Neuropsychology
Textbook Exam Questions
Course Introduction
Neuropsychology explores the intricate relationship between the brain and behavior, focusing on how various structures and processes in the nervous system influence cognitive functions, emotions, and actions. This course examines fundamental concepts such as brain anatomy, neural pathways, and the effects of injury or disease on mental processes like memory, language, attention, and executive function. Students will also learn about neuropsychological assessment techniques, the diagnosis and management of neurological and psychiatric disorders, and recent advances in brain imaging technologies. The course emphasizes critical thinking about the biological basis of behavior and the applications of neuropsychological knowledge in clinical, research, and rehabilitation settings.
Recommended Textbook
Biological Psychology 13th Edition by James W. Kalat
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Chapter 1: Nerve Cells and Nerve Impulses
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Sample Questions
Q1) Small, charged molecules can cross the cell membrane through ____.
A) diffusion
B) ribosomes
C) mitochondria
D) protein channels
Answer: D
Q2) The action potential of a neuron depends mostly on what movement of ions?
A) Sodium ions entering the cell
B) Sodium ions leaving the cell
C) Potassium ions entering the cell
D) Potassium ions leaving the cell
Answer: A
Q3) What mechanism prevents or slows some chemicals from entering the brain, while allowing others to enter?
A) A threshold
B) A blood-brain barrier
C) An endoplasmic wall
D) A differential-drug inhibitor
Answer: B
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Page 3
Chapter 2: Synapses
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which statement is true of EPSPs?
A) They work in pairs to produce an action potential.
B) They decay over time and space.
C) They can be either excitatory or inhibitory.
D) They occur because potassium gates open.
Answer: B
Q2) Sherrington found that repeated stimuli within a brief time have a cumulative effect. He referred to this phenomenon as ____.
A) temporal summation
B) spatial summation
C) synaptic summation
D) saltatory summation
Answer: A
Q3) The circuit from sensory neuron to muscle response is called ____.
A) a reflex arc
B) a synapse
C) flexion
D) extension
Answer: A
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Page 4
Chapter 3: Anatomy and Research Methods
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Sample Questions
Q1) Darren is studying for a quiz. He writes in his notes that his parietal lobe is important for his sense of _____.
A) touch
B) taste
C) sight
D) sound
Answer: A
Q2) The hindbrain consists of the ____.
A) tectum, tegmentum, and reticular formation
B) thalamus and hypothalamus
C) spinal cord and cranial nerves
D) medulla, pons, and cerebellum
Answer: D
Q3) Superior colliculus is to ____ as inferior colliculus is to ____.
A) vision; hearing
B) taste; smell
C) vision; touch
D) touch; hearing
Answer: A
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Page 5
Chapter 4: Genetics, Evolution, Development, and Plasticity
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Q1) Marren has had an ischemic stroke. Sarai has had a hemorrhagic stroke. Discuss the differences in the types of stroke each patient had. Then, discuss how some treatments would be similar and others would be different.
Q2) Discuss three evidences that can explain altruistic behavior.
Q3) Suppose "A" is a dominant gene for the ability to taste phenylthiocarbamide (PTC) and "a" is a recessive gene for the inability to taste it. Which couples could possibly have both a child who tastes it and a child who does not?
A) father AA, mother aa
B) father Aa, mother AA
C) father Aa, mother Aa
D) father AA, mother AA
Q4) Immature neurons experimentally transplanted from one part of the developing cortex to another ____.
A) develop the properties characteristic of their new location
B) maintain the properties of their original location
C) become dysfunctional, with properties of both the original and new locations
D) die
Q5) How is brain development related to adolescent impulsivity?
Q6) Describe Lamarckian evolution and the evidence for or against it.
Page 6
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Chapter 5: Vision
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Q1) Which of the following would be easiest for someone who is motion blind?
A) Dressing themselves
B) Driving a car
C) Taking the dog for a walk
D) Filling a pitcher with water
Q2) A person with visual agnosia is unable to ____.
