New Product Development
Mock Exam
Course Introduction
New Product Development explores the processes and strategies involved in bringing innovative products from concept to market. The course covers key stages such as idea generation, concept development, market analysis, prototyping, and commercialization. Students learn to assess customer needs, analyze competition, and develop business models to support product success. Emphasizing both creativity and practical tools, the curriculum integrates case studies and real-world projects to provide hands-on experience with product design, testing, and launch strategies. By the end of the course, students will be equipped to contribute effectively to multidisciplinary teams focused on delivering new products in competitive markets.
Recommended Textbook
Marketing Research Essentials 9th Edition by Carl McDaniel
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Chapter 1: The Role of Marketing Research in Management
Decision
Making
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Q1) When a customer gives a credit card to a retailer to purchase an item,and then takes the item out of the store,we say that a(n)__________ has occurred.
A)profit
B)exchange
C)evaluative research
D)selective research
E)applied research
Answer: B
Q2) When Netflix attempted to determine the effect on its profits by raising its price 60 percent in 2011,this was an example of what type of research?
A)Pure
B)Applied
C)Programmatic
D)Non-programmatic
E)Basic
Answer: B
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Chapter 1: A: The Role of Marketing Research in Management Decision Making
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which of the following would not be characteristic of basic research?
A)determining the most attractive price for a new product
B)validating an existing theory
C)learning more about a concept
D)conducted by professors at larger "flagship-type" universities
E)All are characteristic of basic research.
Answer: A
Q2) The article in the chapter,"What is Good about Marketing Research Today," William D Neal discusses all of the following specifically with regard to improvement in market research except what?
A)Voice of the customer
B)Management Metrics
C)Branding
D)Allocating funds
E)New products
Answer: D
Q3) The marketing concept is not solely focused on customer needs.
A)True
B)False
Answer: True
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Chapter 2: The Marketing Research Industry and Research
Ethics
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Q1) Which of the following companies is the largest U.S.marketing research company in terms of revenue?
A)Burke Inc.
B)Maritz Research
C)Arbitron Inc.
D)Nielsen Co.
E)J.D.Power and Associates
Answer: D
Q2) An advertising agency such as Young & Rubicam is an example of what type of marketing research organization?
A)Custom research
B)Media
C)Online tracking
D)Syndicated service
E)Field service
Answer: B
Q3) All consumers have the right to privacy.
A)True
B)False
Answer: True
Page 5
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Chapter 2: A: The Marketing Research Industry and Research Ethics
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Q1) The average size of marketing research departments is quite small and the recent recession has led many firms to outsource this function of their business.
A)True
B)False
Q2) When a research supplier claims to have a proprietary way of measuring brand loyalty,this is known as _______.
A)RFP
B)TQM
C)black box branding
D)low ball pricing
E)none of the above
Q3) A true field service firm not only collects data,but performs research design and analysis as well.
A)True
B)False
Q4) Black box branding techniques are usually easy for a potential client to decipher. A)True
B)False
Page 6
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Chapter 3: Problem Definition,exploratory Research,and the Research Process
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Q1) A management decision problem describes an action that needs to be taken. A)True
B)False
Q2) Bank One of Columbus,Ohio is famous in the banking industry for creating new products and services that can be sold to its existing business customers.When UMB Bank in St.Louis studies the products and services offered by Bank One to see which ones would be good products or services to offer to UMB's business customers,this is a form of what type of research?
A)Secondary data analysis
B)Focus group analysis
C)Experiment
D)Experience survey
E)Case analysis
Q3) There is always one best research design to be used in a marketing research study. A)True
B)False
Q4) An intranet provides easy access to external data.
A)True
B)False
7
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Chapter 3: A: Problem Definition and the Research Process
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Q1) When retailers monitor consumer shopping behavior by using scanner technology,this is an example of _______.
A)survey research
B)observation research
C)experimental research
D)cause-effect research
E)none of the above
Q2) Recommendations are included in the typical research proposal.
A)True
B)False
Q3) The United Way agency in your town has contacted you because it has been experiencing declining donations.You tell the agency that your basic plan to determine why donations are declining will be exploratory,then descriptive.Explain what the research firm means.
Q4) Suppose you are wanting to contract with a marketing research firm for a specific project.What criteria would you use in your selection process?
