Molecular Biology of Development Solved
Exam Questions
Course Introduction
Molecular Biology of Development explores the genetic, biochemical, and molecular mechanisms that regulate the growth and differentiation of organisms from single cells into complex multicellular beings. The course examines key regulatory genes, signaling pathways, and cellular processes involved in embryogenesis, tissue patterning, organ formation, and morphogenesis, using examples from model organisms such as Drosophila, C. elegans, zebrafish, and mice. Students will gain an understanding of how molecular circuits coordinate developmental events and how disruptions in these pathways can lead to developmental disorders, providing insights into both normal development and disease.
Recommended Textbook
Human Embryology and Developmental Biology 5th Edition by Bruce M. Carlson
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18 Chapters
301 Verified Questions
301 Flashcards
Source URL: https://quizplus.com/study-set/1308 Page 2
Chapter 1: Getting Ready for Pregnancy
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10 Verified Questions
10 Flashcards
Source URL: https://quizplus.com/quiz/26053
Sample Questions
Q1) In a court case,a company was sued because a pregnant woman was exposed to chemical vapors one day and subsequently gave birth to an infant with a cleft lip/palate.The embryo was said to have had a menstrual age of 10 weeks at the time of exposure.What was the fertilization age of the embryo?
A)6 weeks
B)8 weeks
C)10 weeks
D)12 weeks
E)14 weeks
Answer: B
Q2) Two systems-menstrual age and fertilization age-are used in signifying the age of embryos.To convert from menstrual age to fertilization age:
A)Add 1 week
B)Add 2 weeks
C)Subtract 1 week
D)Subtract 2 weeks
Answer: D
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Chapter 2: Transport of Gametes and Fertilization
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19 Verified Questions
19 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) During the fertilization process,the acrosomal reaction plays its most important role in assisting the spermatozoon to penetrate the ______________.
A)Plasma membrane of the ovum
B)Corona radiata
C)Perivitelline space
D)Nuclear membrane of the ovum
E)Zona pellucida
Answer: E
Q2) The principal energy source for ejaculated spermatozoa is _____________.
A)Prostatic acid phosphatase
B)Internal glucose
C)Prostatic citric acid
D)Fructose in seminal vesicle fluid
E)Glycogen released from the vaginal epithelium
Answer: D
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4
Chapter 3: Cleavage and Implantation
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18 Verified Questions
18 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) A tubal pregnancy can result from:
A)Pelvic inflammatory disease
B)Scarring from a surgical procedure to a uterine tube
C)An anatomical malformation of a uterine tube
D)All of the above
E)None of the above
Answer: D
Q2) Cells of which of the following are totipotent (can form any part of the embryonic body)?
A)Inner cell mass
B)Cytotrophoblast
C)Amniotic ectoderm
D)Extraembryonic mesoderm
E)Yolk sac endoderm
Answer: A
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5
Chapter 4: Molecular Basis for Embryonic Development
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9 Verified Questions
9 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which Hox gene is expressed in the most anterior position in the embryonic body?
A)Hoxc-12
B)Hoxd-11
C)Hoxb-5
D)Hoxa-4
E)Hoxb-9
Q2) Which growth factor must be combined with cholesterol to be active?
A)Sonic hedgehog
B)Fibroblast growth factor-2
C)Transforming growth factor-
D)Bone morphogenetic protein-7
E)None of the above
Q3) Which molecule is most heavily involved in the process of lateral inhibition?
A)Sonic hedgehog
B)Sox-9
C)Notch
D)Transforming growth factor-
E)None of the above
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6
Chapter 5: Formation of Germ Layers and Early Derivatives
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16 Verified Questions
16 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) The principal inductor in primary neural induction is the _____________.
A)Hypoblast
B)Primitive streak
C)Extraembryonic mesoderm
D)Notochordal process
E)Embryonic ectoderm
Q2) Induction of the central nervous system is brought about by the action of the ___________ on the overlying ectoderm.
A)Hypoblast
B)Chordamesoderm (notochord)
C)Primitive streak
D)Embryonic endoderm
E)Body stalk
Q3) The principal inductor in primary neural induction is the ____________.
A)Hypoblast
B)Primitive streak
C)Extraembryonic mesoderm
D)Notochordal process
E)Embryonic ectoderm
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Chapter 6: Establishment of the Basic Embryonic Body Plan
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Sample Questions
Q1) The primordium of which structure is located in the septum transversum?
