Nursing Fundamentals
Exam Solutions
Course Introduction
Nursing Fundamentals introduces students to the essential concepts, skills, and roles of professional nursing practice. This course covers the foundational principles of patient care, including communication techniques, vital signs assessment, infection control, and basic nursing procedures. Emphasis is placed on developing critical thinking, ethical decision-making, and patient-centered care in diverse healthcare environments. Through a combination of classroom instruction and hands-on clinical experiences, students gain the competence and confidence necessary to provide safe and effective care as members of the healthcare team.
Recommended Textbook
Essentials of Anatomy and Physiology 7th Edition by Valerie C. Scanlon
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22 Chapters
5020 Verified Questions
5020 Flashcards
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Page 2
Chapter 1: Organization and General Plan of the Body
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205 Verified Questions
205 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) A(n)____________________ section separates the body into upper and lower parts.
Answer: transverse
Q2) The lymphatic system:
A)destroys pathogens
B)brings oxygen to tissues
C)both A and B
D)both A and B,and it provides immunity
Answer: A
Q3) The brachial area is ____ to the axillary area and ____ to the volar area.
A)distal/proximal
B)distal/inferior
C)proximal/distal
D)proximal/superior
Answer: A
Q4) The body would be separated into right and left parts by which section?
A)coronal
B)sagittal
C)transverse
D)cross
Answer: B
3
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Chapter 2: Some Basic Chemistry
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266 Verified Questions
266 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) The evaporation of sweat is a mechanism for the loss of ____________________.
Answer: excess heat
Q2) Dissociation of salts is important to:
A)free ions to take part in other reactions
B)produce energy
C)keep salt molecules stable in water
D)keep salt molecules stable as solids
Answer: A
Q3) Dissociation means that a molecule breaks into its ____________________.
Answer: ions
Q4) An atom of oxygen has ____________________ electrons to share with other atoms.
Answer: two
Q5) Plasma is a fluid that is found in:
A)veins
B)arteries
C)both A and B
D)both A and B and in capillaries
Answer: D
Answer: peptide Page 4
Q6) The bonds between the amino acids in a protein are ____________________ bonds.
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Page 5
Chapter 3: Cells
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238 Verified Questions
238 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) ATP provides the energy for the cellular transport process of:
A)osmosis
B)filtration
C)facilitated diffusion
D)active transport
Answer: D
Q2) The mature human cells that do not have chromosomes are the ____________________.
Answer: red blood cells
Q3) Microvilli are ____________________ of the cell membrane that increase the ____________________ of the membrane.
Answer: folds,surface area
Q4) The cell organelles that contain digestive enzymes are the ____________________.
Answer: lysosomes
Q5) Stationary cells take in small particles by the process of ____________________.
Answer: pinocytosis
Q6) In order for a hormone to affect a cell,it must fit into a ____________________ on the cell membrane.
Answer: receptor site
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Chapter 4: Tissues and Membranes
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206 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) The fluid that prevents friction between the pleural membranes is:
A)serous fluid
B)mucus
C)plasma
D)synovial fluid
Q2) The heart is made of ____ muscle,which ____.
A)striated/pumps blood
B)cardiac/contributes to breathing
C)striated/contributes to breathing
D)cardiac/pumps blood
Q3) Goblet cells secrete ____ in the ____.
A)mucus/respiratory tract
B)plasma/capillaries
C)synovial fluid/joints
D)serous fluid/pleural membranes
Q4) The serous membrane that covers the lungs is the:
A)visceral pleura
B)parietal pleura
C)visceral peritoneum
D)parietal peritoneum
7
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Chapter 5: The Integumentary System
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164 Verified Questions
164 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Melanocytes produce ____ when stimulated by ____.
A)melanin/UV rays
B)keratin/pressure
C)melanin/pressure
D)keratin/UV rays
Q2) Adipose tissue that cushions some bones is found in the:
A)epidermis
B)dermis
C)subcutaneous tissue
D)fibrous connective tissue
Q3) The function of sebum is:
A)to inhibit the growth of bacteria on the skin
B)to prevent drying of the skin
C)both A and B
D)both A and B and to help permit gripping by the palms
Q4) The primary function of the stratum germinativum is:
A)osmosis
B)mitosis
C)absorption
D)protection
Page 8
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Chapter 6: The Skeletal System
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224 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) An example of a condyloid joint is the:
A)mandible and maxilla
B)atlas and axis
C)mandible and temporal bone
D)radius and ulna
Q2) The five fused vertebrae with which the hip bones articulate are called:
A)cervical
B)thoracic
C)lumbar
D)sacral
Q3) The hormones that contribute to bone growth by increasing the rate of protein synthesis are ____________________ and ____________________.
