast cancer.A reader critiquing the report would expect to find that the report:
A) presents the data in the form of narrative text.
B) provides a detailed statistical analysis of study results.
C) details independent and dependent variables.
D) describes how the data related to tumour growth was analyzed.
Answer: A
Q2) Which of the following activities or situations is a hallmark of critical reading?
A) Checking the age of the author
B) Clarifying unfamiliar concepts or terms
C) Memorizing key sentences within the text
D) Understanding the concepts at first reading
Answer: B
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Chapter 4: Developing Research Questions, Hypotheses, and Clinical Questions
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Q1) Which of the following statements about independent and dependent variables is true?
A) All research problem statements must contain a dependent variable and an independent variable.
B) There should only be one dependent variable associated with a single independent variable.
C) The relationship between the independent variable and the dependent variable for any study must be causal.
D) A given characteristic or situation may be a dependent variable in one study and an independent variable in another.
Q2) What type of hypothesis is demonstrated by the following statement? "There will be no difference in the number of adverse events among patients discharged 2 days after an abdominal hysterectomy compared with patients discharged 4 days after an abdominal hysterectomy."
A) Nondirectional hypothesis
B) Directional hypothesis
C) Deductive hypothesis
D) Null hypothesis
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Chapter 5: Finding and Appraising the Literature
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Q1) Which of the following factors limits the usefulness of the World Wide Web as a source of information for research consumers?
A) Downloading being a slow process at times
B) Nontext capabilities that reduce the professionalism of presentations
C) Poor quality control over the information on some Web sites
D) Much of the available information being too technical to be understood by the casual reader
Q2) Which of the following statements about the importance of literature review to the research process is accurate?
A) Literature review guides all steps of the research process.
B) Literature review is necessary only in defining the problem statement.
C) Literature review provides a vehicle to disseminate the findings of the study.
D) The value of literature review is limited to finding gaps or inconsistencies in the knowledge base.
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Chapter 6: Legal and Ethical Issues
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Q1) How should a completed and signed informed consent form be handled?
A) It is turned over to the agency's REB for safekeeping.
B) It is sent to the Canadian Institutes of Health Research as evidence of compliance.
C) It is copied; one copy is given to the participant and the other is filed by the researcher in a secured location.
D) There is not special procedure for handling a consent form.
Q2) The Research Ethics Board (REB)is responsible for A) approval of the research design.
B) protecting participants from undue risk.
C) ensuring that informed consent is obtained.
D) promotion of nursing research in health care institutions.
Q3) Which of the following ethical principles was violated in the Hyman versus Jewish Chronic Disease Hospital case,in which doctors injected older adults with cancer cells to study their rejection responses?
A) Promoting Justice
B) Promoting Health and Well-Being
C) Maintaining Privacy and Confidentiality
D) Promoting and Respecting Informed Decision Making
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8
Chapter 7: Introduction to Qualitative Research
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Q1) What should be the determining factor for a researcher to conduct a qualitative study?
A) The need to test a theory
B) The nature of the research question
C) The age and gender of the study participants
D) The availability of valid instruments to measure the phenomenon
Q2) In which of the following instances should a qualitative research design be used instead of a quantitative research design?
A) When time for data collection is limited
B) When the research questions are clinical in nature
C) When the goal is to view the experience in the same way as those who are having the experience view it
D) When the researcher is a novice and has minimal experience or skill in scientific problem solving
Q3) The term triangulation refers to
A) a mathematical technique.
B) combining different methods, theories, data sources, or investigators.
C) information collected becoming repetitive.
D) possible applications of the results of qualitative studies.
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Page 9
Chapter 8: Qualitative Approaches to Research
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Q1) What forms the final synthesis of participants' descriptions after a researcher has analyzed data from a phenomenological study?
A) Description of the lived experience
B) Identification of thought sequences
C) Generalization of the findings
D) Classification of themes
Q2) Which of the following research questions is most appropriate for a grounded theory approach?
A) How do incarcerated persons interact with fellow prisoners convicted of violent crimes against children?
B) How do First Nations adolescent girls select a method of contraception?
C) What percentage of primary school teachers has a master's degree?
D) How is the total number of clinical hours in a nursing program related to NCLEX pass rates?
Q3) In historical research,what or who constitutes the sample of the study?
A) Individuals who are the main characters in the historical context under study
B) Physical setting(s) in which the event occurred
C) Researchers and data gatherers
D) Data sources
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Page 10
Chapter 9: Introduction to Quantitative Research
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Q1) Which of the following factors would be considered a mediating variable among potential participants in a study to determine whether high doses of vitamin C are helpful in reducing susceptibility to influenza?
