Motor Learning and Control
Exam Answer Key
Course Introduction
Motor Learning and Control explores the processes involved in the acquisition, refinement, and retention of motor skills across the lifespan. The course examines the underlying neural, cognitive, and biomechanical principles that govern how individuals plan, initiate, and regulate movement. Topics include theories of motor learning, stages of skill development, sensory feedback, motivation, attention, and factors affecting performance such as practice organization and feedback methods. Through a blend of theoretical concepts and practical applications, students gain an understanding of how to design effective learning environments and interventions to enhance motor skill development in various settings, including sports, rehabilitation, and education.
Recommended Textbook
Kinesiology Scientific Basis of Human Motion 12th Edition by Nancy Hamilton
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456 Verified Questions
456 Flashcards
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Chapter 1: Introduction to the Study of Kinesiology
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Sample Questions
Q1) Walking is a primarily _____ activity.
A) sequential
B) combination
C) simultaneous
D) synergistic
Answer: B
Q2) Compare and contrast the presidential functions and responsibilities as chief executive and chief of state.
Answer: A good example of spillover of presidential functions occurs in the president's functions as chief executive-where the president, as head of the executive branch, appoints advisers and staff-and chief of state, the ceremonial function of the president. As chief executive, the president appoints numerous officials, and as chief of state, he serves as symbolic leader of the nation. In both cases, the president serves as the focus of national leadership. However, the difference in effective executive powers is significant.
Q3) Describe the movement phases which might be used in an analysis of an overhand throw.
Answer: preparation, power, propulsion
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3
Chapter 2: The Musculoskeletal System: The Skeletal
Framework and Its Movements
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which of the following movements occurs in a horizontal plane around a vertical axis?
A) arm action in golf drive resulting in no spin ball
B) arm action in tennis forehand resulting in no spin
C) leg action in football, no spin
D) leg action in walking
Answer: B
Q2) An example of a hinge joint would be the ___.
A) wrist
B) elbow
C) hips
D) acromioclavicular
Answer: B
Q3) Which of the following is correct?
A) abduction of the humerus--motion in a frontal plane about a vertical axis
B) flexion of the knee--motion in a sagittal plane about a biltaeral axis
C) forward tilt of the pelvis--motion in a frontal plane about an AP axis
D) rotation of the head--motion in a frontal plane about a longitudinal axis
Answer: B
Page 4
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Chapter 3: The Musculoskeletal System: The Musculature
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Sample Questions
Q1) Starting and ending in a standing position, analyze the hip joint in the motion of touching one's toes.
Answer:
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Q2) Which type of muscle contraction is it when contraction velocity remains constant?
A) isometric contraction
B) isotonic contraction
C) isokinetic contraction
D) eccentric contraction
Answer: C
Q3) Why is it difficult for some people to sit on the floor with straight legs and erect body?
A) antagonistic muscle action
B) restrictive internal structure of knee and hip joints
C) shortness and inelasticity of knee extensors
D) tension of two joint muscles
Answer: D
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Chapter 4: The Neuromuscular Basis of Human Motion
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which of the following is most sensitive to linear acceleration?
A) utricle
B) free nerve endings
C) semicircular canals
D) neck receptors
Q2) When landing from a jump, which of the following proprioceptors facilitate the return to the standing position?
1) Pacinian corpuscles
2) joint receptors in feet
3) labyrinthine system
4) muscle spindles
A) 1, 2, 3
B) 1, 2, 4
C) 1, 3, 4
D) 2, 3, 4
Q3) Which head position would facilitate elbow flexion?
A) flexion and rotation to same side
B) flexion and rotation to opposite side
C) hyperextension and rotation to same side
D) hyperextension and rotation to opposite side
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Chapter 5: The Upper Extremity: The Shoulder Region
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which muscle supports the arm in a position of 90 degrees of abduction?
A) anterior deltoid
B) middle deltoid
C) posterior deltoid
D) pectoralis major
Q2) Explain why it is easier to dislocate the shoulder when the upper arm is flexed at the glenohumeral joint rather than extended.
Q3) Which of the following exercises would use the lower (sternal) portion of the pectoralis major?
A) bench press
B) biceps curls
C) pushups
D) rowing
Short Answer Questions
Q4) How is the glenoid fossa reoriented to increase range of motion?
A) through action of the scapula
B) through action of the humerus
C) through action of the clavicle
D) through action of the trunk
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Chapter 6: The Upper Extremity: The Elbow, Forearm, Wrist, and Hand
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Sample Questions
Q1) Why may a person successfully complete a pull-up with the forearms supinated, but fail with the forearms pronated?
