Nursing Fundamentals
Final Test Solutions
Course Introduction
Nursing Fundamentals introduces students to the essential concepts, skills, and attitudes required for safe and effective nursing practice. This course covers foundational topics such as the nursing process, patient-centered care, basic physiological needs, infection control, vital signs measurement, communication, and documentation. Students will learn about ethical and legal considerations, safety principles, and cultural competence in healthcare settings. Through a combination of classroom instruction, laboratory practice, and clinical experiences, students develop the competencies necessary to provide holistic care to individuals across the lifespan, setting a strong base for success in advanced nursing courses and clinical roles.
Recommended Textbook ECGs Made Easy 5th Edition by Barbara J
Aehlert
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10 Chapters
515 Verified Questions
515 Flashcards
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Chapter 1: Anatomy and Physiology
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Sample Questions
Q1) The primary neurotransmitter of the parasympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system is _____.
A) dopamine
B) muscarine
C) acetylcholine
D) norepinephrine
Answer: C
Q2) The thick,muscular middle layer of the heart wall that contains the atrial and ventricular muscle fibers necessary for contraction is the __________.
Answer: myocardium
Q3) What is meant by the term ejection fraction?
Answer: Ejection fraction is the percentage of blood pumped out of a heart chamber with each contraction.Each ventricle holds about 150 mL when it is full; they normally eject only about half this volume (70 to 80 mL)with each contraction.
Q4) List two factors that may affect the heart's efficiency as a pump.
Answer: Abnormalities of cardiac muscle,the valves,or the conduction system.
Q5) The inferior surface of the heart is also called the _____ surface. Answer: diaphragmatic
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Chapter 2: Basic Electrophysiology
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66 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) The a in aVR,aVL,and aVF
A)Electrolyte
B)Voltmeter
C)Chemical
D)Ectopic
E)Reciprocal changes
F)Atrial
G)Indicative changes
H)Amplitude
I)Repolarization
J)Supranormal
K)Ventricular
L)Reentry
M)Positive
N)Augmented
Answer: N
Q2) Generally speaking,what is the normal duration of a QT interval?
Answer: The duration of the QT interval varies according to age,gender,and particularly heart rate.If the QT interval is less than half the RR interval,it is probably normal.
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Page 4
Chapter 3: Sinus Mechanisms
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Sample Questions
Q1) An ECG rhythm strip shows a ventricular rate of 128 bpm,a regular rhythm,a PR interval of 0.16 seconds,a QRS duration of 0.08 seconds,and one upright P wave before each QRS.This rhythm is sinus _____.
A) arrhythmia
B) bradycardia
C) rhythm
D) tachycardia
Answer: D
Q2) The rate of a sinus bradycardia is _____ beats/min.
A) slower than 60
B) 60 to 100
C) 80 to 120
D) faster than 100
Answer: B
Q3) The rate of a sinus rhythm is ____ beats/min.
A) slower than 60
B) 60 to 100
C) 80 to 120
D) faster than 100
Answer: B
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Chapter 4: Atrial Rhythms
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Sample Questions
Q1) How are frequent PACs usually managed?
A) Defibrillation
B) Synchronized cardioversion
C) Correcting the underlying cause
D) Administration of medications such as atropine or epinephrine
Q2) Individuals with preexcitation syndrome are predisposed to tachydysrhythmias.
A)True
B)False
Q3) In atrial fibrillation,the AV node attempts to protect the ventricles from the hundreds of impulses bombarding it per minute by blocking many of the impulses generated by the irritable sites in the atria.
A)True
B)False
Q4) Delivery of an electrical current timed for delivery during the QRS complex is called _____ _____.
Q5) A macroreentrant circuit is one that involves a small area of heart tissue,usually a few centimeters or less.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 5: Junctional Rhythms
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Sample Questions
Q1) List four reasons why the AV junction may assume responsibility for pacing the heart.
Q2) The pacemaker cells in the AV junction are located near the nonbranching portion of the bundle of His.
A)True
B)False
Q3) Adenosine is the drug of choice when treating a symptomatic patient with a junctional rhythm at a rate of 40 beats/min.
A)True
B)False
Q4) An escape rhythm is initiated by a lower pacemaker site when the sinoatrial (SA)node slows or fails to initiate an impulse.
