Neural Basis of Behavior Pre-Test Questions
Course Introduction
This course explores the fundamental principles underlying how the nervous system gives rise to behavior. Through an interdisciplinary approach, students will examine the structure and function of neural circuits, the physiological processes that enable perception, learning, and memory, and the mechanisms by which behavior is generated in response to internal and external stimuli. Topics include sensory and motor systems, neural plasticity, neuroethology, and the experimental techniques used to study brain-behavior relationships in humans and animals. By integrating cellular, molecular, and systems-level perspectives, the course provides a comprehensive understanding of how complex behaviors emerge from neural processes.
Recommended Textbook
Cognitive Neuroscience 3rd Edition by Michael S. Gazzaniga
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15 Chapters
949 Verified Questions
949 Flashcards
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Chapter 1: A Brief History of Cognitive Neuroscience
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Sample Questions
Q1) Some of the techniques developed to detect submarines during the Second World War led to refinements in the study of human perception.
A)True
B)False
Answer: True
Q2) Who is known as the father of modern neuroscience?
A)Pierre Paul Broca
B)Sir Charles Sherrington
C)Gustav Theodor Fritsch
D)Santiago Ramón y Cajal
Answer: D
Q3) A central issue of modern cognitive neuroscience is whether specific human cognitive abilities
A)can be localized to particular parts of the brain.
B)are determined by the shape and size of the human skull.
C)are best studied using introspection or the scientific method.
D)can be identified using the Golgi silver method of staining.
Answer: A
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Chapter 2: Cellular Mechanisms and Cognition
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Sample Questions
Q1) The primary benefit that the nervous system gains from myelination is A)generation of currents actively (action potentials)rather than passively (electrotonic conduction).
B)decreased membrane resistance.
C)increased resting potentials.
D)faster neural communication.
Answer: D
Q2) Which of the following is true of bipolar neurons?
A)They have two processes,one axon,and one dendrite.
B)Their dendrites and axons typically are fused together.
C)They have one axon and many dendrites.
D)Their dendrites and axons both stem from a single process extending from each cell body.
Answer: A
Q3) Most antidepressants are
A)dopamine agonists.
B)dopamine antagonists.
C)serotonin agonists.
D)serotonin antagonists.
Answer: C
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Chapter 3: Neuroanatomy and Development
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Sample Questions
Q1) ________ refers to the process of rapid cell division that occurs early in development of the nervous system.
A)Neurulation
B)Neuronal proliferation
C)Neuronal migration
D)Neural determination
Answer: B
Q2) The temporal lobe likely bears this name because
A)it is the brain's center for temporal processing.
B)its functions are particularly susceptible to the effects of aging.
C)it lies beneath the area of the scalp where hair grays with age.
D)its neurons fire more quickly than neurons in other brain regions.
Answer: C
Q3) The cerebellum is believed to contain as many neurons as the rest of the central nervous system combined.
A)True
B)False
Answer: True
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Chapter 4: Methods of Cognitive Neuroscience
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Sample Questions
Q1) Resecting or removing regions of cortex and cutting the corpus callosum are techniques that are usually used to
A)alleviate severe chronic epilepsy.
B)reduce the symptoms of depression.
C)increase the functioning of dopaminergic cells in people with Parkinson's disease.
D)relieve imbalances in neurotransmitter levels that can lead to Alzheimer's disease.
Q2) Research using ________ models sometimes involves "lesioning" the model to see if it adequately simulates the behavioral deficits observed in neurological patients.
A)symbolic
B)propositional
C)neural network
D)chronometric
Q3) ________ is the science of simulating natural cognitive processes on computers.
A)Mental chronometry
B)Neuropsychology
C)Artificial intelligence
D)Cognitive psychology
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Chapter 5: Sensation and Perception
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Sample Questions
Q1) How many types of receptors are there in the olfactory epithelium?
A)Two
B)Four
C)Five
D)More than five
Q2) Simple cells in the primary visual cortex selectively respond to visual stimuli based on
A)direction of stimulus motion.
B)stimulus color.
C)stimulus orientation.
D)distance of the stimulus from the viewer.
Q3) The primary visual pathway is best described as
A)retina -> optic nerve -> hypothalamus -> superior colliculus -> occipital lobe.
B)retina -> cochlea -> optic chiasm -> thalamus -> occipital lobe.
C)retina -> optic nerve -> optic chiasm -> thalamus -> occipital lobe.
