Natural Hazards Test Bank
Course
Introduction
Natural Hazards explores the scientific principles and real-world impacts of geologic and atmospheric hazards such as earthquakes, volcanoes, tsunamis, hurricanes, floods, landslides, and wildfires. The course examines the causes and mechanisms of these events, their environmental and societal effects, and the methods used to assess risk, predict occurrences, and mitigate their impact on human communities. Through case studies and hands-on activities, students learn how hazard assessment and emergency management strategies contribute to public safety and sustainable development.
Recommended Textbook
Earth Portrait of a Planet 5th Edition by Stephen Marshak
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29 Chapters
1328 Verified Questions
1328 Flashcards
Source URL: https://quizplus.com/study-set/1341
Page 2
Chapter 1: Cosmology and the Birth of Earth
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50 Verified Questions
50 Flashcards
Source URL: https://quizplus.com/quiz/26744
Sample Questions
Q1) The branch of science that studies the structure and history of the Universe is
A)cosmetology
B)scientology
C)cosmology
D)universalism
Answer: C
Q2) Volatile materials can exist as a gas at Earth's surface.Which of the following is NOT a volatile material?
A)water
B)silicon
C)hydrogen
D)carbon dioxide
Answer: B
Q3) Comets are primarily a mixture of ________.
A)rock and metal
B)water (liquid H O)and ice (solid H O)
C)ices (frozen water,methane,and other gasses)
D)silicon and oxygen
Answer: C
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Chapter 2: Journey to the Center of the Earth
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52 Verified Questions
52 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which of the following is NOT required for a substance to be considered a mineral?
A)It must be solid.
B)It must be naturally occurring.
C)It must contain carbon.
D)It must have atoms arranged in an orderly pattern.
Answer: C
Q2) Which of the following statements about Earth's core is NOT true?
A)Its metallic content is likely similar to what has been found in metallic meteorites.
B)It is partly liquid and partly solid.
C)It is composed of an iron alloy (mostly iron with a few other metallic elements mixed in).
D)By volume,it is the largest compositional layer of the Earth.
Answer: D
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4
Chapter 3: Drifting Continents and Spreading Seas
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50 Verified Questions
50 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which of these parts of the deep-ocean floor is flat and nearly featureless?
A)ridge axis
B)abyssal plain
C)guyot
D)trench
Answer: B
Q2) If we mentally align the continents to fit Wegener's concept of Pangaea,evidence of Late Paleozoic glacial deposits ________.
A)is more difficult to explain than in the modern continental configuration
B)is much more readily explained than in the modern continental configuration
C)makes very little sense in either the Pangaea configuration or the modern configuration
D)is unchanged from the modern continental configuration
Answer: B
Q3) The thickness of clay and planktonic microskeletons is greatest ________.
A)along mid-ocean ridges
B)along fracture zones
C)at the edges of ocean basins
D)in the center of abyssal plains
Answer: C
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Chapter 4: The Way the Earth Works: Plate Tectonics
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57 Verified Questions
57 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) In the scope of plate tectonics,an active margin is defined as ________.
A)synonymous with "subduction zone"
B)a five-mile radius surrounding an active volcano
C)a continental coastline that coincides with a plate boundary
D)anywhere on Earth where earthquakes are especially frequent
Q2) The lithosphere of the Earth is generally thickest at and near ________ plate boundaries.
A)divergent
B)convergent
C)transvergent
D)transform
Q3) Which of the following statements is true concerning rock produced at mid-ocean ridges?
A)All of the rock produced is basalt.
B)All of the rock produced is gabbro.
C)Basalt is produced at shallow depths and gabbro at deeper depths.
D)Gabbro is produced at shallow depths and basalt at deeper depths.
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Chapter 5: Patterns in Nature: Minerals
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50 Verified Questions
50 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which of the following common minerals is softest?
A)quartz
B)calcite
C)talc
D)fluorite
Q2) Which of the following is a mineral?
A)petroleum (oil),which is a liquid
B)cubic zirconia,which is a synthetic diamond substitute
C)ice,which is water in the solid state
D)obsidian,a type of volcanic glass
Q3) Ore minerals,such as galena and hematite,tend to be different from typical minerals in that they have a ________.
