Neuropsychology Study Guide Questions
Course Introduction
Neuropsychology explores the intricate relationship between the brain and behavior, focusing on how the structure and function of the nervous system influence cognitive processes and psychological functioning. This course examines the biological foundations of cognition, emotion, perception, and action, with particular attention to how brain injuries, neurological diseases, and developmental disorders affect mental processes. Students will gain an understanding of key neuroanatomical structures, neurophysiological mechanisms, and neuroimaging techniques, as well as methods for assessing and rehabilitating cognitive and behavioral deficits. The course integrates foundational theories with current research findings, preparing students to critically evaluate neuropsychological evidence in clinical and experimental contexts.
Recommended Textbook
Cognitive Neuroscience 3rd Edition by Michael S. Gazzaniga
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15 Chapters
949 Verified Questions
949 Flashcards
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Chapter 1: A Brief History of Cognitive Neuroscience
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Sample Questions
Q1) Noam Chomsky's behaviorist-associationist view of language had a major influence in the development of cognitive psychology.
A)True
B)False
Answer: False
Q2) The development of cognitive psychology in the second half of the 20th century can be seen,in part,as a movement away from an empiricist philosophical view.
A)True
B)False
Answer: True
Q3) Cytoarchitectonic maps distinguish different cortical regions by A)the structure of their surface convolutions.
B)their structure at the cellular level.
C)the complex functions they perform.
D)the basic functions they perform.
Answer: B
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Chapter 2: Cellular Mechanisms and Cognition
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which of the following is a catecholamine?
A)Gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA)
B)Glutamate
C)Serotonin
D)Norepinephrine
Answer: D
Q2) The nodes of Ranvier are
A)vesicles of neurotransmitters,stored in presynaptic neurons.
B)points along axons where sodium-potassium pumps are found.
C)vesicles of calcium ions,stored in postsynaptic neurons.
D)points along axons that are not surrounded by myelin.
Answer: D
Q3) The effect of a given neurotransmitter on a postsynaptic neuron
A)is always either excitatory or inhibitory.
B)depends on the properties of the postsynaptic neuron.
C)may be modulated by the presence or absence of another neurotransmitter.
D)Both b and c are true.
Answer: D
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Chapter 3: Neuroanatomy and Development
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Sample Questions
Q1) The hippocampus is considered part of the neocortex.
A)True
B)False
Answer: False
Q2) The region of the midbrain that participates in arousal,respiration,cardiac modulations,muscle reflex modulations,and pain regulation is the
A)reticular formation.
B)medulla.
C)cerebellum.
D)limbic system.
Answer: A
Q3) Which of the following is controlled by the sympathetic branch of the autonomic nervous system?
A)Slowing of the heart
B)Inhibiting the secretion of adrenaline
C)Lowering the rate of breathing
D)Decreasing activity of the stomach
Answer: D
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Chapter 4: Methods of Cognitive Neuroscience
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Sample Questions
Q1) Some progressive neurological disorders can be caused by viruses like the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)and the herpes simplex virus.
A)True
B)False
Q2) This neuroimaging technique combines X-ray pictures taken from many different angles into a compressed two-dimensional representation of the brain.
A)MRI (magnetic resonance imaging)
B)CT (computed tomography)
C)PET (positron emission tomography)
D)EEG (electroencephalography)
Q3) A blockage of the posterior cerebral arteries that resulted in brain damage would most likely cause a deficit in A)vision.
B)motor function.
C)somatosensation.
D)speech.
Q4) What are some strengths and limitations of computational models as a method in cognitive neuroscience?
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Chapter 5: Sensation and Perception
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Sample Questions
Q1) The basic taste umami is experienced when eating foods rich in A)fat.
B)protein.
C)carbohydrates.
D)minerals.
Q2) Information about color is extensively processed in visual area V5.
A)True
B)False
Q3) Injury to all of the following brain areas EXCEPT ________ will result in a scotoma.
A)MT
B)V1
C)the LGN (lateral geniculate nucleus)
D)Brodmann area 17
Q4) Achromatopsia is due to
A)the absence of the photopigment sensitive to long wavelengths.
B)the absence of the photopigment sensitive to short wavelengths.