D)retina -> hippocampus -> thalamus -> superior colliculus -> occipital lobe.
Q4) How do the two nostrils provide the brain with slightly different samples of the olfactory environment? Why might this be advantageous?
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Page 7
Chapter 6: Object Recognition
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Sample Questions
Q1) The term associative agnosia is reserved for patients who
A)have perceptual impairments due to problems with the ventral stream.
B)cannot recognize objects despite having normal perceptual representations.
C)have perceptual impairments due to problems with the dorsal stream.
D)cannot recognize objects due to compromised perceptual representations.
Q2) Generally,in anatomical studies of object recognition deficits,________ posterior lesions are associated with ________ agnosia.
A)left hemisphere / apperceptive
B)left hemisphere / associative
C)right hemisphere / apperceptive
D)right hemisphere / associative
Q3) Why is object constancy a difficult computational problem for the visual system?
Describe some potential invariances that can occur when we view the same object under different circumstances.How do view-dependent and view-invariant approaches to perception explain object constancy?
Q4) The fusiform face area is part of the dorsal stream.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 7: The Control of Action
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Sample Questions
Q1) The excitatory command to contract the biceps muscle of the arm is normally accompanied by an inhibitory command to relax the antagonist triceps muscle.If this inhibitory signal failed to occur,
A)the passive stretching of the triceps would trigger a stretch reflex that would return the arm to its original position.
B)the contraction of the biceps would be irreversible,and the limb would remain frozen in the resulting position.
C)the contraction of the biceps would cause tearing of fibers in the triceps and severe muscle damage.
D)the fibers that make up the triceps muscle would shorten and thicken during the resulting passive stretch.
Q2) The term decussation refers to
A)a type of cerebrovascular accident that frequently damages motor structures.
B)the shift in involvement from the premotor cortex to the supplementary motor area (SMA)with motor learning.
C)the crossing of nerve fibers from one side of the body to the other.
D)a type of rapid involuntary movement made by people with Huntington's disease.
Q3) How is the planning of a complex movement hierarchical? Provide an example.
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Chapter 8: Learning and Memory
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Sample Questions
Q1) Visual sensory memory is to ________ as auditory sensory memory is to ________.
A)iconic memory / echoic memory
B)partial report / whole report
C)echoic memory / iconic memory
D)whole report / partial report
Q2) It appears that the medial temporal lobes and the diencephalon are important in consolidating explicit long-term memories but are not themselves the storage sites for this knowledge because
A)most skills and habits acquired before injury of these structures will remain intact.
B)only priming and conditioning show signs of impairment following damage to these structures.
C)only nonassociative learning and priming show signs of impairment following damage to these structures.
D)most episodic and semantic memories acquired before injury of these structures will remain intact.
Q3) Describe the Baddeley-Hitch model of working memory.In your answer,provide the names and descriptions for the three major components of the model,along with their likely neurological correlates.
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Page 10
Chapter 9: Emotion
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Sample Questions
Q1) The amygdala consists of several subnuclei.During fear conditioning,information converges on the ________ of the amygdala and from there projects to the
A)lateral nucleus / central nucleus
B)central nucleus / lateral nucleus
C)lateral geniculate nucleus / medial geniculate nucleus
D)medial geniculate nucleus / lateral geniculate nucleus
Q2) The human orbitofrontal cortex can be divided into two regions: the ________ and the ________.
A)ventromedial prefrontal cortex / lateral orbitofrontal cortex
B)lateral orbitofrontal cortex / anterior cingulate cortex
C)anterior cingulate cortex / frontal operculum
D)frontal operculum / ventromedial prefrontal cortex
Q3) What is an implicit measure? Describe a study covered in your text or in class that investigated cognition using both implicit and explicit measures.
Q4) What are some functions of the amygdala in emotional processing? In your answer,describe two experiments that illustrate the conditions in which the amygdala does (or does not)play a role.
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Page 11
Chapter 10: Language
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63 Verified Questions
63 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) ________ is a general term for deficits in language comprehension and production that occur as the result of brain injury.
A)Alexia
B)Aphasia
C)Agrammatism
D)Anomia
Q2) ________ is to the meaning of a word as ________ is to the spelling of a word.
A)Orthography / phonology
B)Phonology / prosody
C)Prosody / semantics
D)Semantics / orthography
Q3) The Spanish language has a relatively deep orthography in comparison to English.
