Nursing Research
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Course Introduction
Nursing Research provides students with foundational knowledge and skills in the research process as it applies to nursing practice. The course covers key concepts such as research design, methodology, data collection, analysis, and interpretation, emphasizing the importance of evidence-based practice. Students learn to critically appraise published studies, recognize ethical considerations in research, and explore the roles of nurses in generating and applying new knowledge. Through the examination of current literature and the development of research proposals, students gain the ability to integrate research findings into clinical decision-making, ultimately improving patient care outcomes.
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Nursing Research in Canada Methods Critical Appraisal and Utilization 3rd Canadian Edition by
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Chapter 1: The Role of Research in Nursing
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Q1) How are nursing theory and nursing research related?
A) Nursing theory and nursing research are independent of each other and have no direct relationship.
B) Without nursing theory, research conducted by nurses would not have an impact on nursing practice.
C) Nursing research drives the direction and specific content of nursing theory.
D) Both advance the knowledge base of nursing.
Answer: D
Q2) When a change in nursing practice results in decreased cost of care,what additional factor must be considered before general implementation of this change?
A) Ensuring compliance of the change by nurses with diverse educational backgrounds
B) Maintaining or improving the quality of care resulting from the change in practice
C) Encouraging patients to be active partners in their health care decisions
D) Disseminating the change beyond the discipline of nursing
Answer: B
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Chapter 2: Theoretical Framework
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Q1) How are theory and practice interrelated?
A) Practice is the operational definition of theory.
B) Practice provides the opportunity to test theory.
C) Theory provides the evidence on which practice is based.
D) Theory generates questions that are used to refine practice.
Answer: B
Q2) Which of the following is the correct definition of theory?
A) The assumptions and beliefs of the "worldview" of the researcher
B) A set of interrelated concepts that provides a systematic view of a phenomenon
C) The specific and measurable premise or assumption based on which the rationale for research direction is established
D) A researcher's "best guess" of the expected direction of the relationship between independent and dependent variables
Answer: B
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Chapter 3: Critical Reading Strategies: Overview of the Research Process
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Q1) In critical reading,which of the following stages of understanding is demonstrated by a reader who looks up unfamiliar terms and highlights main concepts?
A) Analysis understanding
B) Synthesis understanding
C) Preliminary understanding
D) Comprehensive understanding
Answer: C
Q2) Which component of a research report is not appropriate for presentation in an abstract?
A) The explanation of the purpose of the study
B) The description of the reliability of the instruments
C) The conclusion of the authors that hypothesis A was not supported
D) The discussion that presents strategies for how the study could be strengthened
Answer: D
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Chapter 4: Developing Research Questions, hypotheses, and Clinical Questions
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Q1) Which of the following statements about independent and dependent variables is true?
A) All research problem statements must contain a dependent variable and an independent variable.
B) There should only be one dependent variable associated with a single independent variable.
C) The relationship between the independent variable and the dependent variable for any study must be causal.
D) A given characteristic or situation may be a dependent variable in one study and an independent variable in another.
Q2) When an idea or a clinical situation has emerged as a potential research problem,what is the next appropriate step?
A) Identifying the variables
B) Formulating a hypothesis
C) Performing a literature review
D) Validating that the problem really exists
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Chapter 5: Finding and Appraising the Literature
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Q1) Which of the following statements about the importance of literature review to the research process is accurate?
A) Literature review guides all steps of the research process.
B) Literature review is necessary only in defining the problem statement.
C) Literature review provides a vehicle to disseminate the findings of the study.
D) The value of literature review is limited to finding gaps or inconsistencies in the knowledge base.
Q2) Which of the following is an appropriate method of "weeding out" irrelevant sources when conducting an electronic search for articles for the literature review on a selected topic?
A) Collecting and critically reading all articles related to the topic published in the last 10 years.
B) Selecting for printout only those articles whose abstracts indicate usefulness.