Q5) What is the "Research Request?" Why is it so important? What should you include in the research request?
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Chapter 4: Secondary Data and Databases
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Q1) The issue of consumer privacy is an important aspect of behavioral targeting methods.
A)True
B)False
Q2) A company that resells marketing research reports developed by other marketing research companies is called a(n):
A)GIS.
B)database marketing company.
C)marketing research aggregator.
D)DSS.
E)primary data collector.
Q3) The quality of a marketing decision is based primarily on the information used to make that decision.
A)True
B)False
Q4) The marketing research aggregator industry is a $100 million business annually.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 4: A: Secondary Data and Databases
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Q1) Traditionally,the starting point for the development of an internal database was information from salespersons call reports.
A)True
B)False
Q2) Database marketing has come under scrutiny based on the idea that it may infringe on consumers' ___________.
A)right to know
B)right to choose
C)right to privacy
D)right to not be deceived
Q3) Which of the following would be the least reliable source of secondary data? Data compiled by_______.
A)the Federal Government
B)a University Bureau of Business & Economic Research
C)a major trade association
D)city's Chamber of Commerce
E)All of the above are equally reliable.
Q4) Describe a situation in which a marketing research aggregator could benefit a client or marketing research supplier.
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Chapter 5: Qualitative Research
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Q1) When a trained interviewer conducts a one-hour discussion with a group of eight people to find out their preference for three TV commercials that have been created by an ad agency for a company's new product,this is an example of a(n):
A)focus group.
B)personal interview.
C)pilot study.
D)projective test.
E)in-depth interview.
Q2) When a focus group of eight people has a discussion for 90-minutes,the typical total cost of one group is about:
A)$2,000.
B)$4,000.
C)$6,000.
D)$8,000.
E)$10,000.
Q3) A typical focus group discussion lasts about 90 minutes.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 5: A: Qualitative Research
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Q1) If the goal of the research was to provide a demographic and lifestyle profile of a heavy user of a product,then the preferred type of research would be _______.
A)quantitative research
B)qualitative research
C)process analysis
D)formal analysis
E)none of the above
Q2) Which of the following is not a characteristic of qualitative research?
A)hardware consists of computers,questionnaires and printouts
B)is exploratory in nature
C)questions are probing
D)amount of information per respondent is substantial
E)All of the above are characteristics of qualitative research.
Q3) Which of the following is not an example of a projective test?
A)word association
B)sentence completion
C)cartoon test
D)photo sorts
E)All of the above are examples of projective tests.
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Chapter 6: Traditional Survey Research
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Q1) When an interviewer asks a college business major if he reads The Wall Street Journal every day and the students says: "Yes," but,in reality,the student rarely reads this newspaper,what type of error has occurred?
A)Random sampling error
B)Surrogate error
C)Nonresponse bias
D)Deliberate falsification
E)Selection error
Q2) What type of research error results from mistakes in the research design or in the execution of the research design?
A)Processing error
B)Systematic error
C)Selection error
D)Interviewer error
E)Administrative error
Q3) A telephone survey is a good way to conduct an in-depth interview with a respondent.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 6: A: Traditional Survey Research
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Q1) Mail surveys are a type of self-administered questionnaire.
A)True
B)False
Q2) If the client needs to have survey results quickly,the Internet is not the best choice.
A)True
B)False
Q3) Which of the following data collection techniques can produce excellent sample quality?
A)mail surveys
B)mall intercept
C)central location telephone
D)self-administered interviews
E)executive interviews
Q4) All of the following are factors that determine the selection of a particular survey method except:
A)Sampling precision
B)Specific,chosen respondents
C)Budget
D)Incidence rate
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Chapter 7: Online Marketing Research
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Q1) Focus groups are the primary form of online qualitative research in the U.S.
A)True
B)False
Q2) All of the following are disadvantages of online focus groups EXCEPT:
A)it is very difficult to create group dynamics.
B)the group cannot be observed behind a one-way mirror.
C)loss of nonverbal cues.
D)access to hard-to-reach target population members.
E)product prototypes cannot be given to the group to examine.
Q3) The Internet is proving to be a very effective tool to recruit focus group participants with defined demographic and behavioral composition.
A)True
B)False
Q4) The most important factor in the quality of traditional face-to-face focus group research is the skill of the moderator.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 7: A: Online Marketing Research
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Q1) Which of the following is not an advantage of online surveys?
