

Modern European History Study Guide Questions
Course Introduction
Modern European History explores the major political, social, economic, and cultural developments in Europe from the late eighteenth century to the present. The course examines key events such as the French and Industrial Revolutions, the rise and fall of empires, the world wars, the spread of ideologies like nationalism and socialism, and the integration of the European Union. Through analysis of primary sources, historical debates, and diverse perspectives, students will gain a deeper understanding of how Europes complex past has shaped its contemporary society and its role in the world.
Recommended Textbook
Western Civilization 8th Edition by Jackson J. Spielvogel
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30 Chapters
3669 Verified Questions
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Page 2

Chapter 1: the Ancient Near East: the First Civilizations
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Sample Questions
Q1) In the thirteenth century the Egyptians were driven out of Palestine and back to their original frontiers by the
A) Sumerians.
B) "Sea Peoples"
C) Babylonians
D) Hyksos.
E) Assyrians.
Answer: B
Q2) One of the oldest known agricultural villages, located in Palestine, was A) Canaan.
B) Ur.
C) Byblos.
D) Jerusalem.
E) Jericho.
Answer: E
Q3) Persian is not a Semitic but an Indo-European language.
A)True
B)False
Answer: True
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Page 3

Chapter 2: the Ancient Near East: Peoples and Empires
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Sample Questions
Q1) The most tolerant and efficient of the Near Eastern empires was the A) Egyptian.
B) Assyrian.
C) Chaldean.
D) Persian.
E) Babylonian.
Answer: D
Q2) Most biblical scholars claim that most of the early books of the Hebrew Bible accurately reflect the historical events of the Israelites.
A)True
B)False
Answer: False
Q3) All of the following are correct about Byblos except:
A) It was an Egyptian commercial center.
B) It was a Phoenician port city.
C) It was a distribution center for Egyptian papyrus.
D) The Greek word for book is derived from its name.
E) It was located in ancient Palestine.
Answer: A
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Chapter 3: the Civilization of the Greeks
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Q1) Darius and Xerxes
Answer: Darius and Xerxes were both powerful kings of the Achaemenid Empire in ancient Persia. Darius came to power in 522 BC and expanded the empire through military conquests, including the famous Battle of Marathon in 490 BC. He also organized the empire into provinces and established a system of taxation. Xerxes, his son, succeeded him in 486 BC and continued his father's military campaigns, most notably the invasion of Greece in 480 BC. This invasion ultimately ended in defeat at the Battle of Salamis and marked the beginning of the decline of the Achaemenid Empire. Both Darius and Xerxes are remembered for their ambitious military campaigns and their efforts to expand and govern the vast Persian Empire.
Q2) Which of the following was not true of Greek religion?
A) It was polytheistic.
B) It involved ritual and sacrifice.
C) Festivals were held to honor the gods.
D) Myths served no particular social function.
E) Each city had a chief god or goddess.
Answer: D
Q3) hoplites
Answer: Not answer
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Chapter 4: the Hellenistic World
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Q1) Cleopatra VII
Q2) Macedonia
Q3) What were the major philosophies of the Hellenistic period? How did they differ from the philosophies of Classical Greece?
Q4) What was the primary difference between the philosophy of the Greek classical period and philosophy during the Hellenistic period?
A) Hellenistic philosophy dealt more with human happiness disassociated from the life of the polis.
B) Hellenistic philosophy was more political than classical philosophy.
C) Classical philosophy dealt primarily with ethics and human behavior.
D) Classical philosophy was centered in Athens; Hellenistic philosophy in Corinth.
E) Hellenistic philosophy advocated divine right monarchy.
Q5) upper-class women in Hellenistic society
Q6) Because of the enlightening philosophies of Epicureanism and Stoicism, female infanticide disappeared during the Hellenistic era.
A)True
B)False
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Page 6
Chapter 5: the Roman Republic
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Q1) Which of the following statements best applies to Roman schooling:
A) Foreigners were not allowed to become teachers.
B) Boys and girls were educated through a rigorous public school system borrowed from the Spartans.
C) Education stressed training in Greek and mastery of rhetoric, or persuasive public speaking.
D) Study of foreign languages was prohibited to purify the Latin language.
E) There were many public schools, with scholarships made available to the poor.
Q2) Sulla
Q3) The result of the Third Punic War was
A) an alliance between Rome and Carthage.
B) the complete destruction and subjugation of Carthage.
C) the loss of Rome's mastery of the Mediterranean Sea.
D) the sacking of Rome.
E) the coming to power of Julius Caesar.
Q4) Romulus and Remus
Q5) gentes
Q6) concrete
Q7) Sallust, Catullus, and Lucretius
Q8) Cato the Elder