Q2) List the prime movers in elbow extension in each of the following conditions: from the flexed position in a biceps curl from flexed position in a biceps curl in a weightless environment from a position of elbow flexion with the shoulder abducted to 90<sup>\(\circ\)</sup>
Q3) In a tennis stroke, stroke strong forearm pronation is used to give top spin to the ball. Which are the prime movers for this?
A) pronator teres, pronator quadratus
B) pronator teres, pronator quadratus, biceps brachii
C) pronator teres, pronator quadratus, biceps brachii, brachialis
D) pronator teres, pronator quadratus, brachialis
Q4) Which of the following muscles would contribute most to your grip in racquetball?
A) flexor digitorum superficialis, extensor digitorum
B) extensor digitorum, flexor pollicis longus
C) flexor digitorum superficialis, flexor pollicis longus
D) extensor digitorum, 4
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Chapter 7: The Lower Extremity: The Hip Region
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Sample Questions
Q1) Analyze the muscular involvement in the motion of the hip joint in the jumping jack exercise. Be sure to include both the "apart" phase and the "together" phase (non-support part only).
Q2) Which of the following groups of muscles act primarily to stabilize the pelvis in walking?
A) gluteus medius and minimis, quadratus lumborum
B) gluteus maximus, rectus abdominous
C) tensor fascia latae, pectineus
D) iliopsoas, gracilis
Q3) What is the ligament that runs from the acetabulum of the pelvis to the fovea of the femur?
A) iliofemoral ligament
B) ligamentum teres
C) pubofemoral ligament
D) collateral ligament
Q4) Why is it easier to keep the low back flat on the floor in a supine lying position if the knees and hips are flexed?
Q5) Why is pelvic girdle rotation necessary in both walking and running gaits?
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Chapter 8: The Lower Extremity: The Knee, Ankle, and Foot
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Sample Questions
Q1) Many people find it more difficult to grasp the ankles in a long sit position if the ankle joint is dorsiflexed. Explain this phenomenon.
Q2) Analyze the muscular involvement in the motion of the knee joint in a kicking motion. Be sure to include both the preparation phase and the propulsion phase.
Q3) Prime movers in ankle dorsiflexion are the: 1) gastrocnemius
2) tibialis anterior
3) extensor hallicus longus
4) flexor digitorum longus
5) extensor digitorum longus
A) 1, 2, 3
B) 1, 2, 4
C) 2, 3, 4
D) 2, 3, 5
Q4) Which of the following motions are produced by the tibialis anterior?
A) ankle plantar flexion, inversion of foot
B) ankle dorsiflexion, inversion of foot
C) ankle plantar flexion, eversion of foot
D) ankle dorsiflexion, eversion of foot
Q5) Why are deep knee bends considered to be a potentially dangerous exercise?
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Chapter 9: The Spinal Column and Thorax
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which movement of the pelvis accompanies flexion of the vertebral column?
A) backward tilt
B) forward tilt
C) lateral tilt
D) rotation
Q2) Describe the structure of the intervertebral disc and discuss its function as part of the vertebral column.
Q3) In which regions of the vertebral column are flexion and extension most free?
A) cervical & thoracic
B) cervical & lumbar
C) thoracic & lumbar
D) all of the above
Q4) Injuries to the cervical spine are among the most serious in sport. Discuss the anatomical reasons that these injuries are so serious.
Q5) The anterior muscles of the trunk are more active as flexors when the body is supine rather than in a standing position. Why is this so in most cases? What could one do to increase activity in these muscles in the standing position?
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Chapter 10: Terminology and Measurement in Biomechanics
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Sample Questions
Q1) You walk north across campus for 200 meters, then turn and walk west for 150 meters. What is your resultant displacement?
Q2) The weight of a body is defined as a quantification of the force of gravity acting on which aspect of the body?
A) resistance
B) weight
C) mass
D) inertia
Q3) Which of the following is not a part of kinematics?
A) displacement
B) velocity
C) acceleration
D) force producing motion
Q4) Which of the following represents a scalar quantity?
A) a muscle force of 10 Newtons
B) a displacement of 5 feet
C) a mass of 70 kilograms
D) a velocity of 30 m/s
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Chapter 11: The Description of Human Motion
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Sample Questions
Q1) What determines the type of motion of a freely moveable object?
A) amount of force applied
B) location of center of gravity
C) point at which force is applied
D) shape of object
Q2) Which type of motion is produced by any force that is not through the axis of rotation?
A) linear
B) rotary
C) straight line motion
D) rectilinear
Q3) What determines the horizontal distance that a projectile will have?
A) horizontal velocity of object
B) time that object is in flight
C) both a and b
D) none of the above
Q4) Why is it important to strive for height when executing the long jump?
Q5) Why will a foul ball hit straight up and a home run which reaches the same height land at the same time (if they are hit at the same time)?
