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This course provides an in-depth exploration of the Australian health care system, focusing on its structure, funding, policies, and the unique role nurses play within this landscape. Students will examine the historical development of health services in Australia, the impact of government and legislative frameworks, and the challenges faced by the sector, including those relating to equity, access, and cultural competence. The course also investigates the evolving responsibilities of nurses in multidisciplinary teams, their contribution to patient care, and the importance of evidence-based practice in delivering safe and effective health outcomes in diverse Australian communities.
Recommended Textbook
Understanding the Australian Health Care System 3rd Edition by Eileen Willis
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27 Chapters
282 Verified Questions
282 Flashcards
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Q1) The purpose of interprofessional practice is to deal with:
A)interprofessional education
B)issues of acute-care length of stay
C)issues of efficiency and productivity
D)the fragmentation of how health professionals work,particularly for those patients with chronic conditions
Answer: D
Q2) According to Tuohy,there are three major players in health care: the professions,the State,and the private for-profit sector.A fourth player is:
A)the public hospital sector
B)non-governmental organisations
C)patients,consumers or clients
D)patients admitted within 28 days
Answer: C
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Q1) The Australian public health insurance scheme Medicare funds which of the following health care services?
A)Visits to general practitioners
B)Medical treatment received in a private hospital
C)Visits to specialist medical practitioners
D)All of the above
Answer: D
Q2) Elective surgery is classified as:
A)surgery that is not medically necessary
B)surgery that is not medically required in the next 7 days
C)surgery that is not medically required in the next 30 days
D)surgery that is not medically required in the next 24 hours
Answer: D
Q3) Activity-based funding is where:
A)public hospital doctors are funded for each service they deliver
B)patients pay for their health care
C)public hospitals are funded for each service they deliver
D)public hospitals are funded on a population basis
Answer: C
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Q1) The Liberal-Coalition Government introduced Lifetime Health Cover in 1997.Lifetime Health Cover is:
A)a means-tested subsidy for Medicare
B)a tax penalty based on medical history
C)an age-based tax penalty for those with private health insurance
D)a means-tested tax penalty for those without private health insurance.
Answer: D
Q2) What was a 'Friendly Society'?
A)An association that,for an annual fee,assisted members during sickness or unemployment
B)An elite group that allowed access to Society doctors
C)An early form of Medicare
D)A group of doctors who would treat patients at no charge
Answer: A
Q3) Religious orders were responsible for the founding of which of the following?
A)Public hospitals
B)Private hospitals
C)Bush nursing hospitals
D)Large public hospitals in major cities and some private hospitals
Answer: D
Page 5
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Q1) A recent study conducted by the Commonwealth Fund suggests that:
A)Australia has done well in all aspects
B)Australia has done well in terms of quality - but fared less well in relation to access and equity
C)Australia is performing poorly in all aspects
D)Australia performs less well than the USA
Q2) The UK National Health Service (NHS)is predominately funded through:
A)out-of-pocket expenses
B)private insurance
C)social security
D)general taxation
Q3) What is the main aim of the recent US reforms of health care?
A)To provide free health care for all Americans
B)To increase coverage and improve access to care
C)To reduce the usage of public sector health care
D)To make health insurers more responsive to demand
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Q1) State and territory government responsibilities in public health include:
A)population-based programs such as immunisation and vaccination
B)the provision of community services such as Meals on Wheels
C)the funding of family planning services and food safety
D)the promotion of health environments through the provision of amenities such as bike paths and walkways
Q2) What percentage of the Commonwealth allocation from the health budget does public health receive?
A)Public health receives almost all of this health budget allocation (approximately 92%)
B)Public health receives about half of the health budget allocation (approximately 52%)
C)Public health receives about one-third of the health budget allocation (approximately 32%)
D)Public health receives a very small percentage of the health budget allocation (approximately 2%)
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Q1) Primary health care is essential health care based on practical,scientifically sound,and socially acceptable methods and technology.
A)True
B)False
Q2) A model of community-based health service delivery and a philosophy about equity and fairness best describes:
A)population health care
B)public health care
C)selective health care
D)primary health care
Q3) Which of the following statements best describes primary prevention?