A)very dark color
B)diamond-like crystal habit
C)large specific gravity
D)vitreous luster
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Chapter 6: Up From the Inferno: Magma and Igneous Rocks
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59 Verified Questions
59 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) If a body of magma is subjected to fractional crystallization,the first rock that is expected to crystallize from the magma will be ________.
A)identical in chemical composition to the magma
B)more mafic than the magma
C)more felsic than the magma
D)The composition of the rock is not predictable.
Q2) Most commonly,felsic igneous rocks ________.
A)contain more iron and magnesium than intermediate rocks
B)are lighter in color than mafic rocks
C)are darker in color than mafic rocks
D)are found in oceanic crust
Q3) Bowen's continuous reaction series describes the crystallization behavior of which single mineral (with variable chemical composition)?
A)olivine
B)plagioclase
C)pyroxene
D)quartz
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8
Chapter 7: Pages of Earths Past: Sedimentary Rocks
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52 Verified Questions
52 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which transport medium carries the largest particles?
A)ice in glaciers
B)water in rivers
C)wind
D)water in lakes
Q2) Pulling a block of clay apart,resulting in the middle portion thinning and sinking,is an adequate analogy for ________.
A)passive margins and subsidence
B)foreland basins and diagenesis
C)rift basins and subsidence
D)intercontinental basins and diagenesis
Q3) Because the velocity of sediment settling (deposition)is positively related to grain size for waterborne sediments,fluvial deposits are more likely than glacial deposits to ________.
A)be well sorted
B)include coarse grains,such as cobbles
C)include fine grains,such as clay
D)have angular grains
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9
Chapter 8: Metamorphism: a Process of Change
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Sample Questions
Q1) Mylonites,formed from dynamic metamorphism,typically do NOT display ________.
A)foliation roughly parallel to a fault
B)very fine grains
C)shear zones
D)bands of randomly oriented mica grains
Q2) Thermal (contact)metamorphism occurs ________.
A)in areas surrounding igneous intrusions
B)only where gneiss is in contact with schist
C)as a consequence of the sinking of a broad region to great depth
D)only at the surface,where rock is in contact with the atmosphere
Q3) The process of high-grade metamorphic rocks being altered to form low-grade metamorphic rocks is termed ________ metamorphism.
A)foliated
B)prograde
C)retrograde
D)dynamic
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Chapter 9: The Wrath of Vulcan: Volcanic Eruptions
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Sample Questions
Q1) The characteristic "rotten egg" smell of many active volcanoes is derived from
A)iron and magnesium within lava
B)carbon dioxide gas
C)stale water within the magma chamber
D)hydrogen sulfide gas
Q2) Compared to felsic lavas,mafic lavas have a ________.
A)lighter color
B)lower viscosity
C)lower density
D)higher silica content
Q3) Basaltic lavas that solidify at the surface before flow ceases fracture irregularly,producing a sharp-surfaced,blocky,and irregular lava rock named
A)pahoehoe
B)a'a'
C)pumice
D)ignimbrite
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11
Chapter 10: A Violent Pulse: Earthquakes
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Sample Questions
Q1) Surface waves ________.
A)travel more rapidly than body waves
B)produce most of the damage to buildings during earthquakes
C)are the first waves initially produced in an earthquake
D)are the first waves to arrive at a seismograph station after an earthquake
Q2) The point within Earth where an earthquake takes place is termed the ________.
A)hypocenter (focus)
B)epicenter
C)eye of the fault
D)vertex
Q3) Which geological setting would you NOT expect to produce a large amount seismic activity?
A)a rift valley
B)a mid-ocean ridge
C)a collisional mountain belt
D)the interior of a tectonic plate
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Chapter 11: Crags,cracks,and Crumples: Crustal
Deformation and Mountain Building
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50 Verified Questions
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Sample Questions
Q1) If a fault plane is less than 35° from horizontal and the hanging-wall block moves upward relative to the footwall block,the fault is a ________ fault.
A)detachment
B)normal
C)reverse
D)thrust
Q2) Orogenesis (mountain building)leads to the production of ________.
A)metamorphic rocks
B)igneous and sedimentary rocks
C)metamorphic and igneous rocks
D)igneous,metamorphic,and sedimentary rocks
Q3) The balance between the weight of a mountain range and the buoyancy provided by the underlying mantle is termed ________.