Page 13
Q6) Why can you hit a golf ball farther with a driver (#1 wood) than with a #9 iron?
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Chapter 12: The Conditions of Linear Motion
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Sample Questions
Q1) How much work is done if you hold a tennis racquet in your hand without moving it?
A) none
B) a small amount
C) a large amount
D) depends on size of racquet
Q2) Which of the following statements is correct concerning momentum?
A) given equal linear velocity just after impact, a tennis ball will have greater momentum than a tennis racquet
B) at the same velocity, a badminton racquet will have greater momentum than a tennis racquet
C) a 14 lb. bowling ball with a linear velocity of 35 ft/sec will have greater momentum than a 8 lb. ball at 50 ft/sec
D) a softball bat weighing one-third that of a second bat but swung at twice the velocity will have greater momentum
Q3) Why is it more difficult to run on the beach than on the street?
Q4) Why does one tend to shorten one's stride when walking on the ice?
Q5) Why will a steel ball bounce when dropped on a trampoline but not when dropped on a wooden floor?
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Chapter 13: The Conditions of Rotary Motion
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Sample Questions
Q1) Will a subject who is seated be able to support more weight with the knee fully extended or with the knee at 20<sup>\(\circ\)</sup> of flexion (lower leg 20<sup>\(\circ\)</sup> below the horizontal)?
Explain your answer, including a discussion of both the resistance and the effort.
Q2) What is centrifugal force?
A) force that causes object to fly off at a tangent to arc of motion
B) force that causes object to travel in an arc
C) reaction force to that which pulls away from center of arc
D) reaction force to centripetal force
Short Answer Questions
Q3) Where would moment of inertia be found?
A) only in sports objects
B) in objects undergoing angular motion
C) in objects undergoing linear motion
D) only in humans
Q4) Why is it easier for a gymnast doing giant swings to stop in a handstand at the top of the bar than to stop in a long hang at the bottom of the bar?
Q5) Why do sprinters lean when running the curve on a track?
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Chapter 14: The Center of Gravity and Stability
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Sample Questions
Q1) Why is it difficult (impossible) to bend over and touch one's toes with the heels and the buttocks against a wall?
Q2) Which of the following defines the line of gravity of the body?
A) intersection of cardinal sagittal & frontal planes
B) vertical line bisecting the body laterally
C) intersection of cardinal sagittal & frontal planes AND vertical line passing through center of gravity
D) intersection of cardinal sagittal & horizontal planes AND vertical line bisecting the body laterally
Q3) What might you do to help you maintain your balance if you were suddenly pushed hard from behind?
Justify your answers.
Q4) How might one adjust ones stance to increase stability in the following situations? standing on the deck of a boat standing on a bus which starts and stops suddenly preparing to move in an unknown direction
Q5) Explain the limitations that exist on how far the base of support can be widened in a standing position.
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Chapter 15: Kinesiology of Fitness and Exercise
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which of the following defines the concept of "good" alignment in the standing posture?
A) must be broadly interpreted to fit a variety of individual differences
B) the alignment of all weight bearing segments
C) there are a set of bony landmarks that should align
D) the posture that requires the least energy is the best
Q2) Discuss two reflexes which may play a role in the erect standing posture.
Q3) Which of the following is true of the joints in the erect standing posture?
A) all joints are in extension
B) all joints of the lower extremity are in extension
C) all weight bearing joints except the ankle are in extension
D) none of the above
Q4) Why might a toddler fall over when trying to stand while an older child has no trouble?
Q5) What can be said about the existence of motion during a "stationary" stance?
A) there is no motion
B) there is slight motion forward and backward
C) there is slight motion side to side
D) there is slight motion in all directions
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Chapter 16: Moving Objects: Pushing and Pulling
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Sample Questions
Q1) Describe an exercise for flexibility that uses the concept of proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation. Explain your rationale for this choice of exercise.
Q2) What differences would exist between an exercise program whose goal is endurance and one for which strength is the program goal?
Q3) How do plyometric jumping exercises act to increase one's vertical jump height?
Q4) Which of the following is a stretching technique in which one attempts to achieve relaxation of the stretched muscle through reciprocal innervation and/or a tendon organ response?
A) active isolated stretching
B) ballistic stretching
C) proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation
D) rehabilitative stretching
Q5) Which of the following exercises strengthens all of the abdominal muscles most effectively.
A) crunch sit-up with a twist
B) double leg raises
C) curl up
D) straight back sit-up
Q6) Why should a person not "bounce" during stretching exercises?
Page 18
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Chapter 17: Moving Objects: Throwing, Striking, and Kicking
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which would be the most efficient manner in which to lift a heavy box?
