Modern European History
Test Questions
Course Introduction
Modern European History examines the profound political, social, economic, and cultural transformations that shaped Europe from the late eighteenth century to the present. This course explores key events such as the French Revolution, the rise of industrial societies, the development and challenges of nation-states, imperial expansion, the impact of the two World Wars, the Cold War, and the ongoing process of European integration. Through analyses of primary sources and scholarly interpretations, students will assess how individuals, movements, and institutions contributed to modern Europe's complex and dynamic landscape.
Recommended Textbook
Western Civilization Volume II Since 1500 9th Edition by Jackson J. Spielvogel
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Page 2
Chapter 1: Reformation and Religious Warfare in the
Sixteenth Century
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Q1) Calvin placed considerable emphasis on the absolute sovereignty of God.
A)True
B)False
Answer: True
Q2) Who was the Jesuit missionary who propagated Christianity in India, Malacca and the Moluccas, and Japan, and who died just before reaching China?
A)Ignatius Loyola
B)Thomas More
C)Matteo Ricci
D)Francis Xavier
E)Dominic Guzman
Answer: D
Q3) Luther's religious crisis came to a head over which increasingly popular belief?
A)The Bible had passages that were contradictory.
B)Even with its flaws, the Catholic Church remained legitimate.
C)No amount of good works could guarantee salvation.
D)If God is all-powerful, why should he care about humans?
E)There seemed to be no sure proof of God's existence.
Answer: C
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Chapter 2: Europe and the World: New Encounters
1500-1800
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Q1) Which statement best describes European trade and expansion by the end of the seventeenth century?
A)International trade was much greater than intra-European trade.
B)Wealth was being transferred back to the New World from Europe in the form of raw materials.
C)Local, regional, and intra-European trade was considerably greater than international trade.
D)Slavery was in decline in both Africa and the New World.
E)European imperialism had come to an end.
Answer: C
Q2) The decline of the Maya civilization was precipitated by the arrival of the Spanish. A)True
B)False
Answer: False
Q3) In 1492, knowledgeable Europeans knew that the world was round.
A)True
B)False
Answer: True
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Chapter 3: State Building and the Search for Order in the
Seventeenth Century
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Q1) ____ emphasized clarity, simplicity, balance, and harmony.
A)Artemisia Gentileschi
B)Dada
C)Mannerism
D)French Classicism
E)The Baroque
Answer: D
Q2) Which statement best describes the economic policies of Jean-Baptiste Colbert, Louis XIV's controller general of finances?
A)They were absolutely unique in Europe.
B)They involved new accounting practices to take the tax burden off the peasants.
C)They were based on the economic theory of mercantilism.
D)They gave Louis a large surplus in the treasury that he needed to carry out his wars.
E)They could best be described as laissez-faire.
Answer: C
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Chapter 4: The Eighteenth Century: an Age of Enlightenment
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Q1) For Rousseau, what was the main source of inequality and the chief cause of crimes?
A)Divine right monarchy
B)Marriage
C)Religion
D)Ignoring the "general will"
E)Private property
Q2) Who said that individuals "will be forced to be free"?
A)Baron Paul d'Holbach
B)Jean-Jacques Rousseau
C)Denis Diderot
D)Francois Quesnay
E)Voltaire
Q3) At what time was Carnival celebrated?
A)The weeks leading up to Christmas
B)Easter
C)The weeks leading up to Lent
D)Pentecost
E)All Saints Day
Q4) Who were the philosophes? What common characteristics did they have?
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Chapter 5: The Eighteenth Century: European States
International Wars and Social Change
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Q1) Maria Theresa of Austria was a staunch Catholic and political conservative.
A)True
B)False
Q2) Which European power gained the most from The Seven Years' War?
A)Prussia
B)Austria
C)Russia
D)France
E)Great Britain
Q3) When Louis XIV left the thrown, France faced all of the following conditions EXCEPT____.
A)a five-year-old successor to the throne.?a somber aristocracy.
B)more territorial holdings.
C)an unhappy citizenry.
D)massive debt.
Q4) In your opinion, how sincere were the enlightened absolutist monarchs in their commitment to Enlightenment ideals? What is the mark of that sincerity or lack thereof? Explain.
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Q5) Discuss the connection between war and political centralization in eighteenth-century Europe during the eighteenth century.
Chapter 6: A Revolution in Politics: the Era of the French Revolution
and Napoleon
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Q1) What was the result of the controversy over voting by order versus voting by head in the Estates-General?
A)The nobles of the robe advocated voting by head.
B)The "lovers of liberty" effectively blocked voting by head.
C)The clergy called for the expulsion of the Third Estate from the Estates-General.
D)The Third Estate joined the Second Estate in abolishing the First Estate of the clergy.
E)The Third Estate responded by forming a "National Assembly."