A)Timely treatment to prevent the exacerbation or complication of disease or illness
B)The provision of housing,social support and safe environments
C)It includes screening and brief,opportunistic health education interventions
D)Rehabilitation to restore health to the optimum possible state for that person
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Q1) The primary care workforce includes:
A)those working in hospitals and residential aged-care homes
B)medical specialists such as oncologists and surgeons
C)those working in same-day procedure units in private hospitals
D)general practitioners,practice nurses,dentists and allied health professionals in private practice
Q2) While there is a shortage of some health professionals,the more pressing problem is:
A)the time it takes to train doctors for surgery
B)the limited scope of practice of nurses and physiotherapists
C)lack of Medicare reimbursement for nursing care
D)maldistribution of health professionals with lower numbers in outer metropolitan,regional and rural areas
Q3) The largest group of registered health professionals within the biomedical system:
A)medical practitioners
B)nurses and midwives
C)allied health professionals
D)personal care attendants (PCAs)
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Q1) An important feature of the PBS is that:
A)it is free for all Australians irrespective of what welfare benefit they receive
B)all Australians contribute to the scheme through general taxation
C)the scheme remains uncapped as the government is not obliged to implement advice it receives from the PBAC
D)it remains in place because Australia has a world-class system for providing medicines to its citizens
Q2) In order to contain the cost of the PBS,the government can:
A)reduce drug prices,particularly those of generic medicines
B)reduce or alter the types of medicines prescribed by general practitioners
C)make consumers pay more for their medicines
D)all of the above
Q3) Generic medicines become available when:
A)the production cost becomes more affordable to the manufacturer
B)the original patent has expired,allowing other drug manufacturers to produce it at a cheaper cost
C)it can be manufactured in plain packaging,therefore saving money
D)Consumers are no longer wanting to buy brand-name medicines
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Q1) Informal care contributes significantly to the care provided for older Australians,particularly as people are living longer.In addition to this care,the government provides funded care in the form of:
A)home care packages
B)referral services
C)home maintenance
D)subsidised housing
Q2) The Australian government is now focused on healthy ageing,highlighting the positive aspects of ageing.Healthy ageing has a strong association with quality of life.
A)True
B)False
Q3) As the population ages,there will be an increase in the number of people living with one or more chronic conditions.
A)True
B)False
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Q1) Health inequity is:
A)differences in health status between different population groups or individuals
B)differences in treatments for different population groups
C)differences in health status between population groups that can be linked to potentially modifiable social or economic factors
D)similarities in health status between different population groups due to social or economic conditions
Q2) In terms of equity,unequal treatment of unequal groups (whereby a service accounts for the special needs of those in a group and adjusts how the service is delivered to meet the needs of this group)is:
A)inequity
B)vertical equity
C)inequality
D)horizontal equity
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Q1) A major threat to the sustainability of Aboriginal Community Controlled Health Services (ACCHSs)is:
A)funding insecurity
B)lack of staff
C)not having enough clients
D)not being necessary today
Q2) What offers the greatest potential for improving health outcomes for Indigenous Australians?
A)Employing more traditional healers in mainstream services
B)Better partnerships between ACCHSs and mainstream services
C)The government taking control of ACCHSs
D)Indigenous people using mainstream services first
Q3) Contemporary Indigenous-controlled health services,such as Redfern AMS,were developed:
A)in response to discrimination in mainstream services
B)to provide a culturally appropriate system
C)to address the poor health and early mortality of Indigenous people
D)all of the above
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Q1) 'Capacity' is one factor in the decision to commit a person to involuntary care.Capacity is best understood as the:
A)ability to make decisions regarding one's own health care
B)ability to undertake everyday tasks
C)willingness to take medications
D)potential for harm
Q2) Which of the following explains why 'capacity' might be difficult to assess in the primary care (community/out-of-hospital)setting?
A)An understanding of capacity can assist in recognition of the early warning signs of mental illness.
B)The idea of capacity is relational and dependent on environment and circumstances.
C)Evaluating capacity assists in pre-planning and recognition of deterioration in an individual's condition.
D)Capacity is required for collaboration in care planning by the individual with health care providers
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Q1) Interprofessional practice is a good idea in theory,but it is unlikely that having a range of health and human service providers collaborating rather than working within existing professional boundaries will alter outcomes for those needing services.
A)True
B)False
Q2) The roles of disability professionals and developmental educators are:
A)secondary to the expertise of other health and human service professionals -health needs must be addressed first
B)important to interprofessional practice and ensuring that people living with disability have access to services and are able to use,implement and benefit from multidisciplinary services.
C)only relevant when based within disability-specific services
D)based on a unique and specific range of skills and knowledge but do not qualify practitioners to work collaboratively with other health and human service professionals
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Q1) Return to work practices are,in general,detrimental towards recovery following a work-related injury or illness.
A)True
B)False
Q2) Which of the following statements about workers' compensation benefits or payments is false?
