Nursing Fundamentals
Textbook Exam Questions
Course Introduction
Nursing Fundamentals introduces the foundational concepts and essential skills necessary for professional nursing practice. The course covers core topics such as the nursing process, patient-centered care, basic human needs, therapeutic communication, health assessment, infection control, and safety practices. Students learn theoretical principles and engage in hands-on practice to develop skills in vital signs measurement, hygiene, mobility, documentation, and basic interventions. Emphasis is placed on ethical and legal considerations, cultural competence, and the development of critical thinking and clinical judgment to provide holistic care in diverse healthcare settings.
Recommended Textbook
ECGs Made Easy 6th Edition by Barbara
J Aehlert
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10 Chapters
507 Verified Questions
507 Flashcards
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Chapter 1: Anatomy and Physiology
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Sample Questions
Q1) Sensors in the internal carotid arteries and aortic arch that detect changes in the concentration of hydrogen ions (pH), oxygen, and carbon dioxide in the blood.
A)Acute coronary syndromes
B)Chronotropic
C)Tamponade
D)Chemoreceptors
E)Mediastinum
F)Myocardial ischemia
G)Venous return
H)Baroreceptors
I)Calcium
Answer: D
Q2) The right atrium receives blood low in oxygen from three vessels. Name them. Answer: Superior vena cava, inferior vena cava, and coronary sinus.
Q3) Name the two main branches of the left coronary artery.
Answer: The left main coronary artery supplies oxygenated blood to its two primary branches: the left anterior descending (LAD; also called the anterior interventricular) artery and the circumflex artery (CX).
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Chapter 2: Basic Electrophysiology
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Sample Questions
Q1) When the cardiac muscle cell is stimulated, the cell is said to _____.
A) polarize
B) recover
C) depolarize
D) repolarize
Answer: C
Q2) The intrinsic rate of the SA node is _____ beats/min.
A) 40 to 60
B) 60 to 100
C) 100 to 180
D) 200 to 260
Answer: B
Q3) On the ECG, the T wave represents _____.
A) atrial contraction
B) atrial repolarization
C) ventricular contraction
D) ventricular repolarization
Answer: D
Q4) A line between waveforms is called a(n) _____.
Answer: segment
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Chapter 3: Sinus Mechanisms
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Sample Questions
Q1) The rate of a sinus rhythm is ____ beats/min.
A) slower than 60
B) 60 to 100
C) 80 to 120
D) faster than 100
Answer: B
Q2) List three significant signs and/or symptoms that, if observed with a sinus bradycardia, would require management of this dysrhythmia.
Answer: Clinical signs and symptoms of hemodynamic compromise can include acute changes in mental status; chest pain or discomfort; cold, clammy skin; fall in urine output; heart failure; low blood pressure; pulmonary congestion; shock; and shortness of breath.
Q3) The rate of sinus tachycardia is _____ beats/min.
A) slower than 60
B) 40 to 80
C) 60 to 100
D) faster than 100
Answer: D
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Chapter 4: Atrial Rhythms
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Sample Questions
Q1) A macroreentrant circuit is one that involves a small area of heart tissue, usually a few centimeters or less.
A)True
B)False
Q2) The ventricular rhythm in atrial fibrillation is usually "irregularly irregular."
A)True
B)False
Q3) Multifocal atrial tachycardia is another name for atrial fibrillation.
A)True
B)False
Q4) Individuals with preexcitation syndrome are predisposed to tachydysrhythmias.
A)True
B)False
Q5) In atrial fibrillation, fibrillatory waves are referred to as f waves.
A)True
B)False
Q6) An accessory pathway that has one end attached to normal conductive tissue is called a(n) __________.
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Chapter 5: Junctional Rhythms
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Sample Questions
Q1) A(n) _____ pause often follows a PJC and represents the delay during which the SA node resets its rhythm for the next beat.
Q2) In a junctional rhythm viewed in lead II, where is the location of the P wave on the ECG if atrial depolarization precedes ventricular depolarization?
A) Before the QRS complex
B) During the QRS complex
C) After the QRS complex
Q3) If the AV junction paces the heart, the electrical impulse must travel in a backward direction to activate the atria. This is called _____ conduction.
Q4) Depending on the severity of the patient's signs and symptoms, management of slow rhythms originating from the AV junction may require intervention including _____.
A) defibrillation
B) intravenous atropine
C) synchronized cardioversion
D) vagal maneuvers or adenosine, or both
Q5) List four reasons why the AV junction may assume responsibility for pacing the heart.