A) perceive colors
B) point to objects
C) recognize visual objects
D) see
Q3) According to the trichromatic theory of color vision ____.
A) there are only three rods and three cones in each eye
B) there are only three colors of light in the world
C) rods are important for perception of light colors
D) our perception of color depends on the relative activity of three types of cones
Q4) To see something with her best vision, Lore turned to look directly at it. This was so she could use her foveal vision.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 6: Other Sensory Systems
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Q1) Perception of a low tone is to ____ as perception of a high tone is to ____.
A) volley principle; frequency theory
B) frequency theory; place theory
C) place theory; volley principle
D) gate theory; frequency theory
Q2) In terms of sound localization, low frequencies are to ____ differences, as high frequencies are to ____ differences.
A) timing; phase
B) loudness; phase
C) phase; timing
D) phase; loudness
Q3) The somatosensory system involves sensation of ____.
A) sight and sound
B) sound and touch
C) the body and its movements
D) the head and movements of the eyes
Q4) Briefly describe the behavioral effects of pheromones in humans.
Q5) Describe how the auditory cortex parallels the visual cortex.
Q6) Jill was outside on a hot day (90 degrees). Suddenly, a breeze that was 85 degrees blew by, and Jill felt "cold." Why?
Page 8
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Chapter 7: Movement
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Q1) Damage to the prefrontal cortex is most likely to result in ____.
A) an inability to move
B) the loss of somatosensory experiences
C) poorly planned movements
D) no effect on movement
Q2) People with severe spinal cord injury continue to produce normal activity in the motor cortex when they want to move.
A)True
B)False
Q3) In skeletal muscles, every axon releases dopamine.
A)True
B)False
Q4) Hyman's heart is beating thanks to the work of smooth muscles.
A)True
B)False
Q5) The corticospinal tract extends from the _____ to the ____.
A) basal ganglia; spinal cord
B) spinal cord; cerebellum
C) cerebral cortex; cerebellum
D) cerebral cortex; spinal cord
Page 9
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Chapter 8: Wakefulness and Sleep
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Q1) The PER and TIM proteins accumulate during the day until they cause sleepiness. What prevents them from continuing to accumulate at night?
A) Metabolic rates increase at night, so proteins are digested faster than they can be synthesized.
B) The high levels of melatonin present at night react with the proteins to disable them.
C) The proteins are unstable at the lower body temperatures that are typical at night.
D) When the proteins reach a high level, they turn off the genes that produce them.
Q2) The risk of sleep apnea is increased among which group of people?
A) College students who are in finals week
B) Those who are addicted to tranquilizers
C) Men who are overweight
D) People who work on swing shifts
Q3) The biological clock depends on part of the hypothalamus, called the suprachiasmatic nucleus.
A)True
B)False
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10
Chapter 9: Internal Regulation
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Q1) Which of the following is not one of the hypotheses scientists accept as a reason why humans maintain a body temperature around 37°C?
A) Being warm allows humans to be ready for movement at all times.
B) Being too much warmer would cause human proteins to break down.
C) The warm temperature allows our muscles to work more with less fatigue.
D) A lower temperature would cause the immune system to go out of control.
Q2) Dinah's body has produced aldosterone so that she _____.
A) is able to conserve sodium
B) is able to excrete excess sodium
C) is no longer interested in drinking
D) increases her cravings for pure water
Q3) The physiological changes that defend body temperature depend on areas in and near the hypothalamus.
A)True
B)False
Q4) Orexin inhibits appetite.
A)True
B)False
Q5) Describe the major brain mechanisms of eating and hunger.
Q6) Describe how bulimia nervosa resembles drug addiction.
Page 11
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Chapter 10: Reproductive Behaviors
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Q1) Gender identity can be defined as ____.
A) the pattern of one's sex chromosomes
B) the sex one identifies with and calls oneself
C) sexual awareness present in almost all mammalian species
D) the set of activities presumed to be common for one sex or another in a society
Q2) Betsy has CAH. Compared to other girls without CAH, Betsy is more likely to participate in activities that are viewed as "masculine."