A)Workers' compensation benefits or payments typically cover just the health care expenses
B)Workers' compensation benefits or payments typically include income replacement payments for the period of time an injured worker is away from work
C)Workers' compensation benefits or payments are provided to eligible workers with a work-related injury or illness,regardless of fault
D)Workers' compensation benefits or payments will only include health care expenses if the fault lies with the workplace
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Q1) Which country provides access to CAM through their national health scheme?
A)United States of America
B)United Kingdom
C)Australia
D)New Zealand
Q2) At which educational institutions are students studying CAM eligible for fee help?
A)Universities
B)TAFE institutions
C)Private colleges
D)All of the above
Q3) According to research,which group of individuals uses CAM most?
A)Men over 70 years of age
B)Women aged between 25 and 34 years
C)Young men between the ages of 18 and 21 years
D)Children under 10 years of age
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Q1) The existing system of dental care in Australia,while providing excellent care for some,is not meeting the needs of all and is not reducing oral disease levels.
A)True
B)False
Q2) Which of the following groups demonstrates high levels of dental disease and difficulty in accessing dental care?
A)People in rural areas
B)People from families with low socioeconomic status
C)Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people
D)All of the above
Q3) The majority of Australians show what pattern of oral health?
A)Less than yearly dental visits
B)Access to timely dental care
C)Good oral hygiene
D)Favourable dental visiting patterns
Q4) Oral diseases,including dental decay and periodontal disease,are among the most prevalent diseases in Australia.
A)True
B)False
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Q1) Which of the following statements about enrolled nurses (ENs)is true?
A)ENs have completed a three-year Bachelor of Nursing program
B)ENs are responsible for patient assessments and decisions regarding the delegation of care and assessment
C)ENs can supervise aged-care workers or care assistants
D)ENs are usually educated to Australian Quality Framework level 6 or 7
Q2) To become registered as a nurse practitioner,what is the minimum level of education required?
A)Bachelor of Nursing
B)Bachelor of Nursing and Associate Degree of Nursing Practice
C)Bachelor of Nursing and appropriate Master's degree
D)Bachelor of Nursing,a postgraduate qualification in a clinical specialty and an approved Master's degree
Q3) The Australian Health Practitioner Regulation Agency (AHPRA)regulates the qualifications that lead to all of the following nursing roles except:
A)enrolled nurse
B)registered nurse
C)nurse practitioner
D)advanced practice nurse
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Q1) The introduction of the Bachelor of Midwifery (three-year program)commenced in Australia in:
A)2000
B)2001
C)2002
D)2003
Q2) There are no gaps between Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander and non-Indigenous maternity outcomes.
A)True
B)False
Q3) The Australian College of Midwives developed national consultation and referral guidelines to ensure that midwives:
A)refer all women to be seen at least once by a doctor
B)have an evidence-based framework for collaboration with doctors
C)engage all women in making decisions about their care
D)have the names of doctors who will work collaboratively with them
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Q1) In modern times,pre-hospital care and transport has developed through:
A)evidence-based practice and research
B)conflict and wars,based on the system of prioritising who received medical treatment (triage)and methods of transportation (helicopters)
C)vocational training or an apprenticeship-style system
D)Volunteer actions and experiences
Q2) 'Ramping' is defined as:
A)long waiting times for patients in emergency departments
B)a chain reaction occurring when large numbers of people present to an emergency department at one time,preventing admission of those patients who have arrived by ambulance
C)an ambulance that is reverse parallel-parked outside an emergency department
D)A flow-on effect of patients overwhelming an emergency department instead of making a general practitioner appointment for illnesses such as colds or flu
Q3) An ambulance service is defined as:
A)an alternative means of transport to hospital
B)a free service that takes a person to or from hospital
C)a method of transporting a person to hospital or other medical care facility
D)a specialised medical taxi service
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Q1) The Department of Health has stated that dietetic and nutrition services are in demand.For what reason are these services in demand?
A)An ageing population
B)The rising prevalence of non-communicable diseases
C)An obesity epidemic
D)All of the above
Q2) Private practice is an area of growth within the dietetics profession.How much of the total Dietitians Association of Australia (DAA)membership does this sector represent?
A)Approximately 30%
B)Approximately 45%
C)Approximately 69%
D)Approximately 75%
Q3) Since the 1960s,what has been recognised as the largest cause of death for Australians?
