Nursing Fundamentals
Pre-Test Questions
Course Introduction
Nursing Fundamentals introduces students to the essential principles, skills, and concepts underlying the practice of professional nursing. The course covers the foundational knowledge needed for patient care, including communication techniques, basic assessment, safety protocols, infection control, ethical and legal considerations, vital signs monitoring, and the promotion of health and wellness. Through a combination of classroom instruction, laboratory practice, and clinical experiences, students develop critical thinking abilities and practical competencies necessary for delivering holistic, patient-centered care in a variety of healthcare settings.
Recommended Textbook
Fundamentals of Human Physiology 4th Edition by Lauralee Sherwood
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18 Chapters
4200 Verified Questions
4200 Flashcards
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Page 2
Chapter 1: Introduction to Physiology and Homeostasis
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111 Verified Questions
111 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) What are the component parts of a homeostatic control system? Describe a basic function of each.
Answer: Components of a homeostatic system include the sensor, which monitors the magnitude of the variable being controlled, and the integrator or control center, which compares the sensor's input with what is considered a normal value (known as the set point) and then sends appropriate signals to the last component of the system (know as the effector). The effector in turn brings about an appropriate change to return the system back to the set point (normal).
Q2) Intrinsic control mechanisms involve the interactions of several different organs.
A)True
B)False
Answer: False
Q3) Organs are composed of two or more kinds of primary tissues. A)True
B)False
Answer: True
Q4) The ____________________ is the liquid that bathes cells.
Answer: interstitial fluid
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3
Chapter 2: Cell Physiology
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181 Verified Questions
181 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Select the correct statement about peroxisomes
A) they may play a role in drug resistance.
B) their shape resembles hexagonal barrels.
C) they contain oxidative enzymes
D) they are not organelles.
E) they contain hydrolytic enzymes
Answer: C
Q2) Which characteristic of the golgi complex is incorrect?
A) they sort and direct products to their final destination.
B) they modify proteins chemically.
C) they produce secretory vesicles.
D) they produce proteins using ribosome.
E) they receive transport vesicles coming from the ER.
Answer: D
Q3) Are hair-like motile protrusions.
A)flagella
B)cilia
C)microvilli
Answer: B
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Page 4
Chapter 3: The Plasma Membrane and Membrane
Potential
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214 Verified Questions
214 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) A. concentration gradient for K? at the equilibrium potential for K?
B. electrical gradient for K? at the equilibrium potential for K?
A)A is greater than B
B)B is greater than A
C)A and B are equal
Answer: C
Q2) Equilibrium potential is a positive value.
A)potassium
B)sodium
C)chloride
D)intracellular proteins
Answer: A
Q3) Membrane carbohydrates in the plasma membrane combine with fats to form ____________________.
Answer: glycolipids
Q4) In ____________________ transport, sodium and the accompanying molecule are moved in opposite directions across the membrane.
Answer: antiport
Q5) The plasma membrane is not impermeable, but it is ____________________.
Answer: semipermeable
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Chapter 4: Principles of Neural and Hormonal Communication
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230 Verified Questions
230 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Compare and contrast the receptor and postreceptor events for lipophilic and hydrophilic hormones.
Q2) When a neuron starts to depolarize, ____________________ ions move into the cell.
Q3) Neurotransmitter is released by exocytosis
A)Step 1
B)Step 2
C)Step 3
D)Step 4
E)Step 5
Q4) hillock
A)junction between neurons
B)covering on the axon
C)abundant, branching process from cell body
D)last part of the neuron to send an impulse
E)neurotransmitter
F)site of action potential initiation
Q5) A neuron fires an impulse by the all-or-____________________ law.
Q7) cAMP activates the enzyme ______________. Page 6
Q6) Describe how second messenger system amplification occurs.
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Page 7
Chapter 5: The Central Nervous System
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250 Verified Questions
250 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) The ____________________ contains CSF which is reabsorbed in the arachnoid villi.
Q2) The four major types of glial cells are ____________________, ____________________, ____________________, and ____________________.
Q3) The right and left cerebral hemispheres perform identical functions except for controlling opposite sides of the body.
A)True
B)False
Q4) involves transient modifications in function of preexisting synapses
A)short-term memory
B)long-term memory
Q5) Carry information from the CNS to the effector organs.
A)ascending tracts
B)descending tracts
C)afferent neurons
D)efferent neurons
Q6) Compare slow wave and paradoxical sleep.
Q7) Visceral stimulus
Q8) There are 31 pairs of _________ nerves and 12 pairs of ________ nerves.
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Chapter 6: The Peripheral Nervous System: Afferent Division and Special Senses
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244 Verified Questions
244 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Any stimulus can excite any excitable tissue.
A)True
B)False
Q2) In the retina, photoreceptor cells do not synapse with bipolar cells.
A)True
B)False
Q3) Consists of three elongated spiral compartments.