A)punctuated equilibrium
B)homeostatic equilibrium
C)isostatic equilibrium
D)osmotic equilibrium
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Page 13
Chapter 12: Deep Time: How Old Is Old
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51 Verified Questions
51 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Numerical ages for boundaries between time units on the geologic time scale primarily resulted from the study of ________,in conjunction with relative age data.
A)fossil content and spatial relationships among igneous rocks
B)fossil content and spatial relationships among sedimentary rocks
C)radiometric dating of igneous rocks
D)radiometric dating of sedimentary rocks
Q2) If all of Earth's history were compressed into a single year,Homo sapiens would first appear on ________.
A)February 26 (close to Mardi Gras)
B)April 15 (just before taxes are due)
C)October 31 (just in time for Halloween)
D)December 31,at 11:59 P.M.(just before the ball drops on New Year's Eve)
Q3) Magma has intruded into some limestone,and a marble rind formed surrounding the granite pluton.The marble rind must be younger than the limestone according to the principle of ________.
A)superposition
B)baked contacts
C)original horizontality
D)original continuity
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Page 14
Chapter 13: A Biography of Earth
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Sample Questions
Q1) Humans belong to a lineage of mammals called the ________.
A)carnivores
B)primates
C)odd-toed ungulates
D)edentates
Q2) Animals and plants are both ________.
A)autotrophs
B)eukaryotes
C)archea
D)prokaryotes
Q3) The Miocene Epoch saw the spread of which new vegetative zone?
A)grasslands
B)angiosperm forests
C)gymnosperm forests
D)tree fern forests
Q4) A crustal rock dated to 150 Ma is how old?
A)15,000 years
B)150,000 years
C)150 million years
D)150 billion years
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Chapter 14: Squeezing Power From a Stone: Energy Resources
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50 Verified Questions
50 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Matter that stores energy in a usable and transportable form is termed ________.
A)antimatter
B)fuel
C)phlogiston
D)erg
Q2) Most coal is mined from ________,which develop and preserve the thick sedimentary sequences necessary for deep burial.
A)domes
B)basins
C)shields
D)active margins
Q3) Most of the world's coal was deposited in coal swamps during the ________.
A)Cretaceous
B)Ordovician
C)Carboniferous
D)Jurassic
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Chapter 15: Riches in Rock: Mineral Resources
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52 Verified Questions
52 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Most metals used by society are obtained from ________.
A)native metals
B)ore minerals
C)precious metals
D)base metals
Q2) Which of these commonly used metals sometimes occurs as a native metal?
A)aluminum
B)copper
C)iron
D)tin
Q3) The high electrical conductivity associated with metallic bonds results from ________.
A)the ability of outer electrons to move freely from atom to atom
B)their radioactive instability
C)the ability of nuclei to be discharged into the atmosphere
D)their relatively great atomic mass
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Chapter 16: Unsafe Ground: Landslides and Other Mass Movements
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50 Verified Questions
50 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Well-rounded sand has a smaller ________ than irregularly shaped gravel.
A)cohesion
B)angle of repose
C)mineral stability
D)cross-sectional area
Q2) A rock slide into a reservoir triggered catastrophic flooding of the landscape below which dam?
A)Vaiont (Italy)
B)Aswan (Egypt)
C)Hoover (Nevada)
D)Glen Canyon (Arizona)
Q3) The principal difference between a lahar and a mudflow is the ________.
A)shape of the path taken by the moving mass
B)grain size of the moving mass
C)lahar contains abundant water,whereas the mudflow is dry
D)lahar contains pyroclastic debris from a volcanic eruption
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18
Chapter 17: Streams and Floods: the Geology of Running Water
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Sample Questions
Q1) A meander that is cut off to become completely isolated from the main channel but which retains water is a(n)________.
A)meander neck
B)cut bank
C)oxbow lake
D)thalweg
Q2) Moving away from its headwaters/source,the flow of a stream usually becomes more ________.
A)turbulent
B)chaotic
C)competent
D)laminar
Q3) The discharge of a river traveling through a temperate region will typically ________ downstream;the discharge of a river traveling through an arid region will typically ________ downstream.
A)increase;increase
B)decrease;decrease
C)increase;decrease
D)decrease;increase
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Chapter 18: Restless Realm: Oceans and Coasts
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Sample Questions
Q1) Because of wave refraction,erosion along an irregular coastline is ________.