A) Gender and religion of the potential participants
B) The participants' previous experience with influenza
C) The participants having received influenza vaccination
D) The educational level and marital status of the potential participants
Q2) The nurse researcher designed a study examining anxiety among elementary school children.If a widely publicized murder of a child occurred in the city during the time frame of the study,what type of threat to internal validity would the murder represent?
A) Maturation
B) Instrumentation
C) Selection bias
D) Historical
Q3) When should an extraneous variable be included as part of the study's design?
A) When it is nonmodifiable, such as age or gender
B) When it is an important consideration for the outcome
C) When the researcher is limited by time and monetary issues
D) When it would not make a difference to the overall study outcome
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Chapter 10: Experimental and Quasiexperimental Designs
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Q1) How differently is the independent variable handled in studies with an experimental design or a quasi-experimental design?
A) An independent variable is not identified or needed in a quasi-experimental design.
B) Both designs identify an independent variable, and both manipulate the independent variable.
C) Experimental designs demonstrate that the independent variable is related to the outcome, but quasi-experimental studies allow for independent variables that stand alone.
D) Although both designs identify an independent variable, experimental designs identify it before the research is initiated, and quasi-experimental designs identify it after the data have been analyzed.
Q2) Which action would increase the control of an experimental study?
A) Establishing strict criteria for participant selection
B) Allowing participants to decide whether or not to be in the experimental group
C) Ensuring that participants do not know the purpose of the experimental study
D) Increasing the number of assistants involved in data collection
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Chapter 11: Non-Experimental Designs
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Q1) A nurse researcher would choose to use a correlational study of multiple variables for which purpose?
A) To identify the independent variable
B) To test whether one variable causes another variable
C) To examine relationships between or among variables
D) To distinguish how different one variable is from another variable
Q2) What is the first question that should be asked in determining whether an experimental design or a nonexperimental design should be used in a quantitative study?
A) Is there an independent variable?
B) What is the nature of the problem being studied?
C) Will a measurement tool or instrument be needed?
D) Can statistical analysis be applied to the study data?
Q3) Which of the following would be used to assess whether mental health patients who received cognitive-behavioural therapy via smart phones remain out of hospitals for longer periods of time?
A) Cross-sectional survey
B) Longitudinal, comparative survey
C) Predictive, statistical survey
D) Causative, correlational survey
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Chapter 12: Sampling
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Q1) The nurse researcher knows that a sample is representative of a population when which statement is true?
A) The sample is homogeneous.
B) All units of a population are included.
C) The most readily accessible persons are used as participants.
D) The characteristics of the sample closely approximate those of the population.
Q2) What is the major benefit of nonprobability sampling,as compared with probability sampling?
A) It does not affect generalizability.
B) Informed consent must be obtained.
C) The necessary sample sizes are easier to obtain.
D) Sample sizes are too small for most methods of statistical analysis.
Q3) What are types of nonprobability of sampling?
A) Purposive
B) Quota
C) Stratified random
D) Multistage (cluster)
E) Convenience
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14
Chapter 13: Data Collection Methods
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Q1) Which of the following methods of data collection has the lowest refusal rate?
A) Closed-ended questionnaire
B) Open-ended questionnaire
C) Physiological measurement
D) Interview
Q2) Which data-collection method can be assessed by asking,"Is there a provision for evaluating the accuracy of the instrument?"
A) Questionnaires
B) Interviews
C) Physiological measurement
D) Records and databases
Q3) Which data-collection method can be assessed by asking,"Is there clear indication that the participants understood the task and the questions?"
A) Questionnaires
B) Interviews
C) Physiological measurement
D) Records and databases
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15
Chapter 14: Rigour in Research
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Q1) A nurse researcher critiques a phenomenological study for fittingness.The researcher will examine the study to see whether the study included which of these elements?
A) Queried participants to confirm identified themes
B) Documented the bracketing process used to maintain proper perspective
C) Described the experiences of participants in a way that "rings true" for the reader
D) Presented narrative in a way that captures everyday reality of participants
E) Discussed in detail the process through which identified themes emerged
Q2) The nurse researcher notes that test-retest correlations were r = 0.79 when given over 4-week intervals.This is interpreted to indicate what?
A) Equivalence
B) Discriminability
C) Reliability
D) Homogeneity
Q3) Which type of validity is most difficult to establish?