Page 7
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Chapter 6: the Roman Empire
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Q1) Goths and Franks
Q2) Julius Caesar added more land to the Roman empire than any other emperor in its history.
A)True
B)False
Q3) Romanization in the Roman empire
A) occurred quickly in the west.
B) developed first in the lower classes.
C) saw Latin illuminate the use of the Greek language in the east.
D) never included the practice of allowing local inhabitants to become Roman officials.
E) occurred more quickly in the east than the west because of greater urbanization in the east.
Q4) In the face of overpopulation throughout the empire, Augustus discouraged the growth of large families.
A)True
B)False
Q5) Seneca
Q6) Compare and contrast the second century and the third century A.D. in the Roman Empire.
Page 8
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Chapter 7: late Antiquity and the Emergence of the Medieval World
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Sample Questions
Q1) The Frankish palace official, Charles Martel, successfully defended the civilization of the new western European kingdoms in 732 by
A) destroying the Visigoths.
B) pushing the Burgundians back across the Rhone river.
C) defeating Muslim armies in 732.
D) sacking Rome.
E) ending the Merovingian dynasty and making himself king.
Q2) Compare the intellectual life of the Roman Empire during its heyday to the intellectual life of Christian Europe, both eastern and western, up through the seventh century C.E.
Q3) Constantine's most enduring reform came in the creation of A) a tetrarchy.
B) the "New Rome."
C) wage and price controls.
D) the coloni.
E) the Pantheon.
Q4) diocese
Q5) Council of Nicaea
Q6) Shi'ites and Sunnites
Q7) Petrine supremacy

Page 9
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Chapter 8: european Civilization in the Early Middle Ages,
750-1000
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Q1) In 987, the Western Frankish nobility met and elected ____ as their king, contributing to the formation of a new dynasty to rule France for centuries.
A) Louis the Pious
B) Hugh of Orleans
C) Hugh Capet
D) Charles of Navarre
E) Philip of Valois
Q2) In the early Middle Ages, books were written on sheepskin inasmuch as papyrus was too expensive to be imported from Egypt, then under Muslim control.
A)True
B)False
Q3) Carolingian Renaissance
Q4) Rurik
Q5) The lord's demesnse on a medieval manor were the common lands of the estate where the peasants and serfs had the right to graze their own domestic animals, hunt wild game, and gather wood and other natural items.
A)True
B)False

11
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Chapter 9: the Recovery and Growth of European Society in the High Middle Ages
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Q1) A major cause of pollution in medieval cities was
A) the smell and waste of animals and humans.
B) spills of oil, a common fuel of the era.
C) the production of iron in urban smelters.
D) the use of lead paint in private and public buildings.
E) the lack of any sanitation facilities.
Q2) barrel vault
Q3) London
Q4) The village church
A) was very harsh in its condemnation of pagan practices.
B) competed with pagan religions for converts.
C) was led by local priests who were often barely literate.
D) outlawed economic pursuits on its grounds.
E) was always built upon the site of a pagan worship center.
Q5) troubadours
Q6) annulment
Q7) vernacular
Q8) Justinian's Corpus Iuris Civilis
Q9) Blanche of Castile Page 12
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Page 13

