Neuropsychology
Textbook Exam Questions
Course Introduction
Neuropsychology is the scientific study of the relationship between the brain and behavior, exploring how various structures and systems within the nervous system influence cognitive functions, emotions, and actions. This course examines foundational concepts such as brain anatomy, neurodevelopment, and neuroplasticity, as well as the effects of neurological disorders and injuries on thinking, memory, language, and motor skills. Students will learn about assessment tools and research methods used to evaluate cognitive deficits, and investigate case studies that illuminate the brain-behavior connection. Neuropsychology provides essential insights for careers in psychology, neuroscience, health sciences, and related fields.
Recommended Textbook
Discovering Behavioral Neuroscience An Introduction to Biological Psychology 4th Edition by Laura
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2
Chapter 1: What Is Behavioral Neuroscience?
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Q1) The Egyptian author of the Edwin Smith Surgical Papyrus understood that A) paralysis and lack of sensation in the body resulted from nervous system damage. B) the brain is the source of every documented type of intelligence.
C) functions can be localized in the brain and the spinal cord, both of which comprise the central nervous system.
D) the brain is made up of trillions of separate cells.
Answer: A
Q2) Your former roommate's personality has changed a great deal since an accident injured his frontal cortex. This observation offers support for the _________ view of the mind-body connection.
A) phrenologistic
B) monistic
C) socialization
D) dualistic
Answer: B
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Chapter 2: Functional Neuroanatomy and the Evolution of the Nervous System
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Q1) Cindy brought a fake rubber snake into the lab where her rhesus monkeys lived. Most of the monkeys responded with fear vocalizations, but one did not. Cindy knew this monkey had been in a lesion experiment prior to coming to her lab, but she didn't know what type of lesion had been done. What would you tell Cindy about her monkey?
A) He probably didn't have a lesion at all, as ignoring fake snakes is considered normal for rhesus monkeys.
B) He probably had a lesion in the hippocampus of both hemispheres.
C) He probably had a lesion in the amygdala of both hemispheres.
D) He probably had a lesion of the ventromedial nucleus of the hypothalamus.
Answer: C
Q2) Your cat always walks up to you and wants you to pet it on its back or ________ surface, but your dog lies on its back and presents its _________ surface for you to scratch.
A) ventral; dorsal
B) dorsal; ventral
C) rostral; caudal
D) caudal; rostral
Answer: B
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Chapter 3: Neurophysiology: The Structure and Functions of the
Cells of the Nervous System
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Q1) The vast majority of neurons are classified as A) sensory neurons.
B) motor neurons.
C) spinal neurons.
D) interneurons.
Answer: D
Q2) One of the reasons that action potentials only go in one direction, away from the cell body, is because
A) the adjacent prior segment of axon is still at +40mV.
B) voltage-dependent gates are limited in the frequency with which they can open.
C) the adjacent prior segment is still in refractory period.
D) the action potential temporarily disables the sodium-potassium pumps.
Answer: C
Q3) The membrane potential at which an action potential is triggered is known as the A) resting potential.
B) threshold.
C) absolute refractory period.
D) relative refractory period.
Answer: B
5
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Chapter 4: Psychopharmacology
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Q1) Which of the following drugs act as reuptake inhibitors?
A) organophosphates and reserpine
B) cocaine and Prozac®
C) nicotine and curare
D) Botox and apomorphine
Q2) Opioids, like Oxycontin, are highly addictive. Someone taking such an opioid will develop tolerance for it and increase the dosage. Recall that opioids have multiple effects with different efficacies and explain why development of tolerance can result in a life-threatening situation.
Q3) Suppose that a researcher has developed a new drug for the treatment of ADHD. How would you design an appropriate test to ensure that the drug was effective?
Q4) Which of the following neurochemicals is a monoamine?
A) glutamate
B) GABA
C) ACh
D) norepinephrine
Q5) When the body's compensation for a drug cancels out most of the drug's effects, ________ occurs, and when the compensatory effects occur alone, ________ occurs.
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Chapter 5: Genetics and the Development of the Human Brain
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Q1) Amber and Rachel are identical twins who were raised together, and Nicole and Kayla are identical twins who were adopted by different families at birth. Based on the findings of the Minnesota Study of Twins Reared Apart, what can we expect to see as these girls grow up?
A) Amber and Rachel will be have more similar nonreligious social attitudes than Nicole and Kayla.
B) Amber and Rachel will show about the same similarities in their nonreligious social attitudes as Nicole and Kayla.
C) Amber and Rachel will show less similarity in their nonreligious social attitudes than Nicole and Kayla.
D) None of the twins will share any substantial similarities in nonreligious social attitudes with her twin.
Q2) In human development, this layer develops into most of the internal organs.