C) Avoiding articles from clinical journals.
D) Avoiding articles that do not include the term "study" in the title.
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Chapter 6: Legal and Ethical Issues
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Q1) In which of the following circumstances is informed consent always necessary?
A) An experimental study
B) A retrospective chart audit
C) A study in which the convenience sample subject voluntarily completes and returns a questionnaire
D) A study with minimal risk in which the subject has been given a verbal explanation of the study
Q2) A woman newly diagnosed with breast cancer is asked to participate in a clinical trial for a new chemotherapy agent.Which of her human rights is protected by her freedom to choose whether nor not to participate in the study?
A) Right to fair treatment
B) Right to self-determination
C) Right to privacy and confidentiality
D) Right to anonymity
Q3) The Research Ethics Board ( REB )is responsible for:
A) approval of the research design.
B) protecting participants from undue risk.
C) ensuring that informed consent is obtained.
D) promotion of nursing research in health care institutions.
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Chapter 7: Introduction to Qualitative Research
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Q1) By what process does the nurse researcher set aside personal biases in order to avoid leading the participant to issues that may be important to the researcher?
A) Inference
B) Avoidance
C) Bracketing
D) Restructuring
Q2) What should be the determining factor for a researcher to conduct a qualitative study?
A) The need to test a theory
B) The nature of the research question
C) The age and gender of the study participants
D) The availability of valid instruments to measure the phenomenon
Q3) Which of the following distinctions is characteristic of qualitative research methods?
A) Data are in text form.
B) Data are dichotomous (either yes or no).
C) Qualitative research does not generate data.
D) Data from qualitative studies are inappropriate for analysis.
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Chapter 8: Qualitative Approaches to Research
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Q1) What is the purpose of a "grounded theory" research design?
A) To ensure that the theory used has appropriate philosophical underpinnings
B) To move a concept from the perceived view to the received view
C) To test a theory for its specific application
D) To examine patterns of action and interaction between and among various types of social units
Q2) Why is literature review expected to be limited in a study that employs grounded theory methods?
A) Studies using grounded theory methods are sparse.
B) Grounded theory is more sensitive to cultural values than to the researcher's values.
C) Theories are expected to emerge directly from current research data and not from previous research.
D) By limiting the literature review, the researcher ensures that personal biases are bracketed.
Q3) In historical research,what or who constitutes the sample of the study?
A) Individuals who are the main characters in the historical context under study
B) Physical setting(s) in which the event occurred
C) Researchers and data gatherers
D) Data sources
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Chapter 9: Introduction to Quantitative Research
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Q1) What does assigning half a study sample to an experimental group and the other half to a control group represent in controlling for mediating variables?
A) Data collection constancy
B) Manipulation of a mediating variable
C) Elimination of mediating variables
D) Manipulation of an independent variable
Q2) Why is the administration of a pretest a cause for concern in a research study?
A) It is a threat to internal validity, as it may affect the post-test results.
B) It is a threat to external validity, as it may affect the post-test results.
C) It is a form of selection bias that contributes to the problem of maturation.
D) It is a form of maturation that contributes to the problem of selection bias.
Q3) What is the overall purpose of research design?
A) To determine sample size
B) To identify the problem statement
C) To aid in the solution of a research question
D) To assist the researcher in identifying gaps in knowledge
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Chapter 10: Experimental and Quasiexperimental Designs
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Q1) For which of the following studies would an after-only experimental research design be most appropriate?
A) The effect of cause of spousal death on widow self-esteem.
B) The effect of preoperative teaching on vascular complications after surgery.
C) The effect of a mentorship program on improvement of student performance in a BSN program.
D) The effectiveness of using the videotape to teach adolescent males about the warning signs of testicular cancer.
Q2) Why would a nurse researcher opt for a quasiexperimental study design instead of an experimental study design?
A) The study is planned to be conducted in a laboratory setting.
B) An experimental treatment is not part of the study.