Q4) The structures that connect bone to bone are:
A)tendons
B)periosteum
C)ligaments
D)bursae
Q5) The type of bone that is NOT made of osteons is ____________________ bone.
Q6) The parts of the sternum are the ____________________,the body,and the
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Chapter 7: The Muscular System
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246 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) The muscle around the eye that closes the eye is the ____________________.
Q2) Muscles that move the lower leg must cross the ____________________ joint.
Q3) The simple reaction of cell respiration is:
Glucose + ____________________ \(\rarr\)____________________ + ____________________ + ____________________ + ATP.
Q4) In cell respiration,the waste product produced is ____________________.
Q5) Within a sarcomere,the contracting proteins are ____________________ and ____________________.
Q6) Within a sarcomere,the contracting proteins are:
A)myosin and actin
B)troponin and myosin
C)actin and troponin
D)myoglobin and myosin
Q7) During exercise,the purpose of vasodilation in muscles is to:
A)remove excess body heat
B)pump more blood to muscles
C)supply carbon dioxide
D)increase the blood supply within muscles
Q9) Muscles with opposite functions are called ____________________. Page 10
Q8) Within a muscle fiber,the sarcoplasmic reticulum contains ____________________.
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Chapter 8: The Nervous System
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286 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) The two largest parts of the left motor area of the cerebral cortex are for the ____________________.
Q2) The cranial nerve pair that is sensory for hearing is the ____________________.
Q3) The part of the brain that regulates heart rate is the ____________________.
Q4) The part of the brain that regulates muscle tone is the ____________________.
Q5) The ____________________ of the brain regulate accessory movements such as gestures.
Q6) The layer of the meninges that is made of weblike connective tissue is the:
A)dura mater
B)arachnoid membrane
C)pia mater
D)choroid plexus
Q7) The effector of a reflex arc:
A)generates an electrical impulse to the CNS
B)performs the reflex act
C)both A and B
D)both A and B and has one or more synapses
Q8) The part of the brain that produces the hormones that are stored in the posterior pituitary gland is the ____________________.
Q9) The part of a reflex arc that detects a stimulus is the ____________________. Page 12
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Chapter 9: The Senses
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217 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which statement is NOT true of the senses of taste and smell?
A)Both senses require chemoreceptors.
B)The sense of taste makes the sense of smell seem more acute.
C)Adaptation occurs in both senses.
D)Both senses are important for enjoyment of eating.
Q2) The ____________________ help the eyelids keep dust out of the eye.
Q3) The sensory areas for the cutaneous senses are in the ____________________ lobes.
Q4) The cranial nerve pair concerned with hearing is the ____________________.
Q5) The part of the eye that contracts to change the shape of the lens is the ____________________.
Q6) The iris of the eye:
A)regulates the size of the pupil
B)is behind the lens and cornea
C)both A and B
D)both A and B,and has color from melanin
Q7) The ____________________ glands produce tears.
Q8) The ____________________ layer of the eyeball absorbs light within the eye to prevent glare.
Q9) The most anterior part of the sclera of the eye is the ____________________. Page 14
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Page 15
Chapter 10: The Endocrine System
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200 Verified Questions
200 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) The hormone that increases heart rate and slows peristalsis is ____________________.
Q2) In men,the function of FSH is to:
A)decrease secretion of testosterone
B)initiate sperm production in the testes
C)both A and B
D)both A and B,and increase secretion of gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH)
Q3) The function of growth hormone is to:
A)increase the rate of mitosis in growing tissues
B)increase the rate of protein synthesis
C)both A and B
D)both A and B,and enable cells to take in glucose
Q4) The hormone that stimulates secretion of cortisol is:
A)TSH
B)ACTH
C)prolactin
D)GH
Q5) The endocrine glands that are on top of the kidneys are the ____________________,and the glands in the curve of the duodenum are the
Q6) The direct stimulus for secretion of insulin is ____________________.
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Chapter 11: Blood
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217 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Clotting factors such as fibrinogen are synthesized by the ____________________.
Q2) The term ____________________ means prevention of blood loss.
Q3) In the process of chemical clotting,the result of the second stage is ____________________.
Q4) The normal pH range of blood is ____________________ to ____________________.
Q5) The life span of RBCs is approximately:
A)12 days
B)12 weeks
C)120 days
D)120 weeks
Q6) The respiratory gas that is transported mainly in blood plasma is ____________________.
Q7) The primary consequence of anemia is ____________________.
Q8) As a consequence of a mismatched blood transfusion,there will be ____________________ of the donated RBCs.
Q9) Blood viscosity is created by ____ and is important to maintain normal ____.