A) the endoderm
B) the mesoderm
C) the ectoderm
D) the blastoderm
Q3) Summarize the major events that occur in synaptogenesis.
Q4) .Describe the development of the neural tube into bulges or vesicles.
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Chapter 6: Vision
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Q1) The reason we do not perceive our eye blinks as "blackouts" might be that
A) blinks happen too quickly to be perceived by the cerebral cortex.
B) during a blink, the visual cortex is deactivated.
C) we learn to ignore these interruptions in visual input.
D) during a blink, areas of the brain involved with consciousness become less active.
Q2) In response to light falling on the retina, ganglion cells
A) go from being silent to very active.
B) go from being active to being silent.
C) change their spontaneous rate of firing.
D) release glutamate onto photoreceptors.
Q3) Which of the following involves a binocular depth cue?
A) texture gradient
B) relative size
C) retinal disparity
D) perspective (parallel lines converge at the horizon)
Q4) Discuss the portion of the electromagnetic radiation spectrum that humans can see. What is the approximate range (in nm) and what colors do we experience at each end of that range?
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Chapter 7: Nonvisual Sensation and Perception
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Q1) The fact that auditory cortex is tonotopically organized means that
A) there is a different area of cortex assigned to each ear.
B) there is a different number of neurons assigned to each level of loudness.
C) neurons responding to one frequency are located next to neurons responding to similar frequencies.
D) neurons responding to one amplitude are located next to neurons responding to similar amplitudes.
Q2) Primary somatosensory cortex is located in
A) the postcentral gyrus of the parietal lobe.
B) the precentral gyrus of the frontal lobe.
C) the fusiform gyrus of the temporal lobe.
D) Heschl's gyrus of the temporal lobe.
Q3) Caleb is suffering from hearing loss as a result of conduction loss. What could be causing his conduction loss? Is there anything that can be done to restore his hearing loss?
Q4) High amplitude sound waves are perceived as A) quiet.
B) loud.
C) high pitched.
D) low pitched.
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Chapter 8: Movement
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Q1) The muscles of the arms and shoulders contain
A) approximately equal amounts of fast- and slow-twitch fibers, making them well suited for both endurance and explosive movements.
B) higher proportions of slow-twitch fibers, making them better suited for endurance than for explosive movements.
C) higher proportions of fast-twitch fibers, making them better suited for explosive movements than for endurance movements.
D) higher proportions of fast-twitch fibers, making them better suited for endurance than for explosive movements.
Q2) Muscles dominated by slow-twitch fibers appear _________ due to the presence of _________.
A) white; calcium
B) white; myoglobin
C) red; calcium
D) red; myoglobin
Q3) Describe current hypotheses regarding the causes of Parkinson's disease.
Q4) Describe the major features of fast- and slow-twitch muscles, and discuss the implications of these different features for movement.
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Chapter 9: Homeostasis, Motivation, and Reward
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Q1) Aldosterone is released by the A) kidneys.
B) anterior pituitary gland.
C) posterior pituitary gland.
D) adrenal glands.
Q2) The median preoptic nucleus receives input from the A) OVLT and the subfornical organ.
B) OVLT and the nucleus of the solitary tract (NST).
C) subfornical organ and the NST.
D) subfornical organ and the zona incerta.
Q3) The subfornical organ communicates directly with the A) posterior pituitary.
B) lateral hypothalamus.
C) median preoptic nucleus of the hypothalamus.
D) zona incerta.
Q4) Under normal circumstances, the only source of energy used by the brain is A) glucose.
B) fatty acids.
C) protein.
D) glycogen.
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Chapter 10: Sexual Behavior
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Q1) Andre was found to have an extra Y chromosome. Because of this, you can expect that Andre is likely to be
A) convicted of a violent crime.
B) cognitively challenged.
C) indistinguishable from a man with an XY genotype.
D) infertile.
Q2) Steve is in a monogamous, long-term relationship. It is likely that he has very high levels of testosterone compared to his single friends.
A)True
B)False
Q3) The Schachters are having a baby girl. As their baby develops, the _____ system will develop into the baby's _____.
A) Wolffian; seminal vesicles, vas deferens, and the prostate
B) Wolffian; uterus, fallopian tubes, and upper portion of the vagina
C) Müllerian; seminal vesicles, vas deferens, and the prostate
D) Müllerian; uterus, fallopian tubes, and upper portion of the vagina
Q4) Jan has been diagnosed with CAH. Explain what doctors would predict regarding her choices of toys.
Q5) Discuss how the internal sexual organs develop differently from the gonads.
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Chapter 11: Sleep and Waking
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Q1) In REM behavior disorder, a person
A) does not experience REM sleep at all.
B) experiences unusually large amounts of REM sleep.
C) does not experience the paralysis usually accompanying REM.
D) remains paralyzed even after waking.