A)external ear
B)middle ear
C)cochlea in the inner ear
D)semicircular canal in the inner ear
E)utricle and saccule in the inner ear
Q4) retina
Q5) For near vision, the ciliary muscle (contracts or relaxes) so that the suspensory ligaments become (taut or slack). This allows the lens to (flatten or round up), which (increases or decreases) the strength of the lens.
Q6) vibration of basilar membrane
Q7) When an individual sees pure red, only the red cones are stimulated.
A)True
B)False Page 9
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Page 10
Chapter 7: The Peripheral Nervous System: Efferent Division
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150 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) The terminals of both autonomic nerve fibers and motor neurons end in a single, enlarged knoblike structure that releases neurotransmitter.
A)True
B)False
Q2) Myasthenia gravis
A) is an autoimmune disease.
B) occurs when the terminal-button vesicles are unable to release adequate amounts of acetylcholine.
C) can be treated with a drug that temporarily inhibits acetylcholinesterase.
D) both (a) and (c) above.
E) all of these answers.
Q3) Antibodies inactivate ACh receptor sites.
A)myasthenia gravis
B)black widow spider venom
C)curare
D)Clostridium botulinum toxin
E)organophosphates
Q4) Alpha and beta are two kinds of ____________________ receptors that bind the neurotransmitter ___________.
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Chapter 8: Muscle Physiology
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333 Verified Questions
333 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Central fatigue of a muscle directly results from the accumulation of lactic acid in the muscle.
A)True
B)False
Q2) The greater the load, the lower the velocity at which the muscle fiber shortens.
A)True
B)False
Q3) Acetylcholinesterase removes ACh from receptors.
A)True
B)False
Q4) Is activated by muscle stretch.
A)muscle spindle
B)Golgi tendon organ
C)both of these receptors
Q5) Describe the function of the muscle spindle and golgi tendon organ.
Q6) Myosin is considered to be a regulatory protein because it plays an important role in the regulation of muscle contraction.
A)True
B)False
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Q7) The ____________________ is a modified endoplasmic reticulum within muscle.
Chapter 9: Cardiac Physiology
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Sample Questions
Q1) left atrium
Q2) ____________________ is the insufficient circulation of oxygenated blood to cardiac muscle to maintain its aerobic metabolism.
Q3) Which of the following statements concerning action potentials in the heart is correct?
A) The rising phase of the action potential in cardiac autorhythmic cells is due to a rapid Ca<sup>2+</sup> influx.
B) The rising phase of the action potential in cardiac contractile cells is due to a rapid Na<sup>+</sup> influx.
C) The plateau phase of the action potential in cardiac contractile cells is due to a slow Ca<sup>2+</sup> influx.
D) Two of these answers are correct.
E) All of these answers are correct.
Q4) Inactivation of _____ channels brings about the slow drift of membrane potential to threshold in the cardiac autorhythmic cells.
A)K<sup>+</sup>
B)Na<sup>+</sup>
C)Ca<sup>2+</sup>
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Page 13
Chapter 10: The Blood Vessels and Blood Pressure
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204 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Movement of fluid out of the capillaries into the interstitial fluid is known as
Q2) A constant blood supply to this organ is a priority of the circulatory system:
A) heart.
B) kidney.
C) brain.
D) muscle.
E) liver.
Q3) Caused by decreased oxygen level
Q4) What are the roles of the lymphatic system in relation to the cardiovascular system?
Q5) Which of the following is not a function of the lymphatic system?
A) defense against disease.
B) return of fluid to the circulatory system.
C) transport of fat molecules.
D) regulation of sodium balance.
E) return of proteins to the circulatory system.
Q6) Caused by histamine
Q7) The primary mechanism for exchange of individual solutes across the capillary wall is ____________________.
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Chapter 11: The Blood and Body Defenses
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Sample Questions
Q1) Lymphocytes
A) are polymorphonuclear granulocytes.
B) are the most abundant type of leukocyte.
C) can be produced in lymphoid organs as well as in the bone marrow.
D) two of these answers.
E) all of these answers.
Q2) Are called regulatory T cells.
A)applies to cytotoxic T cells
B)applies to helper T cells
C)applies to regulatory T cells
D)applies to both helper T and regulatory T cells
E)applies to all three types of T cells
Q3) Describe the steps involved in hemostasis. Compare the extrinsic and intrinsic pathways of coagulation.
Q4) The rate of erythropoiesis normally increases in a person adjusting to higher altitudes.
A)True
B)False
Q5) phagocytic secretions
Q6) Heme in hemoglobin contains four ____________________ -containing groups.
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Chapter 12: The Respiratory System
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203 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Expiration is always a passive process, whereas inspiration can be active or passive.
A)True
B)False
Q2) functional residual capacity
Q3) The internal intercostal muscles are inspiratory muscles because they lift the ribs upward and outward to enlarge the thoracic cavity.
A)True
B)False
Q4) Which of the following makes breathing more difficult?