A) grasp box at arms length
B) face box with elbows bent and arms close to body
C) turn side to box and lift with one arm
D) place one hand under box and one hand on top at arms length
Q2) Which of the following is not true when attempting to produce a motion for maximum accuracy?
A) use the fewest number of segments
B) use the smallest segments possible
C) use maximum possible contact time
D) use the highest possible velocity
Q3) Which of the following motions should be avoided in working with long handled implements?
A) lifting
B) pulling
C) pushing
D) twisting
Short Answer Questions
Q4) Why is it often easier to stand from a seated position if the feet are brought as close to the chair as possible?
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Chapter 18: Locomotion: Solid Surface
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Sample Questions
Q1) Why is it difficult to throw a ball while treading water (as in water polo)?
Q2) What are the prime movers in giving top spin to the ball in a tennis stroke with strong forearm pronation?
1) pronation teres
2) pronator quadratus
3) biceps brachii
4) brachialis
A) 1, 2
B) 1, 2, 3
C) 1, 2, 3, 4
D) 1, 2, 4
Short Answer Questions
Q3) Why can you generate a better throw if you move each of the body parts involved in sequence rather than simultaneously?
Q4) The wind-up (preparatory phase) is a very important part of the forceful throwing motion. Give a neuromuscular reason and at least one mechanical reason why this is true.
Q5) Why should the pelvic girdle rotate before the arm comes through in executing a hard throw?
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Chapter 19: Locomotion: The Aquatic Environment
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Sample Questions
Q1) In which direction is the force applied during the propulsion phase of the walk?
A) downward
B) down and backward
C) forward
D) forward and upward
Q2) What is the effect of joint actions in the propulsive phase of the long jump?
1) action at the ankle moves lower leg backward for balance
2) action at metatarsal-phalangeal joints lifts body upward
3) hip action helps keep trunk in alignment
4) knee action causes thigh to move forward and upward
A) 1, 4
B) 1, 2, 3
C) 2, 3, 4
D) 1, 2, 3, 4
Q3) Which of a bicycles rear gears (smallest or largest) would you use when riding up a steep hill?
Explain your answer.
Q4) Why should the foot of a runner strike the ground directly under the center of gravity if possible?
Q5) Why must a jumper strive for height when executing a long jump?
Page 21
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Chapter 20: Locomotion: When Suspended and Free of Support
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which portion of the front crawl stroke contributes the most to stroke velocity?
A) kick
B) arm recovery
C) arm pull
D) action of the feet
Q2) Why will one's feet drop if the head is lifted in a back float position in swimming?
Q3) Which of the following is true in the arm motion of a front crawl stroke?
A) pressing toward the bottom moves the body up
B) pressing toward the surface moves the body up
C) a high elbow causes great resistance
D) pressing backward moves the body backward
Q4) Which are the two forces that are primarily responsible for propulsion in swimming?
A) drag and reaction forces
B) lift and buoyancy
C) drag and lift forces
D) reaction forces and buoyancy
Q5) Explain the effects of pulling too wide in the breast stroke in kinesiological terms.
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Chapter 21: Impact
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Sample Questions
Q1) Discuss some of the problems that occur in prolonged weightlessness. Include a discussion of both neuromuscular and anatomical considerations.
Q2) Although an object in motion has no weight in a weightless environment, which of the following does it still possess?
A) mass
B) momentum
C) both a & b
D) none of the above
Q3) How may the height of the swing of a pendulum be increased?
A) increase radius on downswing, decrease on upswing
B) increase radius on downswing, increase on upswing
C) decrease radius on downswing, decrease on upswing
D) decrease radius on downswing, increase on upswing
Q4) Why would a coach recommend a "tighter" tuck to enable the gymnast to get all the way around?
A) angular velocity will decrease
B) angular displacement will decrease
C) moment of inertia will decrease
D) mass will decrease
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Chapter 22: Instrumentation for Motion Analysis
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Sample Questions
Q1) Why do you land harder the farther you fall?
Q2) Pole vaulters used to land in a sand pit. They now land in a deep foam pad. Explain in kinesiological terms the effect this change has had on the safety of pole vaulting.
Q3) Volleyball players are taught to dive and roll when attempting to hit a low ball on the run. Explain the purpose of the roll in this dive and roll maneuver.
Q4) How much work must be done on a medicine ball in order to catch it and completely stop its motion?
A) work equal to the change in kinetic energy of the ball
B) work equal to the force of the throw
C) work equal to the mass of the object
D) work equal to the weight and velocity of the object
Q5) Which of the following determines the amount of force required to stop an object in motion?
A) the mass of the object and the time of force application
B) the velocity of the object and its weight
C) the momentum of the object and the time of force application
D) the initial acceleration of the object
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