A)True
B)False
Q5) A junctional escape rhythm occurs because of _____.
A) severe chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
B) multiple irritable sites firing within the AV junction
C) slowing of the rate of the heart's primary pacemaker
D) intrathoracic pressure changes associated with the normal respiratory cycle
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Chapter 6: Ventricular Rhythms
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Sample Questions
Q1) What is the name given to polymorphic VT that occurs in the presence of a long QT interval?
Q2) Complete the following ECG criteria for polymorphic ventricular tachycardia: Rlythm_________________________________________
Q3) Complete the following ECG criteria for ventricular fibrillation: Rlythm________________________________
Q4) The rate of an idioventricular rhythm is _____ beats/min.
A) 20 to 40
B) 41 to 60
C) 61 to 100
D) 101 to 180
Q5) List three potential sites of origin of ectopic beats.
Page 8
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Chapter 7: Heart Blocks
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Sample Questions
Q1) Complete the following ECG criteria for second-degree AV block type I:
Q2) In third-degree AV block,_____.
A) the atrial rhythm (P-P interval)is irregular
B) the ventricular rhythm (R-R interval)is irregular
C) there is no PR interval because the atria and ventricles beat independently of each other
D) the PR interval after a nonconducted P wave is shorter than the interval preceding the nonconducted beat
Q3) Complete the following ECG criteria for 2:1 AV block:
Q4) A _____ bundle branch block produces a QS pattern in lead V?.
Page 9
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Chapter 8: Pacemaker Rhythms
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Sample Questions
Q1) Explain the difference between electrical capture and mechanical capture.
Q2) Your patient has a VVI pacemaker.Briefly explain the meaning of each of these letters.
Q3) Describe what is meant by the term overdrive pacing.
Q4) A demand pacemaker is also known as a _____ pacemaker.
Q5) The first letter of the pacemaker identification code represents _____.
A) the chamber sensed
B) the chamber paced
C) the mode of response
D) programmable functions
Q6) In pacing,sensitivity refers to _____.
A) the ability of a pacemaker to recognize and respond to intrinsic electrical activity
B) a pacing lead with a single electrical pole at the distal tip of the pacing lead through which the stimulating pulse is delivered
C) the successful conduction of an artificial pacemaker's impulse through the myocardium,resulting in depolarization
D) the length of time between an atrial sensed or atrial paced event and the delivery of a ventricular pacing stimulus
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Chapter 9: Introduction to the 12-Lead ECG
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Sample Questions
Q1) The chest leads are the only unipolar leads in the standard 12-lead ECG.
A)True
B)False
Q2) Lead aVL views the _____.
A) interatrial septum
B) lateral wall of the left ventricle
C) inferior wall of the left ventricle
D) anterior wall of the right ventricle
Q3) An ECG machine's sensitivity must be calibrated so that a 1-millivolt electrical signal will produce a deflection measuring exactly _____ mm tall.
A) 0.5
B) 1
C) 5
D) 10
Q4) Which of the following leads should be used to view the right ventricle?
A) V<sub>3</sub>
B) V<sub>7</sub>
C) V<sub>4</sub>R
D) V<sub>6</sub>
Q5) The coronary arteries originate at the base of the _____.
Page 11
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Chapter 10: Post-Test
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Sample Questions
Q1) A(n)_____ _____ is a vertical line on the ECG that indicates the pacemaker has discharged.
Q2) The area supplied by an obstructed coronary artery goes through a characteristic sequence of events that have been identified as zones of _____,_____,and _____.
Q3) Which of the following leads are anatomically contiguous?
A) II,V<sub>2</sub>
B) II,III,V<sub>3</sub>
C) I,V<sub>3</sub>,V<sub>4</sub>
D) V<sub>2</sub>,V<sub>3</sub>,V<sub>4</sub>
Q4) Your patient has a VVI pacemaker.Briefly explain the meaning of each of these letters.
Q5) Two conditions must exist to suspect bundle branch block.First,the QRS complex must have an abnormal duration (0.12 seconds or more in width),and second _____.
A) an RSR' complex must be seen in leads V1-V6
B) a QS pattern must be seen in leads I,II,and III
C) a slurred upstroke of the QRS complex must exist
D) the QRS complex must arise as the result of supraventricular activity
Q6) Explain the meaning of the letters in aVR,aVL,and aVF.
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