A)rapid deployment
B)dramatically reduced costs
C)representative sample
D)high response rates
E)All of the above are advantages of online surveys.
Q2) An advantage of this type of recruited Internet sample is that it generates large pools of Respondents who are available to respond quickly.
A)recruited panels
B)opt-in list rentals
C)opt-in panels
D)random website intercepts
E)data capture of visitors
Q3) List and describe at least 5 advantages of online surveys over traditional surveys.
Q4) In online surveys,radio buttons are used when a respondent is able to select multiple options.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 8: Primary Data Collection: Observation
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Q1) When researchers can observe participants in a focus group discussion from a room next store,but the participants cannot see these researchers,this is an example of:
A)a natural situation.
B)mystery shopping.
C)one-way mirror observation.
D)a GSR study.
E)ethnographic research.
Q2) When a researcher looks at past recordings of behavior (e.g.library book checkout data)to record behavior of people,this is a type of observation research.
A)True
B)False
Q3) Observing human behavior in its natural context is called:
A)ethnographic research.
B)people reading.
C)contrived research.
D)EEG research.
E)GSR research.
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Chapter 8: A: Primary Data Collection: Observation
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Q1) What is Ethnographic research and list at least 5 advantages of it in marketing research?
Q2) The most common type of machine observation is a traffic counter.
A)True
B)False
Q3) A researcher who wants to measure emotional reactions to advertisements would be most likely to use which type of observation technique?
A)pupilometer
B)EEG
C)Voice-pitch analysis
D)GSR
E)none of the above
Q4) Which of the following is not a "natural" situation for observation?
A)getting people to participate in a simulated store situation so that their behavior can be observed
B)when the observed has no knowledge that they are being observed
C)observer plays no part in the behavior of interest
D)(a)and (c)
E)all of the above
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Chapter 9: Primary Data Collection: Experimentation and Test Markets
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Q1) How is the dependent variable measured in an experiment with the following notation?
O<sub>1</sub> X O<sub>2</sub>
A)O<sub>2</sub> - O<sub>1</sub>
B)O<sub>2</sub> x O<sub>1</sub>
C)O<sub>2 </sub>/ O<sub>1</sub>
D)O<sub>2</sub> + O<sub>1</sub>
E)O<sub>2</sub>
Q2) What type of experimental design occurs when the approval ratings of the President of the United States are tracked weekly for several weeks both before and after a major speech by the President on national television?
A)Pretest-Posttest experimental design
B)After-only with control group design
C)Time-series
D)Solomon 4 design
E)One-shot case study
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Chapter 9: A: Primary Data Collection: Experimentation and Test Markets
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Q1) Sales are a common dependent variable in marketing experiments.
A)True
B)False
Q2) If the researcher can show that the experimental or treatment variable actually produced the differences observed in the dependent variable,then the experiment can be said to be which of the following?
A)internally valid
B)extraneously valid
C)externally valid
D)laboratory valid
E)none of the above
Q3) Test markets offer at least two important benefits to the firm conducting the test.First and foremost,the test should identify weaknesses of the product and the proposed marketing strategy for the product and give management an opportunity to correct any weaknesses.
A)True
B)False
Q4) Under what conditions can the results of a test market be used to forecast sales for a region? To
Chapter 10: The Concept of Measurement
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Q1) A statement that specifies which observable characteristics will be measured and how they will be measured in order to assign a number to the measurement is called a (n):
A)validity factor.
B)construct.
C)reliability factor.
D)theoretical definition.
E)operational definition.
Q2) When participants in a research study are coded as either "male" or "female," what type of measurement scale is being used?
A)Ordinal
B)Ratio
C)Nominal
D)Interval
E)Rank-order
Q3) Any marketing concept (e.g."brand loyalty")has a one best operational definition.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 10: A: The Concept of Measurement
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Sample Questions
Q1) Revise the following questions so as to achieve interval scale data.
(1)How satisfied are you with your present car?
1=very satisfied 2=somewhat satisfied 3=not satisfied
Q2) If a questionnaire contains questions which were poorly worded,then the questionnaire could have a serious "reliability" problem.
A)True
B)False
Q3) Before a measurement scale can be shown to be valid,it must be _______.