A)platelets/flow
B)reticulocytes/blood oxygen level
C)WBCs/immunity Page 17
D)albumin/blood pressure
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Page 18
Chapter 12: The Heart
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214 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) The function of the endocardium is to:
A)pump blood
B)prevent friction
C)prevent abnormal clotting
D)prevent excessive contraction
Q2) The part of the brain that regulates heart rate is the:
A)hypothalamus
B)cerebrum
C)cerebellum
D)medulla
Q3) Impulses carried by the vagus nerves to the heart will ____________________ the heart rate.
Q4) The atria of the heart produce the hormone ____________________ when blood pressure ____________________.
Q5) The difference between the resting cardiac output and the maximum cardiac output is called the ____________________.
Q6) The amount of blood pumped by a ventricle in one beat is called ____________________.
Q7) The cardiac cycle is the sequence of events in ____________________.
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Q8) The term diastole means ____________________ of the heart chambers.
Chapter 13: The Vascular System
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214 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) The ____________________ of the brain regulates the diameter of arteries and veins,and it has a ____________________ area and a ____________________ area.
Q2) In capillaries,colloid osmotic pressure is created by the presence of ____________________ in the blood.
Q3) In the vascular system,an alternate pathway for blood flow is provided by vessels called a(n)____________________.
Q4) A normal blood pressure is considered to be below ____________________.
Q5) Which of the following statements are true of the nervous regulation of blood pressure (BP)? (Read carefully and select all of the correct statements.)
A)The vasomotor center is in the hypothalamus of the brain.
B)Pressoreceptors throughout the length of the aorta detect changes in BP.
C)The vagus and glossopharyngeal nerves are sensory for BP changes.
D)Increased vasoconstriction,to raise BP,is brought about by an increase in sympathetic impulses to the walls of arteries.
E)Nervous regulation of BP is a negative feedback mechanism.
F)If BP is high and must be brought back to normal,heart rate will decrease and vasodilation will occur.
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Chapter 14: The Lymphatic System and Immunity
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244 Verified Questions
244 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) In innate immunity,destruction of tumor cells by secretion of perforins is a function of:
A)macrophages,which differentiate from monocytes
B)natural killer cells,a type of lymphocyte
C)Langerhans cells circulating in the blood
D)neutrophils,one of the granular WBCs
Q2) Blood plasma becomes tissue fluid by the process of ____________________.
Q3) If a microorganism stimulates antibody production,it is considered to be a:
A)foreign antigen
B)potential pathogen
C)both of these
D)neither of these
Q4) The T cells that remember a specific foreign antigen are called:
A)helper T cells
B)cytotoxic T cells
C)memory T cells
D)killer T cells
Q5) In innate immunity,the effect of histamine on arterioles is to cause
Q6) The component of immunity that creates memory is ____________________ immunity.
Page 21
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Chapter 15: The Respiratory System
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236 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) In external respiration,the PCO<sub>2</sub> in the alveoli is ____________________,and the PCO<sub>2</sub> in the surrounding blood is
.
Q2) Severe respiratory acidosis will cause the blood pH to fall below
Q3) The trachea is ____ to the esophagus and ____ to the larynx.
A)anterior/inferior
B)posterior/inferior
C)anterior/superior
D)posterior/superior
Q4) The "work" required for normal breathing is:
A)contraction of the respiratory muscles for inhalation
B)contraction of the respiratory muscles for exhalation
C)both A and B
D)neither A nor B because breathing is a reflex
Q5) During swallowing,the larynx is covered by the:
A)hard palate
B)soft palate
C)glottis
D)epiglottis
Page 22
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Chapter 16: The Digestive System
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284 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) The liver produces the plasma protein ____________________ to help maintain blood volume.
Q2) In the villi of the small intestine,fatty acids are absorbed into the ____________________ in combination with ____________________.
Q3) The hormone that decreases peristalsis is:
A)gastrin
B)secretin
C)cholecystokinin
D)epinephrine
Q4) The function(s)of the gallbladder is (are)to:
A)store bile
B)concentrate bile
C)contract to propel bile to the duodenum
D)all of these
Q5) Proteins are digested by enzymes from the:
A)stomach,pancreas,and small intestine
B)salivary glands and stomach
C)liver,pancreas,and small intestine
D)liver,stomach,and pancreas
Q6) The digestive function of bile is to ____________________.
Page 23
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Chapter 17: Body Temperature and Metabolism
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228 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Two factors that will increase metabolic rate are ____________________ and ____________________.
Q2) Sweating cools the body by the process of:
A)conduction
B)convection
C)evaporation
D)radiation
Q3) A high fever may cause brain damage because ____________________ become denatured.
Q4) The normal range of human body temperature in degrees Celsius is ____________________ to ____________________.
Q5) Sweating cools the body by the process of ____________________ of ____________________.