Q2) The stress of crossing multiple time zones during air travel may
A) increase the release of melatonin.
B) decrease the release of melatonin.
C) increase the release of cortisol.
D) decrease the release of cortisol.
Q3) Dreams during REM sleep are A) nonexistent.
B) vivid, unrealistic, and storylike.
C) logical and not very emotional.
D) associated with night terrors.
Q4) Melatonin is secreted by the A) superior colliculi.
B) SCN.
C) the pituitary gland.
D) the pineal gland.
Page 13
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Chapter 12: Learning and Memory
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Q1) When Thomas was a little boy, his mother often gave him a piece of candy whenever she had to bandage up a scraped elbow or knee. Now that Thomas is in college, he struggles with his weight because every time he feels sad or lonely, he craves something sweet to eat. It is likely that for Thomas, eating candy now serves as a(n)
A) conditioned stimulus.
B) conditioned response.
C) unconditioned stimulus.
D) unconditioned response.
Q2) Long-term potentiation (LTP) can be demonstrated outside the hippocampus at synapses involving neurotransmitters other than glutamate.
A)True
B)False
Q3) The Schaffer collateral pathway connects
A) the dentate gyrus and Ammon's horn of the hippocampus.
B) association cortex and the hippocampus.
C) the CA3 and CA1 areas of Ammon's horn.
D) the hippocampus and the hypothalamus.
Q4) Procedural memories involve a number of areas of the brain. Explain which areas are involved.
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Chapter 13: Cognition
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Q1) Information that is intuitive or emotional is processed
A) more effectively in the right hemisphere in most people.
B) more effectively in the left hemisphere in most people.
C) equally in both hemispheres in most people.
D) more effectively in the right hemisphere in about half of all people and more effectively in the left hemisphere in the other half.
Q2) Which of the following processes is NOT lateralized?
A) language
B) motor control in the left side of the body
C) sensation of the right visual field
D) blood pressure in the torso
Q3) As a child, Michelle learned sign language at the same time she learned English because her mother signed and spoke at the same time. If Michelle has a stroke that results in Broca's aphasia, which of the following might you expect?
A) She will speak English with difficulty but will be able to sign perfectly.
B) She will be unable to sign correctly but will be able to speak English well.
C) She will be able to speak English with difficulty and will also have trouble signing.
D) She will have no comprehension of English, but she will be able to sign well.
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Chapter 14: Emotion, Aggression, and Stress
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Q1) The facial nuclei
A) are richly connected with one another.
B) do not communicate directly with one another.
C) are controlled primarily by the red nucleus.
D) are composed of eight subnuclei.
Q2) At times of stress, cortisol is released by the A) hypothalamus.
B) anterior pituitary gland.
C) posterior pituitary gland.
D) adrenal glands.
Q3) Patients with damage to subcortical motor areas lose
A) voluntary control of facial muscles but retain spontaneous expression.
B) spontaneous expression but retain voluntary control of facial muscles.
C) both voluntary control of facial muscles and spontaneous expression.
D) neither voluntary control of facial muscles nor spontaneous expression.
Q4) Since most aggression is learned, the heritability of impulsive aggression is very low.
A)True
B)False
Q5) Summarize the components of an emotion.
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Chapter 15: Neuropsychology
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Q1) The vast majority of those diagnosed with dementia-between 60 and 90 percent-suffer from ________ disease.
A) Huntington's
B) Klinefelter's
C) Parkinson's
D) Alzheimer's
Q2) Prior infection with herpes simplex has been implicated in the later development of A) meningitis.
B) primary encephalitis.
C) dementia.
D) multiple sclerosis.
Q3) Which of the following classes of medication are used to treat migraine headaches?
A) statins
B) endogenous hormones
C) triptans and Botox
D) beta amyloids
Q4) Describe the two major types of generalized seizures.
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Chapter 16: Psychopathology
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Q1) Professor Huntley is giving a lecture on treatments for bipolar disorder. He mentions that some research was looking into using omega-3 fatty acids as a potential supplemental treatment and that results showed
A) the effect was too strong.
B) that patients clearly had significant improvement.
C) that only men benefited from the supplements.
D) that more research is needed as results were mixed.
Q2) Substantial drops in the population of patients institutionalized for mental disorders coincided with
A) the use of typical antipsychotics to treat schizophrenia.
B) the use of clozapine to treat schizophrenia.
C) the widespread use of psychosocial rehabilitation.
D) reduced exposure of pregnant women to viruses.
Q3) If medication with antipsychotics is discontinued, tardive dyskinesia
A) disappears immediately.
B) disappears after a period of about six months to a year.
C) disappears after a period of about three years.
D) can continue indefinitely and may be permanent.
Q4) Discuss the correlations between brain activity and antisocial behavior.
Q5) Discuss the difference between an obsession and a compulsion?
Page 18
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