Q2) In 1796 and 1797, Napoleon won a series of victories over ____ in Italy.
A)Austria
B)Prussia
C)Britain
D)the pope
E)Naples
Q3) Louis XVI was forced to return to Paris on October 6, 1789, by his ministers.
A)True
B)False
Q4) What were the most important weaknesses of Napoleon's empire?
Q5) What led to the fall of Robespierre and the rise of the Directory?
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Chapter 7: The Industrial Revolution and Its Impact on European Society
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Q1) What point were the British trying to make with the Great Exhibition of 1851?
Q2) As Britain produced cotton quickly and cheaply with the aid of steam engines, which country could no longer compete?
A)India
B)America
C)France
D)Algeria
E)Russia
Q3) Upon which resource was Great Britain dependent for the success of the steam engine in the Industrial Revolution?
A)Timber
B)Coal
C)Water power
D)Electricity
E)Copper
Q4) wrought iron
Q5) child labor
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Q6) What factors contributed to the industrialization of the United States in the nineteenth century?
Chapter 8: Reaction Revolution and Romanticism 1815-1850
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Q1) In which of these 1830 revolutions did liberalism play the primary role?
A)The revolution in Spain
B)The revolution in Belgium
C)The revolution in France
D)The revolution in Poland
E)The revolution in Italy
Q2) Which two American political parties debated the power of the federal government in the late eighteenth century?
A)Republicans and Democrats
B)Democrats and Whigs
C)Whigs and Tories
D)Federalists and Republicans
E)Republicans and Whigs
Q3) The Austrian Empire was an ethnically homogenous state.
A)True
B)False
Q4) What vision of postwar Europe informed the proceedings of the Congress of Vienna? How did the Concert of Europe attempt to secure those goals? Were these two efforts successful?
Q5) What were the causes and consequences of the revolutions of 1830?
Page 10
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Chapter 9: An Age of Nationalism and Realism 1850-1871
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Q1) What was a result of Bismarck's Austro-Prussian War?
A)The incorporation of Austria into the North German Confederation
B)A harsh treaty against Austria that reduced it to a second-rate power
C)The Prussian liberals' disgust over Bismarck's unscrupulous policies
D)The exclusion of Austria from the North German Confederation
E)The immediate establishment of the German Empire
Q2) How did the role of science in society change over the course of the nineteenth century?
Q3) Which scientist provided a working foundation for the use of electricity?
A)Friedrich Engels
B)Louis Pasteur
C)Michael Faraday
D)Charles Darwin
E)Charles Dickens
Q4) The Prussians enjoyed significant technological advantages over the Austrians in the Austro-Prussian War.
A)True
B)False
Q5) How did the Austrians deal with the problem of Hungarian nationalism in the aftermath of defeat in the Austro-Prussian War?
Page 11
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Chapter 10: Mass Society in an Age of Progress 1871-1894
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Q1) By 1910, the population of Europe had reached
A)85 million.
B)145 million.
C)210 million.
D)340 million.
E)460 million.
Q2) By 1914, what percentage of Britain's population lived in cities?
A)100 percent
B)50 percent
C)10 percent
D)40 percent
E)80 percent
Q3) Compare and contrast middle-class and working-class families. How do you explain the similarities and the differences?
Q4) Edwin Chadwick was one of Britain's leading promoters of urban sanitary reforms.
A)True
B)False
Q5) In 1910, Britain led the world in annual steel production. A)True
B)False
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Chapter 11: An Age of Modernity Anxiety and Imperialism
1894-1914
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Q1) By 1914, ____ had become the strongest military and industrial power on the continent.
A)Russia
B)Austria
C)the Netherlands
D)Germany
E)France
Q2) In what two areas of science did Marie Curie win Nobel prizes?
A)Cellular biology and chemistry
B)Physics and cellular biology
C)Physics and chemistry
D)Geology and physics
E)Chemistry and astronomy
Q3) What was the greatest difference between naturalism and realism in literature?
A)Realism dealt more with themes like human suffering.
B)Naturalism was more popular than realism.
C)Naturalism was generally more pessimistic than realism.
D)Realism was simply a continuation of naturalism.
E)Realism was more generally pessimistic than naturalism.
Q4) What did nineteenth-century women's rights activists hope to achieve?
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War and Revolution
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Q1) What most accurately describes the Russian army between 1914 and 1917?
A)It was well armed.
B)It was poorly led.
C)It was smaller than the armies of the other great powers.
D)It went from victory to victory.
E)It was highly professional.
Q2) What did Lenin do following the Bolshevik seizure of power in November 1917?
A)He accelerated the war effort against Germany.
B)He returned the control of factories to their rightful owners.
C)He entered into a treaty with Germany in the attempt to bring peace to Russia.
D)He successfully managed to reestablish the Duma under socialist control.