A) increased pulmonary compliance.
B) increased airway resistance.
C) decreased elastic recoil.
D) both (a) and (b) above.
E) both (b) and (c) above.
Q5) The exchange of O<sub>2</sub> and CO<sub>2</sub> between the external environment and tissue cells is known as ____________________.
Q6) total lung capacity
Q7) The ____________________ nerve supplies the diaphragm.
Page 16
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Chapter 13: The Urinary System
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258 Verified Questions
258 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Blood pressure in the glomerular capillaries is the same as in capillaries elsewhere in the body.
A)True
B)False
Q2) Which of the following factors would decrease the GFR?
A) a fall in plasma protein concentration.
B) an obstruction such as a kidney stone in the tubular system, which increases Bowman's capsule hydrostatic pressure.
C) vasodilation of the afferent arterioles.
D) two of these answers.
E) all of these answers.
Q3) Describe how the vertical osmotic gradient is used to create urine of various dilutions.
Q4) Sodium reabsorption in the proximal portions of the nephron is stimulated by
A) atrial natriuretic peptide.
B) vasopressin.
C) angiotensin II.
D) aldosterone.
E) none of the above
Q5) ____________________ are water channels in the tubular cells of the nephron.
Page 17
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Chapter 14: Fluid and Acid-Base Balance
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182 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which of the following is not influenced by a change in the pH of body fluids?
A) phosphate excretion.
B) enzyme activity.
C) potassium excretion.
D) protein shape and activity.
E) nerve and muscle excitability.
Q2) Osmolarity of the body fluids is decreased.
A)overhydration
B)dehydration
C)both overhydration and dehydration
D)neither overhydration or dehydration
Q3) ____________________ is a change in pH that causes overexcitability of the nervous system.
Q4) The main reason ECF volume must be regulated is to maintain proper cell volume.
A)True
B)False
Q5) Fluid consumption is influenced by other factors in addition to the thirst mechanism involving osmoreceptors.
A)True
B)False
18
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Chapter 15: The Digestive System
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304 Verified Questions
304 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Peristaltic antral contractions
A) occur at a rate of 3/min.
B) are responsible for emptying food into the duodenum.
C) are responsible for mixing food and gastric enzymes within the antrum.
D) both (a) and (b) above.
E) all of these answers.
Q2) Which of the following is accomplished by chewing?
A) grinding and breaking up food
B) mixing food with saliva to facilitate swallowing
C) reflexively increasing salivary, gastric, pancreatic, and bile secretion
D) two of these answers.
E) all of these answers.
Q3) Carbohydrate digestion takes place in the ____________________ (what part?) of the stomach under the influence of ____________________ (what enzyme?), whereas protein digestion takes place in the ____________________ under the influence of ____________________.
Q4) Secretin stimulates the pancreatic ____________________ cells to secrete ____________________, whereas CCK stimulates the pancreatic ____________________ cells to secrete ____________________.
Q5) The ____________________ is the longest segment of the small intestine.
Page 19
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Chapter 16: Energy Balance and Temperature Regulation
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168 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Most of the energy contained within food will be lost as heat.
A)True
B)False
Q2) Which of the following mechanisms help to maintain body temperature on hot days?
A) decreased muscle tone
B) skin vasodilation
C) sweating
D) two of these answers.
E) all of these answers.
Q3) Most people suffer convulsions when internal body temperature reaches ____°F.
A) 96
B) 98
C) 100
D) 102
E) 106
Q4) Endogenous ________ raises the set point of the hypothalamic thermostat during fever
Q5) A decrease of insulin in the blood may signal satiety.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 17: The Endocrine System
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Sample Questions
Q1) Increased thyroid hormone _____ TSH.
A)increases
B)decreases
C)has little or no effect on
Q2) Its release is controlled by CRH.
A)ACTH
B)aldosterone
C)calcitonin
D)cortisol
E)DHEA
F)epinephrine
G)glucagon
H)insulin
I)parathyroid hormone
J)thyroid hormone
K)vitamin D
Q3) GH acts through IGF to stimulate growth of soft tissue and bone.
A)True
B)False
Q4) Describe the production and secretion of thyroid hormones.
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Chapter 18: The Reproductive System
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302 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) spermatozoan
A)contains a full set of 23 pairs of chromosomes
B)contains a full set of 23 pairs of doubled chromosomes
C)contains a half set of doubled chromosomes
D)contains a set of 23 single unpaired chromosomes
Q2) Sperm cells are stored for maturation in the
A) anterior pituitary.
B) ductus deferens.
C) epididymis.
D) Leydig cells.
E) urethra.
Q3) Which of the following is not thought to play a role in labor?
A) prolactin
B) CRH
C) inflammation
D) fetal surfactant
E) NF-?B
Q4) The four phases of the sexual cycle in both sexes are ____________________, ____________________, ____________________, and ____________________ phases.
Q5) A ertilized egg is known as a _______
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