Chapter 10: the Rise of Kingdoms and the Growth of Church
Power
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Q1) relics, indulgences and purgatory, pilgrimages
Q2) Discuss specifically the role of monastic orders, old and new, in shaping the politics and culture of medieval Europe.
Q3) Saint Dominic, founder of the new Dominican order of preachers,
A) was chiefly concerned with limiting papal power.
B) did not embrace the necessity of poverty for the members of new church orders. C) was an intellectual who created a new order of learned prelates to fight heresy within the church.
D) worked most closely with popes to reform the College of Cardinals. E) preached on street corners to common people.
Q4) The Byzantine loss at Manzikert led eastern Christians to ask their western brethren for help.
A)True
B)False
Q5) Crusades
Q6) Frederick II
Q7) Saint Bernard of Clairvaux
Q8) papal monarchy
Q9) Saladin and the Third Crusade Page 14
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Page 15
Chapter 11: the Later Middle Ages: Crisis and Disintegration in
the Fourteenth Century
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Q1) the Battle of Crecy
Q2) One major issue behind the Hundred Years' War was a claim to the French throne by the English king
A) John II.
B) Edward II.
C) Edward III.
D) William the Conqueror
E) Henry I.
Q3) good deeds and pilgrimages
Q4) After helping drive the English from France, Joan of Arc went on to
A) become rich writing romance novels.
B) be burned at the stake as a heretic.
C) marry the King of France and produce many children.
D) marry a peasant and lived in poverty and obscurity.
E) become the first female Roman Catholic priest.
Q5) Chaucer's Canterbury Tales
Q6) Marsiglio of Padua
Q7) dukes of Burgundy and Orleans
Q8) the Jacquerie

Page 16
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Chapter 12: recovery and Rebirth: the Age of the Renaissance
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Q1) Castiglione's The Courtier was a
A) primer on military training for nobles.
B) very popular handbook laying out the new skills in politics, the arts, and personal comportment expected of Renaissance aristocrats.
C) sharp denunciation of the wasteful noble life.
D) treatise against active participation in public life.
E) work on how to achieve political power and then keep it.
Q2) The Corpus Hermeticum
A) contained histories written by papal secretaries.
B) radically conflicted with the ideas of Pico della Mirandola's Oration on the Dignity of Man.
C) contained writings on the occult as well as theological and philosophical speculations.
D) advocated the final rejection of Neoplatonic thought.
E) was a scientific treatise and included no spiritual or philosophical concepts.
Q3) Ferdinand and Isabella
Q4) Marsilio Ficino and neoplatonism
Q5) "new monarchies"

Page 18
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Chapter 13: reformation and Religious Warfare in the
Sixteenth Century
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Q1) In Geneva, the Calvinists
A) imposed strict penalties for blasphemy and immoral behavior.
B) reformed the city with little opposition from an enthusiastic populace.
C) saw their reforms jeopardized by the execution of Michael Servetus.
D) withdrew the Ecclesiastical Ordinances in 1541.
E) granted religious toleration to all but Catholics.
Q2) pluralism and absenteeism
Q3) Which of the following are among the chief characteristics of John Calvin's reform movement?
A) Calvin's acceptance of "justification by faith alone"
B) predestination and the absolute sovereignty of God
C) the belief that humans must obey secular authorities
D) a belief in congregational church covenant
E) a tolerance for all forms of Christianity but none for other religions including Judaism.
Q4) Thomas More authored Utopia.
A)True
B)False
Q5) the Peasants' War, 1524
Q6) Protestant education
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Q1) Discuss the Columbian exchange. What was "exchanged" and who gained the most?
Q2) Prince Henry the Navigator established the first school for mariners at his court in A) France.
B) Portugal.
C) Spain.
D) Amsterdam.
E) Naples.
Q3) Portugal became the early leader in European expansion largely through A) direct trade policies with China.
B) defeating Muslim opposition in establishing trade opportunities with India.
C) spending all its wealth on ships and manpower.
D) winning the race of exploration to the New World.
E) defeating the Spanish and becoming the first European nation to colonize Africa.
Q4) Prester John
Q5) In order to obtain slaves for sale to Europeans, local African rulers frequently raided defenseless villages in search of unsuspecting victims.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 15: state Building and the Search for Order in the
Seventeenth Century
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Q1) the Romanovs
Q2) Peace of Westphalia
Q3) "divine right"
Q4) Amsterdam
Q5) absolutism
Q6) What were the economic and social problems that troubled Europe from 1560 to 1650? Do these problems constitute a "crisis"?
Q7) Louis XIV restructured the policy-making machinery of the French government by
A) personally dominating the actions of his ministers and secretaries.
B) stacking the royal council with loyal followers from relatively new aristocratic families.
C) selecting his ministers from established aristocratic families.
D) all of the above
E) a and b
Q8) Frederick William the Great Elector
Q9) The Thirty Years' War has often been called the "last of the religious wars."
A)True
B)False
Q10) Racine and Moliere Page 21
Q11) Poland's Sejm
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Sample Questions
Q1) Concerning the first important scientific societies, the French Academy differed from the English Royal Society in the former's
A) government support and control.
B) publication of scientific journals.
C) focus on theoretical work in mechanics and astronomy.
D) belief that science should proceed along the lines of a cooperative venture.
E) lack of support by the French government.
Q2) On the Revolutions of the Heavenly Spheres
Q3) Benedict de Spinoza
A) believed that humans were created separate from nature in order to rule the earth.
B) claimed that God was not just the creator the universe God was the universe.
C) accepted Descartes' theory about the separation between mind and matter.
D) rejected all forms of pantheistic belief.
E) disagreed with the theory of a heliocentric universe.
Q4) On the Fabric of the Human Body
Q5) Paracelsus
Q6) "new drugs"
Q7) universal law of gravitation
Q8) geocentric universe

