Neuroscience
Mock Exam
Course Introduction
Neuroscience is an interdisciplinary field that explores the structure, function, development, and disorders of the nervous system, with a primary focus on the brain and spinal cord. This course introduces students to fundamental principles of neurobiology, including neural cell biology, electrophysiology, neuroanatomy, and synaptic transmission. Students will examine how sensory information is processed, how motor responses are generated, and how complex behaviors arise from neural circuits. The course also covers neurological diseases and the latest research techniques in neuroscience, preparing students to understand and investigate the biological basis of cognition, emotion, and behavior.
Recommended Textbook
Neuroscience 4th Edition by Laurie Lundy Ekman
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19 Chapters
356 Verified Questions
356 Flashcards
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Page 2
Chapter 1: Introduction to Neuroscience
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which one of the following studies is an example of systems level neuroscience?
A)A study investigating the action of the neurotransmitter dopamine in the temporal lobes of rodents
B)A study investigating the effect of impaired memory on walking performance
C)A study investigating how autonomic nerves influences baroreceptors in the vasculature
D)A study investigating the differential effects of vestibular and proprioceptive impairments on balance in those who have had a stroke
Answer: C
Q2) The peripheral nervous system includes which of the following?
A)Brainstem and spinal nerves
B)Nerves,sensory receptors,and autonomic ganglia
C)Groups of myelinated axons called capsules or tracts
D)Only afferent neurons that convey information to the central nervous system
Answer: B
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3
Chapter 2: Physical and Electrical Properties of Cells in the Nervous System
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which one of the following is not one of the primary components of a neuron?
A)Axon
B)Soma
C)Postsynaptic membrane
D)Dendrite
Answer: C
Q2) Propagation of an action potential along an axon is dependent on a(n):
A)Complete myelination of the axon by glial cells.
B)Anterograde diffusion of the electric potential with active generation of new potentials.
C)Rapid repolarization associated with passive diffusion of Cl-.
D)Retrograde diffusion of the electrical potential.
E)Na /K pump moving sufficient quantities of Na into of the cell and K out of the cell.
Answer: B
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4
Chapter 3: Synapses and Synaptic Transmission
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Sample Questions
Q1) The binding of ACh at the neuromuscular junction results in:
A)An inhibitory postsynaptic potential.
B)Presynaptic facilitation.
C)Presynaptic inhibition.
D)An excitatory postsynaptic potential.
Answer: D
Q2) Which of the following is a type of synaptic connection between neurons?
A)Axosomatic
B)Axoaxonic
C)Axodendritic
D)All of the above
Answer: D
Q3) Substance P is an example of a(n):
A)Amino acid transmitter.
B)Amine transmitter.
C)Peptide transmitter.
D)Histamine transmitter.
Answer: C
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5
Chapter 4: Neuroplasticity
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Sample Questions
Q1) Cellular effects of excitotoxicity include:
A)Excessive production of lactic acid.
B)Destruction of cellular proteins.
C)Cellular edema.
D)Interference of mitochondria functions.
E)All of the above
Q2) Neurons that are deprived of oxygen for a prolonged period:
A)Release glycine,which inhibits the postsynaptic neurons and prevents neural function even in neurons not directly affected by the oxygen deprivation.
B)Become inactive and slowly regenerate.
C)Release glutamate,which causes overexcitation of the surrounding neurons.
D)A,B,and C
E)None of the above
Q3) Which of the following rehabilitation mechanisms promotes beneficial neural plasticity?
A)Task-specific practice
B)Early initiation of rehabilitation
C)Bed rest
D)Both A and B
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Chapter 5: Development of the Nervous System
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which one of the following statements about somites is NOT true?
A)The sclerotome develops into the vertebrae and skull.
B)The myotome develops into skeletal muscle.
C)The dermatome develops into skin.
D)Somites are added in a caudal-to-rostral direction.
E)Somites develop adjacent to the neural groove.