A)even along the length of the coast
B)greatest along headlands
C)greatest in bays
D)the same as it would be along a regular coastline
Q2) When the sea level rises,an ocean may invade a river valley,producing a nearshore body of water of mixed and variable salinity termed a(n)________.
A)atoll
B)lagoon
C)estuary
D)jetty
Q3) The sea surface salinity is ________ at the mouth of the Amazon River and ________ in the Dead Sea.
A)low;low
B)high;low
C)low;high
D)high;high
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Chapter 19: A Hidden Reserve: Groundwater
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Sample Questions
Q1) Material through which water readily flows is termed ________.
A)fluent
B)porous
C)permeable
D)fluid
Q2) The rate of groundwater flow per unit area through a body of rock or sediment depends ________.
A)only on the slope of the local water table
B)only on the porosity of the rock or sediment
C)on the slope of the water table and the porosity of the rock or sediment
D)on the slope of the water table and the permeability of the rock or sediment
Q3) Sinkholes are a concern primarily for residents whose dwellings are constructed atop ________.
A)sandstone
B)shale
C)limestone
D)granite
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21
Chapter 20: An Envelope of Gas: Earths Atmosphere and Climate
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Sample Questions
Q1) Lines connecting points of equal atmospheric pressure on a map are termed
A)contour lines
B)isobars
C)isograds
D)isotherms
Q2) Which two gases are most important in producing the greenhouse effect on Earth?
A)nitrogen and oxygen
B)hydrogen and helium
C)carbon dioxide and methane
D)nitrogen and sulfur dioxide
Q3) In global convective circulation,air rises at the ________ and the ________.
A)equator;poles
B)equator;polar fronts
C)horse latitudes;poles
D)horse latitudes;polar fronts
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Chapter 21: Dry Regions: the Geology of Deserts
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Sample Questions
Q1) Fine-grained,wind-blown sediments are eventually deposited as ________.
A)loess
B)ventifacts
C)dunes
D)desert pavement
Q2) A desert may form along a coastline because a ________.
A)warm current warms and dries the air
B)warm current forces hot air inland
C)cold current cools and dries the air
D)cold current forces hot air inland
Q3) Very hot air just above the ground creates a wavering pool of light on the ground known as a(n)________.
A)sabkha
B)wadi
C)arroyo
D)mirage
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Chapter 22: Amazing Ice: Glaciers and Ice Ages
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Sample Questions
Q1) We are currently ________ years overdue for a glaciation.However,we are currently experiencing global warming because of the addition of greenhouse gases by the
A)2,000;eruptions of volcanoes
B)2,000;burning of fossil fuels
C)10;000;increase in solar radiation
D)10;000;decrease in albedo of Earth
Q2) If a volcano were to erupt and release large amounts of ash into the air,how would this affect the climate on Earth?
A)The ash would increase the albedo and decrease the global temperature.
B)The ash would decrease the albedo and increase the global temperature.
C)The ash would increase the greenhouse gases,thus increasing temperature.
D)The ash would decrease the greenhouse gases,thus decreasing temperature.
Q3) Wind blows finer particles long distances from glacial environments,where they settle out to form ________.
A)firn
B)loess
C)outwash
D)till
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Page 24
Chapter 23: Global Change in the Earth System
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Sample Questions
Q1) How are greenhouse gases like carbon dioxide and methane different from other atmospheric gases like nitrogen and oxygen?
A)Greenhouse gases absorb thermal energy from the Sun and re-radiate it,whereas other atmospheric gases do not.
B)Greenhouse gases are more efficient at absorbing thermal energy and re-radiating it than the other atmospheric gases.
C)Greenhouse gases are found at higher levels of the atmosphere,where ozone is found.
D)Greenhouse gases are found at lower levels of the atmosphere,where ozone is found.
Q2) The presence of liquid water on Earth's surface is ________.
A)not surprising because most other bodies in the Solar System have liquid water
B)not surprising because all planets in the Solar System have liquid water
C)unique in the Solar System but an inherent feature of Earth that would be found regardless of the Earth-Sun distance
D)unique in the Solar System;liquid water would not have developed had Earth been much closer to or much farther from the Sun
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Chapter 24: Introducing Rocks
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Sample Questions
Q1) If a rock is subjected to high heat and pressure,a(n)________ rock will form.