A)True
B)False
Q4) Your text uses the word bank to illustrate the idea of words that
A)have many phonological neighbors.
B)have many semantic neighbors.
C)have more than one pronunciation.
D)have more than one meaning.
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Chapter 11: Hemispheric Specialization
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Sample Questions
Q1) In an experiment testing their views about hemispheric specialization,Wolford and colleagues (2000)presented the visual fields of split-brain patients with red stimuli on 75% of the trials and with green stimuli on 25% of the trials.The predictions made by the patients concerning whether a red or green stimulus would occur on the next trial suggested that the ________ hemisphere tends to take a ________ strategy,which in this case meant guessing red on every trial.
A)left / matching
B)left / maximizing
C)right / matching
D)right / maximizing
Q2) The phenomenon of global precedence described by Navon (1977)is that when hierarchically structured stimuli are presented,
A)global shapes are extracted before local shapes.
B)local shapes are easier for the visual system to extract than global shapes.
C)global shapes take longer to process than local shapes.
D)local shapes can interfere with the perception of global shapes.
Q3) The spatial-frequency hypothesis explains a variety of findings using visual local-global stimuli.How might an auditory version of this hypothesis explain cerebral asymmetries in language?
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Chapter 12: Attention and Consciousness
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Sample Questions
Q1) In dichotic listening studies,Cherry (1953)presented competing speech stimuli to each ear and asked participants to verbally "shadow" (immediately report)the signal arriving at one ear while ignoring the other.He found that participants A)were better at reporting the signal that they found to be more interesting in content,regardless of the ear to which attention had been directed. B)could accurately report only the content of the signal presented to the ignored ear. C)accurately recalled only the content of the signal presented to the shadowed ear. D)were equally accurate at reporting the content of both signals.
Q2) The N400 ERP component is most associated with covert focusing of visual attention. A)True B)False
Q3) Describe the basic findings of the visual search research conducted by Treisman and colleagues.In particular,describe the difference between a feature search and a conjunction search.Draw a figure illustrating a typical response time pattern for the two search types.
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Chapter 13: Cognitive Control
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Sample Questions
Q1) An experiment that requires participants to respond based on one goal,such as naming digits,on some trials and another goal,such as naming letters,on other trials is an example of a(n)________ paradigm.
A)error-monitoring
B)task-switching
C)Stroop
D)contention-scheduling
Q2) Provide an example of a delayed-response task.How has this task informed our understanding of the prefrontal cortex?
Q3) People with frontal lobe lesions are often impaired in organizing and segregating events in memory.
A)True
B)False
Q4) Whereas the ________ will be most active during the encoding of a face stimulus,the ________ will be active during the delay period.
A)prefrontal gyrus / fusiform gyrus
B)fusiform gyrus / prefrontal cortex
C)anterior cingulate / hippocampus
D)hippocampus / anterior cingulate
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Chapter 14: Social Cognition
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Sample Questions
Q1) One concern with interpreting fMRI studies employing a "resting state" for comparison with cognitive activities of interest is that
A)the brain uses considerably more blood and oxygen when it is "at rest."
B)many processes are engaged "at rest," including self-referential processes.
C)participants in experiments are particularly prone to movement artifacts when "at rest."
D)there is too little blood flow in the brain "at rest" for accurate measurements.
Q2) Which brain area seems to be the most important for selectively attending to positive self-relevant information,as opposed to negative self-relevant information?
A)The anterior cingulate cortex
B)The medial prefrontal cortex
C)The orbitofrontal cortex
D)The dorsolateral prefrontal cortex
Q3) Information processed in relation to the self is better remembered.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 15: Evolutionary Perspectives
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which of the following is NOT one of Bullock's (1984)three major aims for comparative neuroscience?
A)Rules
B)Relevance
C)Roots
D)Rationality
Q2) Which of the following results would be the most difficult to reconcile with the belief that human sex differences in mathematical ability stem from an evolved,genetically based dimorphism?
A)Anthropological research suggesting that humans were historically more polygamous than they are today
B)Neuroanatomical research suggesting that hippocampal sizes differ in men and women
C)Neuroendocrine research suggesting that prenatal androgen exposure and later mathematical ability are correlated
D)Educational research suggesting that such sex differences have been reduced dramatically in the last two generations
Q3) What is the difference between homology and homoplasy? Provide an example of each.
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