C) The researcher has not conducted research before.
D) Full experimentational control is not possible.
Q3) Which of the following is a purpose of evaluation research in nursing?
A) Documenting the cost-effectiveness of new nursing interventions
B) Discovering the health beliefs of a specific ethnic group
C) Defining the cause-and-effect relationship in poor surgical outcomes
D) Describing various models of health care delivery
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Chapter 11: Nonexperimental Designs
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Q1) Which of the following study titles suggests a cross-sectional design?
A) Effect of Prenatal Parenting Classes on Maternal-Infant Bonding in the Early Postpartum Period
B) Change in Self-Esteem Over Time Among Women Participating in a Weight Loss Support Group
C) Relationship Between Self-Esteem and Successful Breastfeeding at 1 Month and 6 Months After Delivery
D) Women's Appraisal of the Diagnosis Within the First 48 Hours After Initial Breast Cancer Diagnosis
Q2) What is the purpose of a correlational study of multiple variables?
A) To identify the independent variable
B) To test whether one variable causes another variable
C) To examine relationships between or among variables
D) To distinguish how different one variable is from another variable
Q3) What study type is indicated by data collection at only one point in time?
A) Cross-sectional
B) Retrospective
C) Longitudinal
D) Prospective
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Chapter 12: Sampling
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Q1) Which of the following sampling strategies has the greatest risk for sample bias?
A) Quota
B) Random
C) Purposive
D) Convenience
Q2) At a teaching hospital,of the staff of 1,500 nurses,60% have a college diploma,and 21% have a BScN.The recruitment goal for a study was set at 1,000 nurses,with 600 in the college diploma group,210 in the BScN group,and 190 from any other type of nursing education.What type of sampling strategy is represented by this research plan?
A) Quota
B) Random
C) Purposive
D) Convenience
Q3) What is the primary characteristic of a probability sample?
A) Self-selection of subjects
B) Random selection of the sample
C) Hand picking of subjects by the researcher
D) Representation of proportional segments of the population
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Chapter 13: Data-Collection Methods
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Q1) Which of the following methods of data collection has the lowest refusal rate?
A) Closed-ended questionnaire
B) Open-ended questionnaire
C) Physiological measurement
D) Interview
Q2) Which of the following is the most appropriate data collection method for measuring postoperative pain during the first 24 hours after coronary artery bypass graft surgery?
A) Assessment of arterial blood gas values
B) Unstructured interview
C) Visual analogue pain scale
D) Pain questionnaire
Q3) When are records or data-available methods of data collection appropriate?
A) When the research subjects are illiterate
B) When the participants are not reliable historians
C) When the goal of research is to analyze trends and change over time
D) When the researcher suspects that the subject may be attempting to alter responses in an attempt to please the researcher
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Chapter 14: Rigour in Research
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Q1) Testing of a new instrument demonstrates that it has a high degree of internal consistency.What does this mean?
A) The instrument is appropriate to measure a single concept.
B) The instrument has low measurement error and high error variance.
C) More refinement of the instrument is needed before it can be applied.
D) The instrument is valid, but the reliability has yet to be determined.
Q2) The validity of a new instrument developed to measure peripheral neuropathy has been determined to be very high.What does this attribute mean?
A) It is sensitive but not specific.
B) Its use results in minimal random errors.
C) It accurately measures peripheral neuropathy.
D) Determination of interrater reliability is unnecessary.
Q3) What is being established when a researcher submits a few items to each of several concepts on an instrument? For example,a questionnaire on measuring depression has items on emotional and physical abuse.
A) Content validity
B) Construct validity
C) Concurrent validity
D) Criterion-related validity
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Chapter 15: Qualitative Data Analysis
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Q1) Which of the following criteria of scientific rigour for qualitative research is met when the research report leads the reader from the research question and raw data through the steps of analysis and interpretation of the data?
