Neurobiology of Learning Exam Materials
Course Introduction
This course explores the biological foundations of learning by examining how the brain encodes, stores, and retrieves information. Topics include neural plasticity, synaptic mechanisms underlying memory formation, the roles of different brain regions in various types of learning, and the neurochemical processes involved. Students will analyze current research on both classical and operant conditioning, spatial and procedural learning, and pathological disruptions such as those found in neurodegenerative diseases. Integrating cellular, molecular, and behavioral perspectives, the course provides a comprehensive overview of how complex learning processes arise from neurobiological systems.
Recommended Textbook
Learning and Memory 1St Edition Edition by Howard Eichenbaum
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12 Chapters
600 Verified Questions
600 Flashcards
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Chapter 1: The Nature of Learning and Memory
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50 Verified Questions
50 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which of the following techniques were NOT used by Ebbinghaus to study memory?
A) savings
B) statistical analyses
C) introspection
D) objective assessments
Answer: C
Q2) Recognizing that a vehicle in the parking lot is a Jeep Cherokee is called _________, but remembering specific memories that you have had in your friend's Jeep Cherokee is called __________.
A) recollection; familiarity
B) familiarity; recollection
C) habitual memory; emotional memory
D) emotional memory; habitual memory
Answer: B
Q3) In an experiment, the control group receives a placebo and the experimental group receives the active ingredient.
A)True
B)False
Answer: True
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Page 3
Chapter 2: The Neural Bases of Learning and Memory
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50 Verified Questions
50 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) The practice of phrenology was originally called __________ by Francis Gall.
A) typology
B) somatology
C) organology
D) somatotyping
Answer: C
Q2) After the accident, Jim was not able to recognize his wife's face. Specific damage would most likely be to the ________ cortex.
A) auditory
B) cerebral
C) motor
D) inferotemporal
Answer: D
Q3) The second cranial nerve is the _________ nerve.
A) optic
B) trigeminal
C) olfactory
D) vagus
Answer: A
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Page 4
Chapter 3: Simple Forms of Learning and Memory
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50 Verified Questions
50 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) In a simple reflex circuit when a motor response is diminished because sensitivity in the sensory receptors are diminished, it is called:
A) reflexive action.
B) habituation.
C) adaptation.
D) fatigue.
Answer: C
Q2) The nerve cell circuit involved in the defensive reflex of the Aplysia involves both _________ and _________ interneurons.
A) internal; external
B) small; large
C) ganglion; clustered
D) excitatory; inhibitory
Answer: D
Q3) A ganglion is a cluster of cells.
A)True
B)False
Answer: True
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Chapter 4: Perceptual Learning and Memory
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50 Verified Questions
50 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Hock and his colleagues (1984) found that success in classifying large dot patterns could not be explained by __________.
A) the success of learning smaller patterns
B) long-term memory
C) familiarity of the pattern
D) learning motivation
Q2) Discuss the findings for the research question, "Are faces perceived categorically?"
Q3) Key studies that found priming outside of system that drives cognitive memory have been done successfully on _______.
A) children
B) rats
C) non-human primates
D) amnesics
Q4) Typically, perceptual learning is nonassociative.
A)True
B)False
Q5) Describe the four main mechanisms involved in perceptual skill learning.
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Chapter 5: Procedural Learning I: Classical Conditioning
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50 Verified Questions
50 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) For Pavlov to say that learning has occurred in the dogs, the conditioned stimulus would have to have been ________ before testing.
A) familiar
B) neutral
C) already presented
D) reactionary
Q2) Some of the most widely used types of classical conditioning are methods for conditioning emotional responses.
A)True
B)False
Q3) Disinhibition can occur when an extinguished response reappears to another arousing stimulus.
A)True
B)False
Q4) In Pavlov's experiment the food was the __________.
A) unconditioned stimulus
B) unconditioned reflex
C) conditioned stimulus
D) conditioned reflex
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Chapter 6: Procedural Learning II: Habits and Instrumental Learning
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50 Verified Questions
50 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) When animals train themselves to perform specific tasks it is called autotraining. A)True
B)False
Q2) Sally got a new job selling time shares over the phone and gets a bonus check after an average of five sales. She is on a _________ schedule of reinforcement.
A) fixed ratio
B) fixed interval
C) variable ratio
D) variable interval
Q3) If you reward your dog for every sixth time they shake a paw, your dog is on a _________ schedule of reinforcement.