Q2) During development,the nervous system is sculpted through which of the following?
A)Neuronal death
B)Neuronal activity
C)Axon retraction
D)All of the above
Q3) Somites are derived from which one of the following pre-embryonic cell layers?
A)Endoderm
B)Mesoderm
C)Ectoderm
D)Neural crest
E)None of the above
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Chapter 6: Somatosensory System
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Sample Questions
Q1) Stimulation of a peripheral receptor is conveyed to the cell body of a primary neuron located in which one of the following?
A)Nucleus gracilis
B)Nucleus cuneatus
C)Dorsal root ganglion
D)Fasciculus gracilis
E)Fasciculus cuneatus
Q2) Fast pain occurs before slow pain because fast pain impulses travel on which of the following?
A)Larger,unmyelinated axons
B)Smaller,unmyelinated axons
C)Larger,myelinated axons
D)Smaller,myelinated axons
Q3) Temperature information is transmitted via pathways to the:
A)Reticular formation
B)Hypothalamus
C)Subcortical nuclei
D)All of the above
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8
Chapter 7: Somatosensation: Clinical Application
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Sample Questions
Q1) Lesions in what location(s)will result in decreased or lost sensation from the contralateral body or face?
A)Ventral posterolateral (VPL)nucleus of the thalamus
B)Ventral posteromedial (VPM)nucleus of the thalamus
C)A and B
D)None of the above
Q2) Which of the following are NOT characteristics of acute pain?
A)Threat of or actual tissue damage
B)Dysfunction of endogenous pain control systems
C)Clear description of the location of the pain
D)Excessive autonomic activity
Q3) If only one sensory root is severed,does a complete loss of sensation result in that area?
A)Yes.Sensation does not depend on multiple dermatomes.
B)No.Overlapping dermatomes ensure not all sensation is lost.
C)No.Multiple sensory roots must be severed for complete sensory loss to occur.
D)Yes.Overlapping dermatomes will not prevent complete sensation loss.
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Chapter 8: Neuropathic Pain, pain Matrix Dysfunction, and Pain Syndromes
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Sample Questions
Q1) What type of sensation can be described as excessive sensitivity to stimuli that is normally mildly painful in uninjured tissue?
A)Dysesthesia
B)Allodynia
C)Paresthesia
D)Secondary hyperalgesia
Q2) What type of headache is characterized by mild-to-moderate pain,is usually bilateral,and lasts 30 minutes to 7 days but is not aggravated by physical activity and is not associated with nausea or vomiting?
A)Headache caused by excessive pressure
B)Headache caused by hemorrhage
C)Migraine headache
D)Episodic tension-type headache (ETTH)
Q3) Which of the following are characteristic of CRPS?
A)Effects on the somatosensory,autonomic,and motor systems
B)Muscle guarding,disuse,and abnormal movements
C)None of the above
D)A and B
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Chapter 9: Autonomic Nervous System
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Q1) Areas of the central nervous system (CNS)that modulate autonomic control include which one of the following?
A)Thalamus
B)Hypothalamus
C)Limbic system
D)Both A and B
E)A,B,and C
Q2) During acute appendicitis,the contribution of the somatosensory nociceptive afferents is which of the following?
A)Regulation of visceral function
B)Production of skeletal muscle guarding to protect the appendix
C)Modulation of respiratory function
D)Signaling visceral distress to the brain
E)Signaling conscious awareness of pain in the umbilical region
Q3) Which of the following is NOT a cause of syncope?
A)Insufficient cardiac output
B)Hypoxia
C)Hyperglycemia
D)Strong emotions
E)Hypoglycemia
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Chapter 10: The Motor System: Motor Neurons
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Sample Questions
Q1) Decorticate rigidity occurs with which of the following?
A)Lesions of the medulla
B)Vascular lesions of the anterior choroidal artery
C)Lesions superior to the midbrain
D)Lesions to the cerebellar lobes
E)All of the above
Q2) Which of the following statements about fast twitch muscle fibers is true?