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Chapter 6: Ventricular Rhythms
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Sample Questions
Q1) What is the name given to polymorphic VT that occurs in the presence of a long QT interval?
Q2) Sustained monomorphic VT is often associated with underlying heart disease, particularly myocardial ischemia, and rarely occurs in patients without underlying structural heart disease.
A)True
B)False
Q3) What is meant by the term pulseless electrical activity (PEA)?
A) A chaotic rhythm that is likely to degenerate into cardiac arrest
B) An organized rhythm on the cardiac monitor (other than VT), although a pulse is not present
C) A slow rhythm with a wide QRS complex
D) A flat line on the cardiac monitor
Q4) List four common causes of premature ventricular complexes.
Q5) List four reasons when the ventricles may assume responsibility for pacing the heart.
Q6) Medications to suppress an idioventricular rhythm should generally be avoided.
A)True B)False
Q7) List three potential sites of origin of ectopic beats.
Page 8
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Chapter 7: Atrioventricular Blocks
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Sample Questions
Q1) In third-degree AV block, _____.
A) the atrial rhythm (P-P interval) is irregular
B) the ventricular rhythm (R-R interval) is irregular
C) there is no PR interval because the atria and ventricles beat independently of each other
D) the PR interval after a nonconducted P wave is shorter than the interval preceding the nonconducted beat
Q2) The ventricular rhythm is regular in second-degree AV block type I.
A)True
B)False
Q3) In 2:1 AV block, _____.
A) the atrial rhythm (P-P interval) is regular
B) the ventricular rhythm (R-R interval) is irregular
C) the PR interval lengthens until a P wave appears with no QRS complex
D) there is no PR interval because the atria and ventricles beat independently of each other
Q4) The QRS complex associated with a third-degree AV block is always wide.
A)True
B)False
Q5) A _____ bundle branch block produces a QS pattern in lead V<sub>1</sub>.
Page 9
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Chapter 8: Pacemaker Rhythms
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Sample Questions
Q1) Capture is _____.
A) the electrical stimulus delivered by a pacemaker's pulse generator
B) a vertical line on the ECG that indicates the pacemaker has discharged
C) the time measured between a sensed cardiac event and the next pacemaker output
D) the ability of a pacing stimulus to successfully depolarize the cardiac chamber that is being paced
Q2) Your patient has a DDD pacemaker. Briefly explain the meaning of each of these letters.
Q3) In pacing, threshold refers to _____.
A) the ability of a pacemaker to recognize and respond to intrinsic electrical activity
B) the minimum level of electrical current needed to consistently depolarize the myocardium
C) a pacing lead with a single electrical pole at the distal tip of the pacing lead through which the stimulating pulse is delivered
D) the ability of a pacemaker to increase the pacing rate in response to physical activity or metabolic demand
Q4) Explain the difference between electrical capture and mechanical capture.
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Chapter 9: Introduction to the 12-Lead Electrocardiogram
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Sample Questions
Q1) Lead V? views the _____.
A) septum
B) inferior wall of the left ventricle
C) lateral wall of the right ventricle
D) anterior wall of the right ventricle
Q2) Where should the positive electrode for leadd V<sub>5</sub> be positioned?
A) Right side of the sternum, fourth intercostal space
B) Left midaxillary line at the same level as V4
C) Left side of the sternum, fourth intercostal space
D) Left anterior axillary line at the same level as V4
Q3) An ECG machine's sensitivity must be calibrated so that a 1-millivolt electrical signal will produce a deflection measuring exactly _____ mm tall.
A) 0.5
B) 1
C) 5
D) 10
Q4) When you read a 12-lead ECG from left to right, the ECG tracing is continuous.
A)True
B)False
Q5) What two factors determine the portion of the heart that each lead "sees"?
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Chapter 10: Posttest
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Sample Questions
Q1) The left atrium receives blood from the _____.
A) aorta
B) pulmonary veins
C) pulmonary arteries
D) inferior vena cava
Q2) A delta wave is an ECG characteristic associated with which of the following dysrhythmias?
A) Junctional rhythm
B) AV nodal reentrant tachycardia (AVNRT)
C) Wolff-Parkinson-White (WPW) syndrome
D) Accelerated idioventricular rhythm (AIVR)
Q3) The inferior surface of the left ventricle is supplied by the _____ coronary artery in most of the population.
A) left
B) right
Q4) A _____ bundle branch block produces a QS pattern in lead V<sub>1</sub>.
Q5) A beat originating from the AV junction that appears later than the next expected sinus beat is called a(n) _______________.
Q6) When is the term intraventricular conduction delay used?
Page 12
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