Page 23
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Page 24

Chapter 17: the Eighteenth Century: an Age of Enlightenment
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Q1) Voltaire was best known for his criticism of
A) the German monarchical system.
B) the separation of church and state.
C) religious intolerance.
D) Plato and the Greeks.
E) Chinese civilization.
Q2) The leader of the Physiocrats and their advocacy of natural economic laws was
A) Denis Diderot.
B) Adam Smith.
C) Francois Quesnay.
D) Cesare Beccaria.
E) David Hume.
Q3) Carnival
Q4) Neoclassicism
Q5) In summary, what was the Enlightenment?
Q6) In his novel, Emile, with its emphasis upon the heart and sentiment, Rousseau anticipated the Romantic movement of the early nineteenth century.
A)True
B)False
Q7) Essay Concerning Human Understanding Page 25
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Chapter 18: the Eighteenth Century: European States, International Wars, and Social Change
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Q1) In the 1700s, members of the British Parliament were
A) appointed by the King.
B) usually overseas and not actually in Parliament voting.
C) chosen in different ways in different districts.
D) elected by a vote of all adult males.
E) elected by a vote of all property owners, male and female.
Q2) War of the Austrian Succession
Q3) Junkers
Q4) Which war do some historians regard as the first world war?
A) War of the Austrian Succession.
B) The French and Indian War.
C) The Seven Years' War.
D) Queen Anne's War.
E) The Crimean War.
Q5) press-ganged
Q6) William Pitt the Elder
Q7) potatoes and maize
Q8) Frederick William I

27
Q9) What was "enlightened" about enlightened despotism? And was not so enlightened?
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Chapter 19: a Revolution in Politics: the Era of the French
Revolution and Napoleon
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Q1) Napoleon Bonaparte
Q2) In September of 1792, the National Convention
A) established a constitutional monarchy.
B) abolished the monarchy and established a republic.
C) voted to preserve the life of Louis XVI.
D) was dismantled by Louis XVI.
E) was immediately replaced by the Directory.
Q3) The government of the Directory in the period of the Thermidorean Reaction
A) primarily relied on the support of the royalists.
B) was unicameral and directly elected by active citizens.
C) was characterized by honest leadership and wise economic plans.
D) increasingly had to rely on military support for its survival.
E) abolished the radical reforms of the Public Safety, including the Revolutionary Calendar.
Q4) How revolutionary was the American War of Independence both domestically and in terms of its international heritage?
Q5) Abbé Sieyès
Q6) the marquis de Lafayette
Q7) the Grand Army
Q8) the Constitution of 1789