A) Content validity
B) Construct validity
C) Predictive validity
D) Concurrent validity
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Chapter 15: Qualitative Data Analysis
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Q1) Which of the following is a possible ethical issue that must be considered when evaluating qualitative research?
A) Researchers focus on the emic view of participant experiences.
B) Researchers may want to speak to participants on more than one occasion.
C) Researchers serve as instruments for data interpretation.
D) Researchers may assign codes with personal meaning to sort data for interpretation.
Q2) What is the main purpose of using vignettes in qualitative data analysis?
A) Vignettes are pertinent quotes from the literature that researchers add to data analysis.
B) Vignettes are narratives that help researchers present textual data as a story.
C) Vignettes are video clips that illustrate the context and themes of qualitative data.
D) Vignettes are anecdotal and reflective notes written by researchers during data collection.
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Chapter 16: Quantitative Data Analysis
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Q1) The nurse researcher is interested in describing the assignment of numbers to objects or events.This is best achieved in which way?
A) Through use of prediction
B) Through use of dispersion
C) Through use of variability
D) Through use of measurement
Q2) The nurse researcher is interested in using nominal level data.The object or event that could be used if nominal-level data are of primary interest is what?
A) Test scores
B) Education level
C) Marital status
D) Weight
Q3) In a study about how women adjust to living with breast cancer,the youngest participant was 23 years old and the oldest participant was 89 years old.What do these facts represent?
A) Mean age
B) Modal age
C) Median age
D) Range in age
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Page 18
Chapter 17: Presenting the Findings
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Q1) What is the primary role of figures and tables in a research report?
A) To substantiate the researcher's conclusions
B) To develop a framework for future research in the area
C) To clarify which variable was treated as an independent variable
D) To facilitate the presentation of large amounts of data
Q2) Which section of the report allows the nurse researcher to discuss the analysis choices?
A) Results
B) Discussion
C) Literature review
D) Methods
Q3) Which section of the report allows the nurse researcher to determine if instruments were reliable and valid?
A) Results
B) Discussion
C) Literature review
D) Methods
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19
Chapter 18: Critiquing Qualitative Research
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Q1) Which of the following titles is appropriate for a qualitative study?
A) Exploring the Relationship Between Age of Teen and Degree of Maternal Bonding
B) Evaluating Decision-Making Coaching Intervention in Cancer Treatment
C) Using Virtual Reality as a Distraction Method During Chemotherapy
D) Understanding Tradition of Fetal Genital Mutilation
Q2) In the context of qualitative outcome analysis,which of the following outcomes or overall purposes is appropriate for a qualitative study?
A) Creating solutions to practical problems
B) Teaching members of a specific subculture how to control anger
C) Assisting patients to participate more in health care decisions
D) Preparing high school students so that their anxiety during tests is reduced
Q3) Which of the following processes should you avoid when evaluating qualitative research?
A) Reading the research report to identify participants' emic views and ideas
B) Performing a power analysis to determine the adequacy of sample size
C) Determining whether the author's conclusions reflect the study findings
D) Identifying the purpose of the research
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Chapter 19: Critiquing Quantitative Research
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Q1) Evaluating a research report for issues of scientific merit includes which factors?
A) Quality of data collection
B) Appropriateness of statistical analysis
C) Comprehensiveness of literature review
D) Design match to research question
E) Presentation of typeface in article
Q2) What should be addressed in both the problem statement and the purpose of a quantitative research study report?
A) Generalizability
B) Sampling procedure
C) Implications for future research
D) Relationships among the variables
Q3) A study includes this statement: "The fact that the inventory [instrument] was administered verbally introduced a potential bias of social desirability." This is indicative of what?
A) Implications for practice
B) Limitations of the study
C) Generalizability of the study
D) Recommendations for future research
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Page 21
Chapter 20: Developing an Evidence-Informed Practice
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Q1) What is a useful approach to evaluate an EIP standard that has been recorded in writing by the health care professional?
A) Nursing staff meeting
B) Focus group
C) Patient safety committee
D) Quality improvement committee
Q2) The conceptually driven form of using research evidence in practice influences providers'
A) action.
B) critique.
C) thinking.
D) evaluation.
Q3) How do "opinion leaders" influence their peers among the staff to adhere to the specific new EIP standard?
A) Bringing in consulting experts
B) Role-modelling the new practice
C) Evaluating the supporting research data
D) Pressuring the staff to adopt the proposed changes
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