A)True
B)False
Q3) If a female rat is exposed to highly stressful experiences late in pregnancy, what happens to the sexual development of her offspring?
A) The genetic males become responsive to male partners.
B) The genetic females become responsive to female partners.
C) Both male and female offspring become unresponsive to all sexual partners.
D) Both male and female offspring become highly aggressive in their sexual behaviors.
Q4) Give some examples of evolutionary interpretations of mating behavior.
Q5) Describe the organizing effects of sex hormones and give specific examples.
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Page 12
Chapter 11: Emotional Behaviors
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Q1) Leukocytes identify intruder cells by their ____
A) shape
B) chromosomal pattern
C) rate of cell division
D) surface proteins
Q2) Temporary increases in cortisol can enhance immune function.
A)True
B)False
Q3) Tanner has been convicted of violent crimes. Given what is known, what is most likely true about Tanner?
A) He was likely abused or witnessed abuse as a child.
B) His twin brother is not violent at all.
C) He has low levels of testosterone.
D) He has the high-activity genes for MAOA.
Q4) Dwayne sometimes experiences periods of stress. As a result, the stress ______. A) is harmful to his amygdala
B) boosts the activity of his immune system
C) prevents his immune system from working
D) results in an overactive parasympathetic system
Q5) Briefly describe the James-Lange Theory of Emotion.
Page 13
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Chapter 12: Learning, Memory, and Intelligence
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Q1) Pavlov presented a sound followed by meat in his experiments. Gradually, the sound came to elicit salivation. The salivation to the meat in this experiment was the ____.
A) unconditioned stimulus
B) unconditioned response
C) conditioned stimulus
D) conditioned response
Q2) Alzheimer's is associated with brain damage as a result of ____.
A) loss of the fibers connecting the substantia nigra to the basal ganglia
B) loss of cell bodies in the dorsomedial thalamus
C) tangles and plaques in the cerebral cortex and hippocampus
D) an epileptic focus in the temporal lobe of the cortex
Q3) A study with London taxi drivers found that answering ____ activated their hippocampus more than answering ____.
A) nonspatial questions; spatial questions
B) spatial questions; nonspatial questions
C) long questions; short questions
D) short questions; long questions
Q4) Describe the role of the basal ganglia in memory function.
Q5) Describe how habituation is demonstrated in memory research on invertebrates?
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Chapter 13: Cognitive Functions
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Q1) Dyslexia is more common among languages that ____.
A) are phonetically based
B) have many odd spellings
C) are tonal in nature
D) use masculine and feminine nouns
Q2) After men who reported being passionately in love received a nasal spray of oxytocin, they rated ____.
A) all women as more attractive
B) all women as less attractive
C) their partners but not other women as less attractive
D) their partners but not other women as more attractive
Q3) Benton has been diagnosed with dysphonetic dyslexia while Jacques has been diagnosed with dyseidetic dyslexia. How do these two guys differ?
Q4) Wernicke discovered that damage to the ____ cortex produced language impairment.
A) right temporal
B) left temporal
C) right frontal
D) left frontal
Q5) Discuss the three forms of monism
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Chapter 14: Psychological Disorders
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Q1) The symptoms of tardive dyskinesia are ____.
A) anterograde and retrograde amnesia
B) tremors and other involuntary movements
C) outbursts of unprovoked violent behavior
D) attacks of anxiety that prevent active behavior
Q2) An alternative to the dopamine hypothesis of schizophrenia is the proposal that schizophrenia may be due to a deficiency of activity of ____ synapses.
A) serotonin
B) glutamate
C) substance P
D) acetylcholine
Q3) Discuss the link between depression and sleep patterns.
Q4) Brian has schizophrenia. Most likely, he has reduced _____ in his hippocampus, amygdala, and thalamus.
A) grey matter
B) white matter
C) numbers of glial cells
D) levels of sodium and potassium
Q5) Briefly describe the four major categories of antidepressant drugs
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