A)stable
B)reliable
C)consistent
D)convergent
Q4) Equivalent form reliability is the ability of two very different forms of an instrument to produce closely correlated results.
A)True
B)False
Q5) A questionnaire could be reliable without being valid.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 11: Using Measurement Scales to Build Marketing
Effectiveness
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Q1) What type of scale is the following in a telephone survey?
How would you rate the prices at Macy's department store in St.Louis?
A)Likert scale
B)Forced choice scale
C)Stapel scale
D)Unbalanced scale
E)Semantic differential scale
Q2) In scaling,numbers are assigned as indicants of the properties of people,objects,or events.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 11: A: Using Measurement Scales to Build Marketing
Effectiveness
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Q1) Graphic rating scales are quicker to administer than other scale types.
A)True
B)False
Q2) A basic check of the appropriateness of a scale is not confirming that it is drawn directly from the overall objective of the research study.
A)True
B)False
Q3) A market researcher wants to know which attributes of a hotel impact consumers' choice of a hotel chain.Which type of attitudes should s/he measure?
A)cognitive
B)consumer
C)direct
D)determinant
E)none of the above
Q4) Likert scales measure the likelihood of purchasing a product.
A)True
B)False
Q5) List and briefly describe considerations in selecting a scale.
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Chapter 12: Questionnaire Design
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Q1) What type of question is the following: "Should Macy's department store continue its excellent return policy for its customers?"
A)This is a loaded question.
B)This is a double-barreled question.
C)This is an ambiguous question.
D)This is a leading question.
E)This is an unfair question.
Q2) What type of question is the following: "Have you purchased a high-quality RCA television set in the past year?"
A)This is a loaded question.
B)This is a double-barreled question.
C)This is an ambiguous question.
D)This is a leading question.
E)This is an unfair question.
Q3) A survey study should always include a pretest of the survey questions.
A)True B)False
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Chapter 12: A: Questionnaire Design
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Q1) In a survey,there should never be a model introduction/opening and closing.
A)True
B)False
Q2) A proper layout for a questionnaire is needed to:
A)make it attractive to the respondent.
B)elicit answers that are more carefully thought out and detailed.
C)impose standardization on the questionnaire.
D)compensate for poorly worded questions.
E)all of the above
Q3) Suppose the major attributes for iPad-type devices are as follows: 1)ability to download books;2)ability to connect to the Internet;3)backlit non-glare screens that you can read outside on a sunny day;4)priced under $250;and 5)ability to dock with a jump drive.Management wants to know which attributes are considered most important by potential consumers.Construct a question to meet such an objective.
Q4) Why do open-ended questions require more time (and money)to evaluate than closed-ended questions?
Q5) What is the make and model of your present car? __________________
Q6) What are Field Management Companies and when are they cost effective?
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Chapter 13: Basic Sampling Issues
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Q1) In a political science study,t he list of registered voters in Webster Groves,Missouri,is Called the:
A)convenience sample.
B)sample.
C)multi-stage sample.
D)area sample.
E)sampling frame.
Q2) The first step in developing a sampling plan is to:
A)identify a sampling frame.
B)determine the sample size.
C)define the population of interest.
D)choose a data-collection method.
E)decide on an operational procedure for selecting the sample.
Q3) The main advantage of snowball sampling is to reduce the search costs for selecting the sample or potential respondents.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 13: A: Basic Sampling Issues
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Q1) ________________ samples must be selected in such a way that every element of the population has a known and equal chance of being selected.
A)Cluster
B)Simple random
C)Convenience
D)Systematic random
E)Stratified random
Q2) Which of the following is a correct statement regarding probability samples?
A)The researcher can be sure of obtaining information from a representative cross section of the population of interest
B)Sampling error can be computed.
C)The survey results can be projected to the total population.
D)All of the above statements are correct.
E)None of the above are correct.
Q3) A judgment sample enables the researcher to make statistical inferences about population values.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 14: Sample Size Determination
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Q1) The normal distribution is symmetric about the mean.
A)True
B)False
Q2) If z = 1.96,the standard deviation is 3.5,and the error is plus or minus $0.25,what is the Approximate sample size needed for this study?
A)54
B)215
C)384
D)753
E)96
Q3) What type of property of the normal distribution states that,for any population,the Distribution of sample means approaches a normal distribution as sample size increases?