C)cortical lesions in area V4.
D)cortical lesions in area MT.
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Chapter 6: Object Recognition
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Sample Questions
Q1) According to ________ hypotheses of visual object recognition,recognition is due to the collective and simultaneous activity of specialized visual neurons.
A)grandmother-cell or gnostic
B)cytoarchitectonic or histological
C)hierarchical or multistable
D)population or ensemble
Q2) According to ________ theories of object recognition,when one sees an object such as a bicycle,recognition depends on the ability to detect properties that do not depend on specific viewing conditions.
A)view-invariant
B)viewer-centered
C)feature analysis
D)perceptual categorization
Q3) It has been suggested that the fusiform gyrus is specialized for processing faces.What are the sources of evidence for and against this position?
Q4) The fusiform face area is part of the dorsal stream.
A)True
B)False
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8
Chapter 7: The Control of Action
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Sample Questions
Q1) The excitatory command to contract the biceps muscle of the arm is normally accompanied by an inhibitory command to relax the antagonist triceps muscle.If this inhibitory signal failed to occur,
A)the passive stretching of the triceps would trigger a stretch reflex that would return the arm to its original position.
B)the contraction of the biceps would be irreversible,and the limb would remain frozen in the resulting position.
C)the contraction of the biceps would cause tearing of fibers in the triceps and severe muscle damage.
D)the fibers that make up the triceps muscle would shorten and thicken during the resulting passive stretch.
Q2) Parkinson's disease results from cell death in the _________,which is a part of the
A)substantia nigra / cerebellum
B)substantia nigra / basal ganglia
C)striatum / cerebellum
D)striatum / basal ganglia
Q3) How is the planning of a complex movement hierarchical? Provide an example.
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Chapter 8: Learning and Memory
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Sample Questions
Q1) Recent neuroimaging and neuropsychological work in memory has attempted to disentangle ________,which seems to implicate the hippocampus and the posterior parahippocampal cortex,from ________,which seems to implicate the entorhinal cortex.
A)acquisition / consolidation
B)consolidation / acquisition
C)recollection / familiarity
D)familiarity / recollection
Q2) Which of the following statements is true of the kind of amnesia demonstrated by people with bilateral hippocampal damage (like Patients H.M.and R.B. )or people with diencephalon injury (like people with Korsakoff's syndrome)?
A)They forget their dates of birth.
B)They can still learn new skills such as the serial reaction time task after the injury.
C)They remember meeting new people after the injury.
D)They have good memory for learning facts after the injury but fail to show priming effects.
Q3) Describe the phenomenon of long-term potentiation (LTP).How does blocking LTP affect memory?
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Chapter 9: Emotion
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Sample Questions
Q1) The amygdala consists of several subnuclei.During fear conditioning,information converges on the ________ of the amygdala and from there projects to the
A)lateral nucleus / central nucleus
B)central nucleus / lateral nucleus
C)lateral geniculate nucleus / medial geniculate nucleus
D)medial geniculate nucleus / lateral geniculate nucleus
Q2) Neuroimaging of the perception of facial expression suggests that
A)the amygdala is selectively active when we view angry faces.
B)the amygdala responds most strongly to angry faces,but it also shows some response to other expressions.
C)the amygdala is selectively active when we view fearful faces.
D)the amygdala responds most strongly to fearful faces,but it also shows some response to other expressions.
Q3) The role of the amygdala in learning to respond to stimuli that have come to represent adversive events through fear conditioning is primarily implicit.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 10: Language
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which of the following statements represents the LEAST consensus among psycholinguists?
A)Semantic knowledge is propositional and not perceptual.
B)Having a mental store of word meanings is crucial to language comprehension.
C)Syntactic priming occurs during language comprehension.
D)Psycholinguistic questions can be addressed using event-related potentials.
Q2) The immediate assignment of syntactic structure of incoming words is known as parsing.
A)True
B)False
Q3) People with Broca's aphasia may have subtle deficits in their ability to comprehend language based on its grammatical structure.This symptom is called A)aphemia.
B)alexia.
C)agrammatism.
D)semantic dementia.