Q6) In synthesis reactions,fats for energy storage are synthesized from:
A)amino acids
B)pentose sugars
C)fatty acids and glycerol
D)cholesterol
Q7) In cell respiration,most ATP is formed during the ____________________ (stage).
Q8) Vasodilation in the dermis will ____________________ the loss of heat. Page 24
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Page 25
Chapter 18: The Urinary System
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280 Verified Questions
280 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) In the kidneys,the hormone that increases the reabsorption of sodium ions is ____________________,and the hormone that increases the secretion of sodium ions is ____________________.
Q2) The specific gravity of urine is a measure of the:
A)concentrating ability of the kidneys
B)excretion maximum of the kidneys
C)threshold level of the kidneys
D)pH regulation by the kidneys
Q3) Which statement is NOT true of tubular reabsorption in the kidneys?
A)The reabsorption of water follows the reabsorption of sodium.
B)There is a threshold level for the reabsorption of glucose.
C)Positive ions are reabsorbed by passive transport.
D)The peritubular capillaries receive the materials that are reabsorbed.
Q4) Urine is carried from the urinary bladder to the exterior by the:
A)ureter
B)detrusor muscle
C)urethra
D)internal urethral sphincter
Q5) A ureter extends from the ____________________ to the ____________________.
Page 26
Q6) Strenuous exercise or diarrhea will tend to ____________________ urinary output.
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Chapter 19: Fluidelectrolyte and Acidbase Balance
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189 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Serous fluid is:
A)between the pleural membranes
B)a fluid that prevents friction
C)both A and B
D)both A and B,and it prevents friction in joints
Q2) The bicarbonate buffer system will buffer a strong acid by forming a(n)____________________ and a(n)____________________.
Q3) An amino acid acts as a base in body fluids when:
A)a carboxyl group donates a hydrogen ion
B)a carboxyl group picks up an excess hydrogen ion
C)an amine group donates a hydrogen ion
D)an amine group picks up an excess hydrogen ion
Q4) The respiratory system is important for pH regulation because it controls the amount of ____________________ in body fluids.
Q5) When there is too little water in the body,the secretion of the hormone ____________________ increases,and urinary output
Q6) The electrolyte that is an important part of gastric juice is ____________________,because it is part of ____________________.
Page 28
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Chapter 20: The Reproductive Systems
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Sample Questions
Q1) An ovary is enclosed by the ____________________ of a fallopian tube.
Q2) The function of the smooth muscle in the wall of a fallopian tube is to ____________________.
Q3) The function of the seminiferous tubules is the production of:
A)sperm
B)testosterone
C)inhibin
D)all of the above
Q4) The sustentacular cells of the testes produce ____________________.
Q5) The menstrual cycle requires FSH and LH from the ____________________ gland,and estrogen and progesterone from the ____________________.
Q6) The hormone that stimulates milk production in the mammary glands is ____________________,which is secreted by the ____________________ gland.
Q7) An erection occurs when the arteries to the penis ____,and the cavernous tissue ____.
A)dilate/empties of blood
B)constrict/fills with blood
C)dilate/fills with blood
D)constrict/empties of blood
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Chapter 21: Human Development and Genetics
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Sample Questions
Q1) Homologous chromosomes are a pair of chromosomes that may also be called:
A)dominant and recessive
B)active and inactive
C)paired and unpaired
D)maternal and paternal
Q2) Genetics problem: Mom is a carrier of red-green color blindness and Dad is red-green color-blind.What is the chance that their daughter will be a carrier?
A)0%
B)50%
C)75%
D)100%
Q3) The autosomes a person has are:
A)all the chromosomes
B)the maternal or paternal set of chromosomes
C)the chromosomes other than the sex chromosomes
D)the dominant chromosomes
Q4) Genetics problem: Mom is type O and Dad is heterozygous for type A.The percent chance that a child of theirs will have type A blood is ____________________.
Q5) During the ____________________ stage of labor,the placenta is delivered.
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Chapter 22: An Introduction to Microbiology and Human Disease
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Sample Questions
Q1) A chemical that is used to destroy bacteria on the skin is called a(n)____________________.
Q2) The vector of Rocky Mountain spotted fever is a:
A)mosquito
B)flea
C)tick
D)louse
Q3) With respect to the skin,the largest resident flora would be found in the:
A)femoral area
B)patellar area
C)iliac area
D)plantar area
Q4) A microorganism that is usually harmless but may become pathogenic in certain circumstance is called a(n)____________________.
Q5) Mosquitoes are vectors of ____________________ and ____________________.
Q6) The part of a bacterial cell that enables it to resist phagocytosis by WBCs is the
Q7) Facultative anaerobic bacteria are those that can reproduce
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