A)Breast cancer
B)Cardiovascular disease
C)Diabetes
D)Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
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Q1) For the first time in 1999,physiotherapist services were supported by Medicare through the Enhanced Primary Care (EPC)scheme.The primary purpose of this scheme was to:
A)reduce hospital waiting lists by increasing the management of people in primary care
B)promote the management of people with chronic conditions through a multi-disciplinary approach by providing access to allied health care
C)reduce the demand for general practitioners in the community by people with chronic conditions
D)increase the attraction of working as a physiotherapist to address the lack of physiotherapists in the community
Q2) A physiotherapist working in a private practice who can see clients without a referral from a doctor is referred to as:
A)a secondary contact practitioner
B)a primary contact practitioner
C)an advanced-scope practitioner
D)an extended-scope practitioner
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Q1) Occupational rights include the right to:
A)experience meaning and enrichment in one's occupations
B)make choices and share decision-making in daily life
C)participate in a range of occupations for health,development and social inclusion
D)all the above
Q2) The number of occupational therapists (OTs)working in private practice in work injury management has significantly increased over the past 20 years.
A)True
B)False
Q3) Which if the following is NOT correct with respect to occupational therapists in Australia?
A)Educational programs within Australia are typically at Bachelor's or Master's degree level
B)The number of occupational therapy positions is likely to decline over the next five years
C)Registration under the Australian Health Practitioner Regulation Agency is mandatory before working as an occupational therapist
D)Therapists work in a client-centred framework
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Q1) Accredited exercise physiologists are registered through:
A)Physical Activity Australia
B)the federal government
C)Sports Medicine Australia
D)Exercise and Sports Science Australia
Q2) What is the increased risk of adverse symptoms or even sudden cardiac death for chronic-disease patients while undertaking exercise,with a reduced risk for the rest of the day known as?
A)Risk versus reward
B)The exercise conundrum
C)Buyer beware
D)The exercise paradox
Q3) Optimal patient outcomes are likely to be best achieved through:
A)one allied health domain only
B)patients deciding on the best treatment
C)a multidisciplinary approach
D)general practitioner providing a complete service
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Q1) What types of communication/swallowing difficulties might be the priority for speech pathology services for patients in the hospital system?
A)Fluency/stuttering
B)Dysphagia
C)Voice problems
D)All of the above
Q2) The quality and safety of audiology and speech pathology services arising from the increased funding are assured as a consequence of increased demand resulting from implementation of the National Disability Insurance Scheme.
A)True
B)False
Q3) The prevalence of hearing loss in Australia is currently assessed to be approximately 1 in 6.
A)True
B)False
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Q1) In health care,you can be a good manager without being a leader as well.
A)True
B)False
Q2) A manager of a large health service was highly skilled at leading,organising and planning for the organisation.The manager was not skilled at control,which may have led to which of the following?
A)The organisation may not have adapted to changes in the environment
B)Problems that arose may not have been solved
C)The staff may not have worked as collaboratively as they could towards achieving the organisation's goal
D)The staff were not well facilitated to complete the work
Q3) The term used for the ways in which individuals and groups within an organisation get and use power or influence is:
A)political impact
B)political management
C)managerial politics
D)organisational politics
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Q1) Competition among graduating student pharmacists for internships within hospitals is high.Which of the following perceptions of students is NOT likely to drive this competition?
A)Hospital pharmacists are paid well
B)Hospital pharmacists use a wide range of clinical skills
C)Hospital pharmacists can have a significant impact on patient care
D)The role of the hospital pharmacist is particularly patient-centred
Q2) Consider that a pharmacist notices that Rachel is not regularly collecting her prescribed medicines.Rachel explains that she wants to take them,but often forgets because there are so many to take and they need to be taken at different times.Which of the following strategies is most likely to help this patient to adhere to her medicines?
A)Explaining to her the benefits of taking each of the medicines
B)Reassuring her that her medicines are quite safe
C)Pointing out that lots of your patients take similar medicines
D)Providing her with a dose administration aid (DAA)
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Q1) Which of the following describes a registrar?
A)A medical graduate who is completing a year of compulsory supervised practice
B)A doctor who has completed their internship but has not yet completed pre-vocational training
C)A doctor who is training to become a specialist
D)A doctor who has completed all required training and examinations and specialist medical college requirements in a particular branch of medicine
Q2) Which of the following is not a role of the Medical Board of Australia?
A)To develop standards,codes and guidelines for the medical profession
B)To investigate notifications and complaints
C)To assess international medical graduates who wish to practise in Australia
D)Accreditation of medical schools
Q3) In the 1950s,which organisation represented medical practitioners in Australia?
A)Medical Board of Australia
B)American Medical Association
C)British Medical Association
D)Australian Medical Association
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