A)Pancreas
B)Lung
C)Liver
D)Thymus
E)Spleen
Q2) Blood islands form from the _______________.
A)Splanchnic mesoderm of the yolk sac
B)Endocardial tube
C)Yolk sac endoderm
D)Splanchnic mesoderm of the foregut
E)Cardiogenic mesoderm
Q3) An inductive stimulus from the ____________ stimulates the transformation of the epithelial sclerotome into secondary mesenchyme.
A)Neural crest
B)Dorsal aorta
C)Ectodermal placode
D)Embryonic endoderm
E)Notochord
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Chapter 7: Placenta and Extraembryonic Membranes
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12 Verified Questions
12 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Decidual cells can be found in the _______________.
A)Cytotrophoblast
B)Syncytiotrophoblast
C)Mesoderm of the placental villus
D)Endometrium
E)Body stalk
Q2) Hydatidiform mole can be attributed to abnormal _______________.
A)Imprinting
B)Induction
C)X-chromosome inactivation
D)Regulation
E)None of the above
Q3) A hydatidiform mole is the result of abnormal _________________.
A)Paternal imprinting
B)X-chromosome inactivation
C)Regulative development
D)Maternal imprinting
E)Y-chromosome inactivation
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9
Chapter 8: Developmental Disorders: Causes, mechanisms, and Patterns
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11 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Phocomelia is most likely to be seen after maternal exposure to which of the following teratogenic agents during the first trimester of pregnancy?
A)Alcohol
B)Aminopterin
C)Androgens
D)Ionizing radiation
E)Thalidomide
Q2) Which of the following anomalies can be attributed to a disturbance in tissue resorption?
A)Pelvic kidney
B)Cleft lip
C)Anal atresia
D)Renal agenesis
E)Intrauterine digital amputation
Q3) What was the earliest recognized cause of human birth defects?
A)Excess vitamin A
B)Rubella
C)Folic acid deficiency
D)Thalidomide
E)X-radiation
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Chapter 9: Integumentary, skeletal, and Muscular Systems
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9 Verified Questions
9 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which molecular marker characterizes myoblasts migrating into the limb buds from the somites?
A)Hoxd-1
B)Pax-3
C)Sonic hedgehog
D)Hoxa-3
E)Transforming growth factor-
Q2) How many nuclei would you expect to find in a myoblast?
A)1
B)2
C)4
D)8
E)None of the above
Q3) Which molecule steers mesenchymal cells toward an osteogenic program?
A)Sox-9
B)Sonic hedgehog
C)Runx-2
D)All of the above
E)None of the above
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Chapter 10: Limb Development
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Sample Questions
Q1) If the neighboring somites are removed,what would be missing from the developing limb?
A)Cartilage
B)Skeletal muscle
C)Bone
D)Digits
E)Melanocytes
Q2) Which anomaly is due to the absence of programmed cell death?
A)Triphalangeal thumb
B)Phocomelia
C)Polydactyly
D)Syndactyly
E)Diplopodia
Q3) ___________,produced by the apical ectodermal ridge,stimulates outgrowth of the limb bud.
A)Sonic hedgehog
B)Bone morphogenetic protein-7
C)Fibroblast growth factor-4
D)Wnt-7a
E)None of the above
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Chapter 11: Nervous System
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15 Verified Questions
15 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) A molecule that repels the advance of a growth cone is called _______________.
A)Netrin
B)Acrosin
C)Cadherin
D)Semaphoring
E)Laminin
Q2) The cell bodies of sensory neurons arise from the ______________.
A)Alar plate
B)Basal plate
C)Floor plate
D)Roof plate
E)Neural crest
Q3) The cranial nerve ganglia are associated with all of the following rhombomeres except ______________.
A)r2
B)r3
C)r4
D)r6
E)r7
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Page 13
Chapter 12: Neural Crest
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14 Verified Questions
14 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which of these neural crest derivatives is formed only from cranial neural crest?
A)Melanocytes
B)Sensory ganglion cells
C)Cartilage
D)Satellite cells of sensory ganglia
E)Adrenal medulla
Q2) A newborn exhibits multiple congenital defects including a cleft palate,deafness,ocular hypertelorism,and a white forelock but otherwise dark hair on his head.The probable diagnosis is ________________________:
A)von Recklinghausen's disease
B)Hirschsprung's disease
C)Klinefelter syndrome
D)Arnold-Chiari malformation
E)Waardenburg syndrome
Q3) Which of the following might be associated with von Recklinghausen's disease?