Page 29
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Chapter 20: the Industrial Revolution and Its Impact on European Society
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Q1) Which nineteenth century novelist described the coal towns as a place "where the struggling vegetation sickened and sank under the hot breath of kiln and furnace"?
A) Gustav Flaubert
B) Emile Zola
C) Herman Melville
D) Charles Dickens
E) George Eliot
Q2) Richard Trevithick
Q3) The new social class of industrial workers in the early Industrial Revolution
A) did not include women.
B) worked under dangerous conditions for long hours.
C) excluded children from factory work.
D) unionized and achieved a good amount of political power.
E) demanded a socialist economic system.
Q4) Other than in mines, British children in the nineteenth century were generally treated with gentle decency.
A)True
B)False
Q5) the Poor Law of 1834
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Chapter 21: reaction, Revolution, and Romanticism,
1815-1850
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Q1) The man long regarded as the George Washington of Latin America is
A) José de San Martín.
B) Simón Bolívar.
C) Guillermo Pelgrón.
D) Simón Carreño.
E) George Washington.
Q2) Klemens von Metternich
Q3) Latin America revolts
Q4) The most important factor in preventing the European overthrow of the newly independent nations of Latin America was
A) European economic collapse.
B) the Monroe Doctrine guiding American foreign policy.
C) the sheer size of South America.
D) growing support for pacifism in Europe.
E) British naval power.
Q5) Compare and contrast the concepts of romanticism as exhibited in Caspar David Friedrich's Man and Woman Gazing at the Moon with Eugene Delacroix's The Death of Sardanapalus.
Q6) utopian socialism
Q7) Edmund Burke and conservatism Page 32
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Chapter 22: an Age of Nationalism and Realism, 1850-1871
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Q1) The Ausgleich of 1867, gave the all the various nationalities making up the Austrian Empire equal rights and status with the German-speaking Austrians.
A)True
B)False
Q2) Hegel's dialectic
Q3) Kansas-Nebraska Act
Q4) Auguste Comte was responsible for
A) posing an evolutionary theory akin to Darwin's.
B) founding the discipline of sociology.
C) helping to remove theology as a subject from university curricula.
D) integrating science with religion.
E) establishing a utopian community just outside Paris.
Q5) The Red Shirts fought for
A) Bismarck.
B) Cavour.
C) Garibaldi.
D) Mazzini.
E) Marx.
Q6) Austro-Prussian War
Q7) battles of Magenta and Solferino
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Chapter 23: mass Society in an "Age of Progress," 1871-1894
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Q1) Examine the relationships between science, mechanization of industry, and social changes. Do these adaptations represent the totality of the Second Industrial Revolution?
Q2) The chief cause of rising European populations between 1850 and 1880 was
A) a rising birthrate.
B) a declining mortality rate.
C) better childhood immunization programs.
D) better human diet in a consumer economy.
E) dramatic improvements in urban sanitation.
Q3) Octavia Hill's housing venture was designed to
A) give the poor an environment they could use to improve themselves.
B) give the poor charity since they could never help themselves.
C) let the wealthy know what it was like to be poor.
D) break down class barriers in London.
E) make the upper classes feel better and improve their self-esteem by doing something for the downtrodden of society.
Q4) the assembly line
Q5) internal combustion engine
Q6) V.A. Huber
Q7) William II
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1894-1914
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Q1) Pablo Picasso and Cubism
Q2) The Boxers in China were successful in limiting the influence of the European nations and Japan.
A)True
B)False
Q3) Britain's Fabian Socialists
A) demanded the immediate nationalization of all British industry and transportation facilities.
B) as Marxists, urged the Proletariat to begin a revolt against the government.
C) refused to participate in the political process.
D) favored evolution toward a socialist state by democratic means.
E) practiced civil disobedience against the power of Parliament.
Q4) The Triple Alliance before 1914 included which of the following countries?
A) England, Germany, Italy
B) Russia, England, France
C) Italy, Turkey, England
D) Germany, Austria, Ottoman Empire
E) Germany, Austria, Italy