Q4) How can the event-related potential (ERP)technique be applied to language?
Describe two ERP components that have been studied in a psycholinguistic context,and give examples of the kinds of stimuli that elicit them.
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Chapter 11: Hemispheric Specialization
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Sample Questions
Q1) The term ________ refers to the idea that a complex perceptual stimulus can be described on multiple levels of detail.
A)dichotomania
B)hierarchical structure
C)generative assembling device
D)heterotopic mapping
Q2) Examination of cerebral organization in the left and right hemispheres indicates that A)there are obvious anatomical differences between the hemispheres but no obvious functional differences.
B)there are obvious functional differences between the hemispheres but no obvious anatomical differences.
C)the two hemispheres are more different from one another in function than they are similar.
D)the two hemispheres are more similar to one another in function than they are different.
Q3) The spatial-frequency hypothesis explains a variety of findings using visual local-global stimuli.How might an auditory version of this hypothesis explain cerebral asymmetries in language?
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Chapter 12: Attention and Consciousness
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Sample Questions
Q1) Spatial attention to one hemifield leads to increased neural activity in the fusiform gyrus in the ipsilateral hemisphere.
A)True
B)False
Q2) According to research by Wolfe and colleagues (2000),visual search is most rapid when
A)the focus of attention is driven by voluntary,controlled search.
B)the focus of attention is driven by the sensory information.
C)the number of distracters in the display is large.
D)the number of features in the display is large.
Q3) Describe the experimental design of a Posner cuing experiment.In your answer,provide definitions for the terms: exogenous cuing,endogenous cuing,valid trial,invalid trial,and inhibition of return.
Q4) Attention can be divided into two broad categories:
A)neglect and extinction.
B)voluntary and reflexive.
C)cortical and subcortical.
D)conscious and unconscious.
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Page 14
Chapter 13: Cognitive Control
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Sample Questions
Q1) People with frontal lobe lesions are often impaired in organizing and segregating events in memory.
A)True
B)False
Q2) Thompson-Schill and colleagues (1997,1998)conducted an experiment in which participants generated an appropriate verb in response to a presented noun.They found that the processing of nouns such as rope,which have many semantically associated verbs,elicited ________ activity in the inferior frontal cortex than did nouns such as scissors,which do not.This result supports the ________ hypothesis of inferior frontal lobe function.
A)greater / working memory retrieval
B)greater / selection
C)less / working memory retrieval
D)less / selection
Q3) The supervisory attentional system is probably localized to this region of the brain.
A)The dorsolateral prefrontal cortex
B)The anterior cingulate gyrus
C)The medial temporal lobe
D)The ventromedial prefrontal cortex
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Chapter 14: Social Cognition
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Sample Questions
Q1) Neuroeconomic functional MRI studies have suggested that rational decision making is associated with the ________,and emotion-driven decision making is associated with the ________.
A)orbitofrontal cortex / cingulate
B)orbitofrontal cortex / amygdala
C)dorsolateral prefrontal cortex / cingulate
D)dorsolateral prefrontal cortex / amygdala
Q2) Functional MRI and ERP studies suggest that the medial prefrontal cortex may be involved in tasks requiring
A)hierarchical processing.
B)self-referential processing.
C)emotional memory.
D)perceptual memory.
Q3) Neuroimaging studies suggest that the medial prefrontal cortex activates more relative to a baseline when people make self-referential judgments compared to other kinds of judgments.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 15: Evolutionary Perspectives
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Sample Questions
Q1) Marr (1982)articulated the idea that the study of any cognitive mechanism requires
A)consideration of not only the advantages the mechanism confers on an individual's fitness,but also the disadvantages it confers.
B)consideration of not only the genetic aspects of the mechanism,but also its phenotype,which is the result of both genetic and environmental information.
C)consideration of not only the anatomical aspects of the mechanism,but also the genetics that led to its development.
D)consideration of not only the structural aspects of the mechanism,but also the kinds of problems it was designed to solve.
Q2) What is the difference between homology and homoplasy? Provide an example of each.
Q3) The various specific forms of a gene that give rise to variation in the gene pool are called A)phenotypes. B)alleles.
C)exaptations. D)adaptations.
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