A)Café au lait spots
B)Neurofibromas
C)Gigantism of the limb
D)All of the above
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14
Chapter 13: Sense Organs
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17 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which of the following associations is incorrect?
A)Optic cup - neural retina
B)Neural crest - sphincter/dilator papillae muscles
C)Ectodermal placode - lens
D)Neural crest - pigment layer of the retina
E)Neural crest - corneal endothelium
Q2) The _______________ gives rise to tissues of the external ear.
A)Maxillary process
B)Nasolateral process
C)Pharyngeal arch 3
D)Philtrum
E)None of the above
Q3) The sensory hair cells of the inner ear originate from the _________________.
A)Pinna
B)Otic placode
C)Neural crest
D)Pharyngeal arch
E)Prosencephalon
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15
Chapter 14: Head and Neck
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33 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) The facial (VII)nerve supplies muscles derived from the ______________ pharyngeal arch.
A)First
B)Second
C)Third
D)Fourth
E)Sixth
Q2) Activity of which molecule steers the differentiation of pancreatic progenitor cells toward the exocrine pathway?
A)Neurogenin-3
B)Pax-6
C)Pax-4
D)Notch
E)None of the above
Q3) The second pharyngeal arch contributes to the ________________.
A)Cochlea, ear lobe
B)Auditory tube, incus
C)Stapes, ear lobe
D)Auditory tube, stapes
E)Otic vesicle, stapes
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Chapter 15: Digestive and Respiratory Systems and Body
Cavities
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17 Verified Questions
17 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) A newborn infant chokes and is unable to retain milk during its first attempt to breast-feed.This is most likely due to (a)____________________.
A)Thyroglossal cyst
B)Duodenal atresia
C)Tracheoesophageal fistula
D)Lateral cervical cyst
E)Pyloric stenosis
Q2) A Meckel's diverticulum can contain ectopic _______________.
A)Gastric mucosa
B)Endometrium
C)Pancreatic tissue
D)All of the above
E)None of the above
Q3) Which of the following associations is not correct?
A)Pyramidal lobe of thyroid - neural crest
B)Meckel's diverticulum - heterotopic pancreatic tissue
C)Hindgut - inferior mesenteric artery
D)Walls of second pharyngeal pouches - palatine tonsils
E)Agnathia - branchial arch I
Page 17
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Chapter 16: Urogenital System
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29 Verified Questions
29 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) The metanephrogenic blastema is induced by the _______________.
A)Pronephric duct
B)Ureteric bud
C)Mesonephric tubules
D)Allantois
E)Mesonephric duct
Q2) Exstrophy of the bladder is often associated with ______________.
A)Hypospadias
B)Epispadias
C)Bicornuate uterus
D)Rectovaginal fistula
E)Urachal fistula
Q3) The ureteric bud grows out from the mesonephric duct in response to ___________ secreted by the metanephrogenic blastema.
A)Pax-2
B)Hoxb-8
C)Sonic hedgehog
D)Glial cellline-derived neurotrophic factor
E)Fibroblast growth factor-2
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Page 18
Chapter 17: Cardiovascular System
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19 Verified Questions
19 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) In an infant with tricuspid atresia,which of the accompanying secondary anomalies would also have to be present to be compatible with life?
A)Interventricular septal defect
B)Patent ductus arteriosus
C)Interventricular septal defect + patent ductus arteriosus
D)Interventricular septa defect + interatrial septal defect
E)Interventricular septal defect + persistent truncus arteriosus
Q2) Nucleated erythrocytes found in the embryo are produced in the _____________.
A)Yolk sac
B)Para-aortic clusters
C)Liver
D)Bone marrow
E)None of the above
Q3) The internal carotid artery arises from aortic arch ________.
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Chapter 18: Fetal Period and Birth
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Sample Questions
Q1) The ligamentum teres is the postnatal remains of the ______________.
A)Ductus arteriosus
B)Ductus venosus
C)Umbilical vein
D)Umbilical artery
E)Urachus
Q2) Insufficient production of ________________ is the most common cause of reduced survival in infants born 8 weeks prematurely.
A)Testosterone
B)Meconium
C)Urine
D)Insulin
E)Pulmonary surfactant
Q3) Respiratory distress syndrome in premature infants is due to ______________.
A)Insufficient development of the pulmonary vasculature
B)Premature closure of the ductus arteriosus
C)Excessive production of pulmonary surfactant
D)Insufficient development of the diaphragm
E)None of the above
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Page 20