A)Pascal's Law
B)Bernouli's Law
C)Standard normal distribution
D)Central limit theorem
E)Confidence interval theorem
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Chapter 14: A: Sample Size Determination
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Q1) A researcher wants to know the average number of times per month respondents eat at fast food restaurants.The statistic that s/he is most interested in would be the_________.
A)variance
B)mean
C)standard deviation
D)proportion
Q2) Statistical power is the probability of making a type II error.
A)True
B)False
Q3) If we were making inferences from a single sample,we would expect that there would be a ____ percent probability that the sample mean or proportion generated from our sample results would be within two standard errors of the true population mean.
A)68.26%
B)99.74%
C)97.5%
D)95.44%
E)98.00%
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Chapter 15: Data Processing and Fundamental Data Analysis
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Q1) Which of the following is the simplest form of graph in marketing research?
A)Line charts
B)Pie charts
C)Stacked-bar charts
D)3-D pie charts
E)Bar charts
Q2) When the responses to one question on a survey are compared to the responses of another Question on that survey,this process is called:
A)editing.
B)coding.
C)cross tabulation.
D)scanning.
E)validation.
Q3) Descriptive statistics are the most efficient way to summarize large data sets.
A)True
B)False
Q4) Data that can be shown as a line chart can also be shown as a bar chart.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 15: A: Data Processing and Fundamental Data Analysis
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Q1) Means are not included in a cross tabulation.
A)True
B)False
Q2) Finding the value that occurs most frequently determines the__________.
A)standard deviation
B)mode
C)variance
D)mean
E)none of the above
Q3) Interviewers are often asked to paraphrase the responses to open-ended questions.
A)True
B)False
Q4) Checking to ensure that skip patterns were followed occurs during the data editing stage.
A)True
B)False
Q5) The median can be computed for all types of data except nominal data.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 16: Statistical Testing of Differences and Relationships
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Q1) In a study comparing adult men and adult women,if the standard deviation of the group
Of 49 men is 5.3 while the standard deviation of the 64 women is 4.8,what is the approximate standard error of the difference of the means for these data?
A)0.55
B)0.67
C)0.97
D)0.78
E)0.86
Q2) The statement: "If we lower the price of this product by 5 percent,then our profit will Increase by 3 percent" represents what type of statement?
A)A wild guess
B)A conclusion
C)A faint hope
D)A hypothesis
E)A decision rule
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Chapter 16: A: Statistical Testing of Differences and Relationships
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Q1) Samples in which the measurement of a variable in one population may influence the measurement of the variable in the other are called:
A) stratified samples.
B) dependent samples.
C) related samples.
D) constrained samples.
E) nonprobability samples.
Q2) The ANOVA technique requires two pieces of information from the researcher.Describe these two pieces of information and the level of measurement associated with each.
Q3) The hypothesis test of proportions is a test to determine whether the difference between two proportions is greater than would be expected because of sampling error.
A)True
B)False
Q4) Researchers must be careful to distinguish statistical significance from:
A)mathematical significance.
B)chance significance.
C)practical significance.
D)random significance.
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Chapter 17: Bivariate Correlation and Regression
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Q1) The degree to which changes in one variable are associated with changes in another Variable is known as:
A)chi-square.
B)ANOVA.
C)the dependent variable.
D)the independent variable.
E)correlation.
Q2) Least-squares regression produces a straight line that "fits" the data in the scatter plot
better than any other possible line.
A)True
B)False
Q3) When the degree of association between two variables is studied,the dependent Variable is called the:
A)concomitant variable.
B)predictor variable.
C)x-axis variable.
D)multi-dimensional variable.
E)criterion variable.
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Chapter 17: A: Bivariate Correlation and Regression
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Q1) Dependent variables are also known as predictor variables.
A)True
B)False
Q2) The dependent variable is also called the __________________.
A)Measure
B)Criterion
C)Principle
D)Standard
Q3) The variation explained by the regression equation is called SSR or sum of squares due to the regression,and the variation not explained by the regression is called SSE or the error sum of squares.
A)True
B)False
Q4) In regression,the unexplained variation is referred to as error sum of squares (SSE).