E)He confiscated all the agricultural land in Russia, forcing the peasants into large collective farms.
Q3) How would you explain the communist victory in the Russian Civil War?
Q4) What was Georges Clemenceau's chief goal at the armistice talks?
A)Punishing Germany and gain security for France
B)Helping Germany become a democracy
C)Maintaining a demilitarized Europe
D)Limiting Britain's influence on the continent
E)Establishing the League of Nations
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Chapter 13: The Futile Search for Stability: Europe Between
the Wars 1919-1939
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Q1) How many peasants died in the artificially created Soviet famines of 1932 and 1933?
A)90,000
B)120 million
C)750,000
D)1 million
E)10 million
Q2) Italy experienced a rare period of political and social stability in the five years following World War I.
A)True
B)False
Q3) Around what did culture in Nazi Germany center?
A)The use of modern, abstract forms to reflect Germany's "new order"
B)The functionalism of the Bauhaus school
C)Petty-bourgeois art, with sentimental and realistic scenes glorifying strong, heroic Aryans
D)Religious scenes influenced by Catholic dogma
E)Military themes at the expense of all other subjects
Q4) What role did ideas of race and military power play in the development of the Nazi state?
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Chapter 14: The Deepening of the European Crisis: World
War 2
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Q1) What was the chief argument between Truman and Stalin at Potsdam in July of 1945?
A)Free elections in eastern Europe
B)The numbers of tanks Americans and Russians could keep in Europe
C)What to do with German prisoners of war
D)Whether or not the Soviet Union would be in the United Nations
E)Whether the Soviet Union would join the war against Japan
Q2) What was the main purpose of civilian bombing campaigns?
A)To reduce the number of people available to participate in war
B)To exact revenge on the people
C)To break the will of a people to resist
D)To prepare enemy territory for resettlement
E)To test new weapons
Q3) The United States destroyed four Japanese aircraft carriers at the Battle of A)Guadalcanal.
B)Coral Sea.
C)Siam.
D)Midway.
E)Dutch Harbor.
Q4) What was the "Final Solution"? How was it carried out?
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Chapter 15: Cold War and a New Western World 1945-1965
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Q1) What did Wladyslaw Gomulka do in Poland in 1956?
A)He worked with the Soviets to crush a nascent independence movement.
B)He declared his nation's right to follow its own socialist path.
C)He tried to assassinate Nikita Khrushchev.
D)He started an underground newspaper dedicated to fascism.
E)He ordered the construction of a wall separating Poland from the Soviet Union.
Q2) What did Khrushchev do at the Twentieth Congress of the Communist Party in 1956?
A)He pardoned Stalin for his crimes.
B)He insisted that the forced labor camps must stay open indefinitely.
C)He urged the Party to adopt a limited form of capitalism in order to stay in power.
D)He called for a cessation of the Cold War.
E)He condemned Stalin.
Q3) The Treaty of ____ created the European Economic Community, or Common Market.
A)London
B)Rome
C)Berlin
D)Paris
E)Amsterdam
Q4) How did the existentialists describe the universe and humans' place in it?
Page 17
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Chapter 16: Protest and Stagnation: the Western World
1965-1985
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Q1) The Reagan Revolution extended tax cuts to the rich to stimulate the economy.
A)True
B)False
Q2) The "Reagan Revolution" included all of these new policies EXCEPT
A)reductions in food stamps.
B)cut-backs in spending on school lunch programs.
C)hefty increases in the military budget.
D)expansion of job programs to put people back to work.
E)escalating levels of government spending.
Q3) Between 1965 and 1985, did new technologies and new scientific discoveries do more to benefit or to harm the planet and its inhabitants? Explain.
Q4) Which period marked the zenith of European economic growth?
A)1789 to 1815
B)1851 to 1914
C)1921 to 1929
D)1945 to 1965
E)1973 to 1985
Q5) Discuss the causes and consequences of the protest movements of the 1960s, including successes and failures.
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Chapter 17: After the Fall: the Western World in a Global Age
Since 1985
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Q1) Which Eastern European republic came into existence in 1993 with the breakup of a previously existing state and which was fueled by ethnic rivalries?
A)Lithuania
B)Estonia
C)Albania
D)Lichtenstein
E)Slovakia
Q2) The Women's Movement empowered achieved all of the following gains EXCEPT
A)academic acceptance of the field of women's studies.
B)global unity among movement members that the top priority should be ending violence, hunger, and disease.
C)the repeal of many laws against birth control and abortion in most European countries.
D)participation in many international conferences devoted to women's issues.
E)leadership for women in environmental campaigns, such as Petra Kelly, who was one of the founders of the German Green Party.
Q3) "The Iraq war was the wrong war, at the wrong place, at the wrong time." Discuss with specifics to support or refute the quotation.
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