Page 36
Q5) What did the New Physics and concepts of psychoanalysis contribute to Modernism?
Q6) Emile Zola and Leo Tolstoy
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Chapter 25: the Beginning of the Twentieth-century Crisis:
War and Revolution
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Q1) Which pair of nations had not practiced conscription prior to World War I?
A) Germany and Austria-Hungary
B) Great Britain and the United States
C) France and Great Britain
D) Italy and Germany
E) Russia and France
Q2) In World War I, the Turkish Ottoman Empire fought on the side of
A) Egypt and Iraq.
B) Russia.
C) Italy.
D) France and Britain.
E) Austria and Germany.
Q3) Yugoslavia
Q4) The chief motivation of Georges Clemenceau's terms of armistice was to
A) punish Germany and gain security for France.
B) help Germany become a democracy.
C) maintain a demilitarized Europe.
D) limit Britain's influence on the continent.
E) establish the League of Nations.
Q5) Leon Trotsky
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Chapter 26: the Futile Search for Stability: Europe Between
the Wars, 1919-1939
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Q1) "Germany Awake"
Q2) Joseph Stalin
Q3) Louis H. Sullivan and the Chicago School
Q4) Bauhaus School and Walter Gropius
Q5) Between 1929 and 1932, industrial production plummeted almost ____ percent in the United States
A) 100.
B) 50.
C) 25.
D) 10.
E) 5.
Q6) Artistic and intellectual trends in the inter-war years reflected
A) a rejection of the avant-garde.
B) a disillusionment with Western Civilization provoked by the horrors of the World War I.
C) realistic forms of art, as with the Dadaists.
D) an acceptance of modern art forms, especially in Germany and Russia.
E) a rediscovery of Romantic Realism as the major art movement in the West.
Page 39
Q7) How were the totalitarian revolutions in the Soviet Union, Italy, and Germany similar? How were they different?
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Chapter 27: the Deepening of the European Crisis: World
War Ii
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Q1) After the attack on Pearl Harbor, the main priority for the United States was
A) defeating Japan as quickly as possible.
B) recovering the Hawaiian Islands.
C) defeating Germany first and then turning its great naval war machine against Japan.
D) to remain neutral, while buying time to build up industrial and military supplies.
E) defending "Fortress America" from the expected combined Japanese and German invasion of the United States.
Q2) Hitler's unilateral repudiation of the disarmament clauses of the Versailles Treaty in 1935 resulted in verbal condemnation but no concrete responses from either Britain or France.
A)True
B)False
Q3) The Grand Alliance included all of the following countries except A) Britain.
B) the Soviet Union.
C) France.
D) the United States.
E) b and c
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Chapter 28: cold War and a New Western World, 1945-1965
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121 Verified Questions
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Sample Questions
Q1) The policy created in 1947 and used by the Americans against Communism was called
A) massive retaliation.
B) containment.
C) appeasement.
D) curtailment.
E) mutually assured destruction (MAD).
Q2) Great Leap Forward
Q3) The Truman Doctrine did all of the following except A) condemn the victory of the Communists in the Chinese civil war.
B) call for $400 million in aid for nations threatened by aggression C) assist in the defense of Greece and Turkey.
D) express America's fear of Communist expansion in Europe.
E) announce the United States' intention to support "free peoples" throughout the world.
Q4) Mao Zedong
Q5) What were the major political developments in the history of the Soviet Union from 1945 to 1970? How did Soviet policies affect the history of Eastern Europe?
Q6) women's liberation movement
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Chapter 29: protest and Stagnation: the Western World, 1965-1985
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127 Verified Questions
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Sample Questions
Q1) Ayatollah Khomeini and American hostages
Q2) After his election to the presidency in 1968, Richard Nixon relied upon a A) sunbelt strategy.
B) beltway strategy.
C) white collar strategy.
D) southern strategy.
E) rainbow coalition strategy.
Q3) University of Nanterre, 1968
Q4) The Vietnam War
A) was resolved in 1975 with the Helsinki Agreements.
B) ended in 1973 with the defeat of North Korea.
C) showed the limitations of American power, leading to improved Soviet-American relations.
D) marked the beginning of the total domination of Southeast Asia by the Soviet Union.
E) led to an immediate end of the Cold War in 1975 with the final withdrawal of Americans from Vietnam.
Q5) Is "Americanization" the proper word to use when describing the popular culture of the Western world since World War II? Why and/or why not? Be specific.
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Chapter 30: after the Fall: the Western World in a Global Age (Since
1985)
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Sample Questions
Q1) All of the following led to decline in George W. Bush's popularity by his second term as president except
A) his strong support for environmental programs that were opposed by major business interests.
B) the war in Iraq.
C) tax cuts that primarily benefitted the wealthy.
D) poor handling of the relief efforts after Hurricane Katrina.
E) financial corruption in the Republican Party.
Q2) In the 2000, U.S. presidential elections George W. Bush won both the popular and the electoral votes.
A)True
B)False
Q3) The Yugoslavian president ousted from power in 2000 and who was subsequently put on trial for war crimes against humanity was
A) Vojislav Kostunica.
B) Nicolae Ceausescu.
C) Wladyslaw Gomulka.
D) Todor Zhivkov.
E) Slobodan Milosevic.

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