A)The neuron innervating the muscle determines twitch characteristics.
B)Alpha motor neurons having large-diameter axons innervate fast twitch muscle fibers.
C)Using a long train of repetitive contractions identifies twitch characteristics.
D)Both A and B
E)A,B,and C
Q3) Which one of the following involuntary muscle contractions is always abnormal?
A)Muscle spasms
B)Cramps
C)Fasciculations
D)Fibrillations
E)All of the above
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Chapter 11: Basal Ganglia, cerebellum, and Movement
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Q1) How does motor information from the basal ganglia reach spinal lower motor neurons?
A)Neurons in the basal ganglia that have axonal connections directly to spinal lower motor neurons.
B)Neural connections with the cerebellum.
C)Output to the thalamus and pedunculopontine nucleus (PPN),which synapse with cortical and brainstem motor neurons that project to the spinal lower motor neurons.
D)Direct connections from the striatum to lower motor neurons.
E)Neurons from the subthalamic nucleus directly synapse with spinal lower motor neurons.
Q2) Which of the following is a potential treatment option for individuals with Parkinson's disease?
A)L-3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine (l-DOPA)
B)Deep-brain stimulation
C)Physical and occupational therapy
D)All of the above
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Chapter 12: Peripheral Nervous System
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Q1) In a recording from a nerve conduction velocity (NCV)study,decreased amplitude of recorded potentials,combined with slowing of NCV,indicates which of the following?
A)Myelinopathy
B)Myopathy
C)Myasthenia gravis
D)Upper motor neuron lesion
E)Axonopathy
Q2) Guillian-Barré syndrome is an autoimmune disease that causes:
A)Necrosis of the alpha motor neuron
B)Degeneration of the motor endplate
C)Spasticity
D)Peripheral demyelination
E)Degeneration of the C-fiber axons
Q3) Myasthenia gravis is an autoimmune disease affecting the:
A)Myelin of peripheral nerves.
B)ACh receptors at the neuromuscular junction.
C)Release of ACh from the presynaptic terminal.
D)Storage of calcium in the sarcoplasmic reticulum.
E)Alpha motor neurons in the ventral horn of spinal cord.
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Page 14
Chapter 13: Spinal Region
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Sample Questions
Q1) Autonomic dysreflexia is characterized by which one of the following?
A)Abrupt decrease in blood pressure because of sympathetic vasoconstriction
B)Abrupt increase in blood pressure and pounding headache
C)Profuse sweating below the level of the lesion
D)Excessive activation of the parasympathetic nervous system
E)Excessive shivering associated with hyperthermia
Q2) Which one of the following is NOT a sign of an upper motor neuron lesion?
A)Muscle paresis
B)Hyperreflexia
C)Muscle fasciculations
D)Positive Babinski's sign
E)Spasticity
Q3) After a complete spinal cord injury affecting S2-4,a bladder that cannot be emptied is which of the following?
A)Hypertonic and hyperreflexive
B)Flaccid and paralyzed
C)Spastic
D)Autoreflexive
E)None of the above
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Chapter 14: Cranial Nerves
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Q1) First-order neurons conveying discriminative touch information from the face synapse in which of the following?
A)Ciliary ganglion
B)Trigeminal ganglion
C)Main sensory nucleus of the trigeminal nerve
D)Ventral posteromedial nucleus of the thalamus
E)Mesencephalic nucleus
Q2) In what part of the anatomy would you find the organ of Corti?
A)Cochlea
B)Vestibular apparatus
C)Wernicke's area
D)Reticular formation
Q3) A complete lesion of the abducens nerve will cause the eye to look inward.Why?
A)Paralysis of the lateral rectus muscle leaves the pull of the medial rectus muscle unopposed.
B)Paralysis of the medial rectus muscle leaves the pull of the lateral rectus muscle unopposed.