A) Trustworthiness
B) Auditability
C) Fittingness
D) Credibility
Q2) Which of the following is the kind of data analysis that leads to the development of a cultural inventory?
A) Phenomenological
B) Grounded theory
C) Ethnographic
D) Historical
Q3) When does abstraction occur in ethnography?
A) During data collection
B) During member checking
C) Prior knowledge of site and situation, during the field research
D) When codes are assigned
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Chapter 16: Quantitative Data Analysis
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Q1) Which of the following terms describes the assignment of numbers to objects or events?
A) Prediction
B) Dispersion
C) Variability
D) Measurement
Q2) Which of the following parametric statistical tests compares the difference between mental status scores for patients with dementia (Group 1)and those for patients with confusion from dehydration (Group 2)?
A) The t test
B) Pearson Product Moment Correlation Coefficient
C) Chi-square
D) Meta-analysis
Q3) In a study about how women adjust to living with breast cancer,the youngest participant was 23 years old and the oldest participant was 89 years old.What do these facts represent?
A) Mean age
B) Modal age
C) Median age
D) Range in age
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Chapter 17: Presenting the Findings
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Q1) When researchers write the "Discussion" section of a study report,what aspect of their research should they use to evaluate the findings?
A) Method
B) Introduction
C) Theoretical framework
D) Data analysis
Q2) Which of the following statements about the use of tables in a research report is correct?
A) They are intended to repeat the narrative description of the results.
B) They should contain only statistically significant results.
C) Their intended use is to eliminate the need for a narrative description of the findings.
D) They must have clear and accurate titles and headings to be of value.
Q3) Which of the following terms describes the researcher's suggestions for a study's application to practice?
A) Findings
B) Limitations
C) Generalizability
D) Recommendations
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Chapter 18: Critiquing Qualitative Research
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Q1) Which of the following activities represents attention to credibility in a qualitative study?
A) Ensuring that all participants self-identified with a specific racial or ethnic group
B) Providing direct quotations from participants
C) Identifying the basic psychological process (BSP)
D) Participants recognizing their data and approving their accuracy during validation
Q2) What does the inclusion of study themes represent in the presentation of a qualitative research study?
A) The actual written report
B) The operational definition of the study's conceptual framework
C) The labelling of similar ideas shared by the study participants
D) The relationship between the hypotheses and the research questions
Q3) Which of the following processes should you avoid when evaluating qualitative research?
A) Reading the research report to identify participants' emic views and ideas.
B) Performing a power analysis to determine the adequacy of sample size
C) Determining whether the author's conclusions reflect the study findings
D) Identifying the purpose of the research
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Chapter 19: Critiquing Quantitative Research
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Q1) Which of the following statements evaluating a report of a quantitative research study reflects issues related to scientific merit?
A) The sample size was appropriate for the statistical tests used.
B) There was one independent variable and two dependent variables.
C) Data described in narrative form within the text would have been more concise if they had been placed in a table.
D) The discussion was too long.
Q2) Which of the following processes should be involved in the critiquing of a quantitative research report?
A) Applying the findings in clinical practice
B) Summarizing the major steps of the research process
C) Constructively evaluating a study for its strengths and weaknesses
D) Determining whether the phenomenon studied can be recognized by the participants as their own
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Chapter 20: Developing an Evidence-Informed Practice
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Q1) Which of the following is the formula of Kitson et al.for facilitating research dissemination?
A) RD = f( EIP )
B) SI = f( E,C,F )
C) EIP = ( RD,E,C )
D) RD = ( CT,F,D )
Q2) What is a useful approach to evaluate an EIP standard that has been recorded in writing by the health care providers?
A) Nursing staff meeting
B) Focus group
C) Patient safety committee
D) Quality improvement committee
Q3) Which of the following is the term for data that are collected to assess patient satisfaction,staff outcomes,or fiscal differences as a result of specific interventions?
A) Process measures
B) Outcome measures
C) Secondary measures
D) Compliance measures
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