A)True
B)False
Q5) A perfect correlation indicates that two variables are causally related.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 18: Multivariate Data Analysis
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Q1) Which type of multivariate analysis should be used when a researcher wants to identify
Subgroups of individuals that are homogeneous within subgroups and different from other subgroups?
A)Conjoint analysis
B)Cluster analysis
C)Multiple regression analysis
D)Factor analysis
E)Multiple discriminant analysis
Q2) Which type of statistical analysis is used to determine what features a new car should
Have and how this car should be priced?
A)Bivariate analysis
B)Chi-square analysis
C)One-group t-test
D)Conjoint analysis
E)Two-group t-test
Q3) The goal of discriminant analysis is to predict a categorical variable.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 18: A: Multivariate Data Analysis
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Q1) An advertising agency has been doing work for a client selling widgets.The three-month campaign has produced a low correlation between advertising expenditures and sales for its client.Hence,the client is considering firing the ad agency.The ad agency counters that consumer sales are not a fair assessment of the effectiveness of the ad campaign after only three months.They counter with an analysis of advertising expenditures in relation to number of requests for information about the widgets;number of distributors stocking widgets;and number of retailers requesting shipments of widgets.The ad agency has a database with such information.What kind of analysis would best assist the ad agency in making their case for the effectiveness of their ad campaign?
Q2) Suppose an analyst wanted to determine whether or not dollars spent on advertising,number of sales people,number of new products introduced,and dollars spent on research and development were contributing to the growth in company market share.Which of the following procedures would be most appropriate?
A)conjoint analysis
B)cluster analysis
C)multiple regression analysis
D)perceptual mapping
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Chapter 19: Communicating the Research Results
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Q1) In a research report,the conclusions are derived by what process?
A)Recommendations
B)Induction
C)Chi-square analysis
D)Deduction
E)Statistical analysis
Q2) The Executive summary of a research report should contain all of the following EXCEPT:
A)what the research found.
B)what the data mean.
C)detailed statistical procedures.
D)what action should be taken.
E)key findings.
Q3) Which of the following dominates the market in terms of creating the format and Preparation of marketing research reports?
A)SPSS
B)Microsoft's Word
C)SAS
D)Microsoft's Excel
E)Microsoft's PowerPoint
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Chapter 19: A: Communicating the Research Results
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Q1) The executive summary:
A)should be a maximum of four pages
B)is often the most difficult part of the report to write
C)is where the researcher lists key findings
D)all of the above
E)none of the above
Q2) Writing the report always comes after the data has been cross tabulated and statistical testing has been performed.
A)True
B)False
Q3) How would you respond to the following statement: "The Methodology should explain in detail how the research was done and why it was done."
Q4) How would you respond to the following statement: "The Executive Summary might be the most important part of the research report."
Q5) Conclusions in a report are derived from the process of ___________.
A)deduction
B)reduction
C)induction
D)none of the above
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Chapter 20: Managing Marketing Research
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Q1) What is the general rule for selecting a marketing research supplier?
A)Choose the least expensive supplier and,if the project's needs exceed their abilities,move to the next supplier.
B)Choose the smallest firm consistent with the scope of the project,as long as the project is not more than 30% of the supplier's annual revenues.
C)Choose the vendor that has the best reputation.
D)Choose the smallest firm consistent with the scope of the project,as long as the project is not more than 15% of the supplier's annual revenues.
E)There is no general rule.
Q2) The key to good supplier-client relations is ____________.
A)hard work
B)communication
C)a fair price
D)positive results
E)keeping the project on schedule
Q3) What is a recent trend with regard to outsourcing versus insourcing marketing research services?
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Chapter 20: A: Managing Marketing Research
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Q1) When Market Directions asked marketing research clients to rate the importance of statements regarding research departments,the most important factor was maintaining client confidentiality.
A)True
B)False
Q2) A key argument against the traditional accounting way of determining return on Investment is that it:
A)adds profit return to expenditure instead of multiplying it.
B)divides profit return by expenditure instead of subtracting it.
C)divides profit return by expenditure instead of adding it.
D)multiplies profit return by expenditure instead of adding it.
E)subtracts profit return by expenditure instead of multiplying it.
Q3) Keeping track of the development of communication systems,data quality,time Schedules,cost controls,client profitability,and staff development is called:
A)time management.
B)quarterly reporting.
C)monthly reporting.
D)research management.
E)annual reporting.
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