A)igneous
B)molten
C)metamorphic
D)sedimentary
Q2) Geologists sometimes use analytical equipment to help identify rocks.One commonly used machine is the electron microprobe,which focuses a beam of electrons on a sample to determine ________.
A)the amount of radioactive minerals
B)how atoms are arranged
C)the atomic weight
D)the chemical composition
Q3) Which type of rock is formed by precipitation of minerals from a solution?
A)metamorphic
B)glassy
C)sedimentary
D)igneous
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Chapter 25: a Surface Veneer: Sediments and Soils
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Sample Questions
Q1) What type of weathering are you most likely to find occurring on the coast?
A)dissolution
B)thermal expansion
C)salt wedging
D)root wedging
Q2) Chemical weathering involves the breakdown of material due to ________.
A)mechanical breakdown of rock
B)baking in the hot sun
C)interaction with molten rock
D)interaction with water or air
Q3) Differential weathering occurs when ________.
A)none of the layers weather at all
B)layers of rock weather at the same rate
C)layers of rock weather at different rates
D)weathering occurs in the tropics
Q4) Which soil horizon is the most important to farmers for planting crops? A)O
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Chapter 26: the Rock Cycle in the Earth System
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Sample Questions
Q1) What must happen in order to transform a metamorphic rock into a sedimentary rock?
A)formation of a volcano
B)mountain building
C)burial of metamorphic rocks
D)subduction of oceanic crust
Q2) Why does uplifting metamorphic rocks during mountain building lead to the formation of sedimentary rocks?
A)because water can't penetrate the ground
B)because metamorphic rocks can only be eroded by air
C)because the rocks become exposed to the elements and erode
D)because metamorphic rocks are only found under mountains
Q3) What type of rock is formed after erosion,deposition,and lithification?
A)metamorphic
B)crystalline
C)igneous
D)sedimentary
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28
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Sample Questions
Q1) You are studying the seismic data from Mars when you notice that there are no S-waves recorded from 130° through 180° on the opposite side of the planet.What does this information tell you about the interior of Mars?
A)There is a layer of solid material in the interior of Mars.
B)There is a layer of liquid material in the interior of Mars.
C)There is a layer with a higher-velocity material than the crust below.
D)There is a layer with a lower-velocity material than the crust below.
Q2) If a P-wave is traveling through the Earth and encounters a molten magma chamber,what will happen to the velocity of the P-wave?
A)It will slow down.
B)It will speed up.
C)It will stay at the same speed.
D)It will drop to zero.
Q3) If a gravity anomaly is negative,what does that imply about the material underground?
A)The material is much more dense rock.
B)The material is much less dense rock.
C)The material is an underground ore.
D)The material is composed of mantle.
Page 29
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Chapter 28: Memories of Past Life: Fossils and Evolution
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which of the following is NOT necessary in order to be preserved as a fossil?
A)hard parts
B)rapid burial
C)anoxic environment
D)tough skin or fur
Q2) Which of the following circumstances is likely to preserve a fossil?
A)Leaves from an ancient oak tree fall to the ground in a forest.
B)A mammoth dies from starvation in the middle of a vast dry plain.
C)A ground sloth walks along the edge of a river in the wet mud.
D)Bacteria living in the ocean die near the shoreline and sink to the bottom.
Q3) What type of fossil forms when a buried organism decays or is dissolved,but the original shape is preserved in the sediment?
A)body fossil
B)trace fossil
C)mold fossil
D)cast fossil
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Chapter 29: Ever-Changing Landscapes and the
Hydrologic
Cycle
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Sample Questions
Q1) Landforms built by an accumulation of sediment are called ________ landforms.
A)erosional
B)depositional
C)mechanical
D)glacial
Q2) Why do some life activities strengthen the substrate while others weaken it?
A)Burrowing creatures distribute stronger soil around,while plants digest and weaken soil.
B)Burrowing creatures distribute stronger soil around,while plant roots wedge soil apart.
C)Plant roots help anchor soil,while burrowing into or mining out soil weakens it.
D)Some organisms secrete a binding agent in the soil,while plants digest and weaken soil.
Q3) What circumstance is likely to produce depositional landforms?
A)flash flooding of a river in the desert
B)a river flowing out of a lake
C)a river entering a large body of water
D)ocean waves crashing on the beach
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