C)Paralysis of the lateral rectus muscle opposes the pull of the medial rectus muscle.
D)The lateral rectus muscle pulls the medial rectus muscle.
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Page 16
Chapter 15: Brainstem Region
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Q1) Which of the following is a section of the midbrain?
A)Basilar
B)Tegmentum
C)Tectum
D)All of the above
Q2) Which of the following is a function of the parasympathetic nucleus of the oculomotor nerve?
A)Control of the lateral movements of the eye
B)Control of the medial,superior,and inferior rectus muscles and the inferior oblique muscle
C)Control of the pupillary sphincter and the ciliary muscle
D)A and B
E)A,B,and C
Q3) The anterior (basilar)section of the brainstem contains which of the following?
A)Descending axons from the cerebral cortex
B)Superior and inferior colliculi
C)Reticular formation
D)Predominantly sensory pathways
E)All of the above
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Chapter 16: Vestibular and Visual Systems
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Q1) Information from the right visual field is conveyed to which of the following?
A)Left lateral geniculate and left visual cortex
B)Right lateral geniculate and right visual cortex
C)Bilateral geniculate then left visual cortex
D)Bilateral secondary visual cortices
E)Right pretectal area of superior colliculus
Q2) The functions of the vestibulocerebellum are to receive vestibular information and to ___________________.
A)Send signals to the semicircular canals
B)Prevent adaptation to vestibular disorders
C)Influence the speed of movement
D)Influence eye movements and postural muscles
Q3) The ___________ vestibulospinal tract is the primary tract for vestibular influence on lower motor neurons to postural muscles in the limbs and trunk.
A)Lateral
B)Medial
C)Anterior
D)Posterior
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18
Chapter 17: Cerebrum
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Q1) The parietotemporal association area is important for which of the following?
A)Solving a problem
B)Comprehending communication
C)Understanding spatial relationships
D)A and B
E)A,B,and C
Q2) Recognition of an unseen object by touch and manipulation occurs in which of the following?
A)Cerebellum
B)Basal ganglia
C)Primary somatosensory cortex
D)Secondary sensory area
E)Dorsolateral prefrontal association
Q3) Which of the following structures are involved in the recognition,generation,and perception of emotion?
A)Amygdala and mediodorsal thalamic nucleus
B)Epithalamus and subthalamus
C)Anterior insula and ventral striatum
D)A and C
E)All of the above
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Chapter 18: Cerebrum: Clinical Applications
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Q1) What differences generally appear in how attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)manifests in boys versus in girls?
A)No differences exist.
B)Boys with ADHD are more likely to be inattentive than girls;girls tend to be hyperactive or impulsive.
C)Girls with ADHD are more likely to be inattentive than boys;boys tend to be hyperactive or impulsive.
D)Girls with ADHD are less likely to be inattentive than boys;boys tend to be hyperactive or impulsive.
Q2) Which of the following typically occur after traumatic head injury?
A)Impulsiveness and inappropriate behaviors
B)Difficulty in directing attention
C)Decreased executive functions
D)A and B
E)A,B,and C
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Chapter 19: Support Systems: Blood Supply and Cerebrospinal Fluid System
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Q1) Which of the following stimulate vasoconstriction of the cerebral arteries?
A)Low blood pressure
B)Low pH levels (acidic)
C)Low oxygen (O )concentrations
D)Low carbon dioxide (CO )concentrations
Q2) Which of the following statements is correct?
A)The inner layer of the dura mater is attached to the arachnoid.
B)The pia mater is a delicate membrane loosely attached to the dura mater.
C)Extensions of the arachnoid anchor the spinal cord to the dura mater.
D)Arachnoid trabeculae connect the arachnoid to the brain and spinal cord.
E)Both A and D are correct statements.
Q3) An embolus in which of the following arteries will usually produce cerebellar ischemia?
A)Vertebrobasilar
B)Basilar
C)Intracranial vertebral
D)Cerebral
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Page 21