A) fixed ratio
B) fixed interval
C) variable ratio
D) variable interval
Q4) An example of belongingness for a cat in a puzzle box might be string pulling. A)True
B)False
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Chapter 7: Emotional Learning and Memory
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50 Verified Questions
50 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) After reading a list of nonsense words, subjects had a preference for those words that __________.
A) had more vowels than consonants
B) appeared more often in the list
C) had more consonants than vowels
D) were more novel
Q2) More recent studies of the neurobiology of emotion have focused on the _________ system.
A) limbic
B) hippocampal
C) neomammalian
D) cerebral
Q3) Why would a company want to spend a great deal of money on a commercial spot during the Super Bowl or American Idol? Why would companies want to come up with short names for their products with catchy phrases? How did researchers measure this?
Q4) How is a flashbulb memory an example of how emotions and memories can be closely tied together? How can researchers study flashbulb memories?
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Chapter 8: Cognitive Memory
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50 Verified Questions
50 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) The man who discovered Velcro developed it after he saw that burrs stick to a dog's fur. This is a specific example of a(n) ___________.
A) creative procedure
B) matching-to-sample problem
C) implicit memory
D) exemplar
Q2) If you study for a test while drinking coffee, you should take coffee into the test with you, according to state-dependent learning principles.
A)True
B)False
Q3) When divers learned a set of words underwater, memory was best for those words when they were tested _______.
A) underwater
B) on land
C) there were no differences
D) with recognition vs. recall
Q4) Describe Craik and Tulving's (1975) levels of processing experiment and indicate how each level was related to encoding and memory.
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Page 10
Chapter 9: Episodic Memory
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50 Verified Questions
50 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) The ROC is scored by dividing the ________ by the _______.
A) false alarms; hits
B) hits; false alarms
C) recall hits; recognition hits
D) recollection errors; recall errors
Q2) Strong activation of the ________ occurs during a successful recall of a route.
A) left hippocampus
B) right hippocampus
C) left parahippocampal region
D) right parahippocampal region
Q3) Discuss which kinds of memory show the most prominent declines as we age and why. Be specific in your answer.
Q4) When testing rats' memory for a specific location where they were given a tasty reward, rats with hippocampal damage had ________.
A) poor memory for the type of treat given
B) a slight delay in the memory for the place where the treat was given
C) poor memory for the place where the treat was given
D) unimpaired memory for the place where the original treat was given
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Chapter 10: Semantic Memory
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Sample Questions
Q1) When participants were asked to view "greebles," brain imaging indicated activation in the _________.
A) left hippocampus
B) areas previously shown to be specialized for faces
C) right tip of the temporal cortex
D) left tip of the temporal cortex
Q2) E.P. was trained to remember factual information by learning ________.
A) to discriminate between the different sentences
B) how to build on memories one at a time
C) how to inhibit his semantic inhibition process
D) novel three-word sentences
Q3) Spatial knowledge is easy to represent in words or verbal concepts.
A)True
B)False
Q4) Unlike normal individuals, E.P. could not remember the sentence if the target word was ________.
A) presented rapidly
B) replaced with a synonym
C) followed by conflicting information
D) written in bold print
Page 12
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Chapter 11: Memory Consolidation
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50 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Hebb proposed that memories initially activated in the cerebral cortex were sustained in cell assemblies that _________.
A) repeatedly recycle information
B) connect to more complex systems
C) were related to memory
D) processed explicit memories
Q2) During a study of inhibitory avoidance, rats were injected with stimulants after learning to avoid a shock. The stimulant seemed to _________.
A) inhibit the learned response
B) have little effect on learning
C) enhance learning
D) delay the learned response
Q3) Evidence suggests that the _________ does not seem to be involved in memory consolidation.
A) parietal cortex
B) hippocampus
C) entorhinal cortex
D) parahippocampal region
Q4) What is known about how sleep helps with consolidation of memory?
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Chapter 12: Short-Term Memory and Working Memory
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50 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) The verbal comprehension area is in the __________ lobe and the articulatory rehearsal process is in the ________ lobe.
A) left parietal; left temporal
B) right parietal; left frontal
C) left parietal; left frontal
D) right temporal; left frontal
Q2) Baddeley (2000) found that subjects could recall more information when it could be linked together in a meaningful way so he proposed an additional subsystem called the _______ to explain this phenomenon.
A) phonological loop
B) episodic buffer
C) visuospatial sketchpad
D) central executive
Q3) Describe the components of working memory according to Baddeley (2000) and how they work together.
Q4) Explain how researchers test an animal's ability to rule shift. Describe different types of rule shifting.
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