Modern European History Study Guide Questions
Course Introduction
Modern European History explores the significant political, social, economic, and cultural transformations that have shaped Europe from the late eighteenth century to the present day. The course examines major events and themes such as the French Revolution, the rise of nation-states, industrialization, imperialism, the world wars, the Cold War, European integration, and contemporary challenges. Through the analysis of primary and secondary sources, students gain insight into the diverse experiences of individuals and societies, the causes and consequences of historical change, and the enduring impact of Europe on global history.
Recommended Textbook
The Western Heritage Combined Volume 11th Edition by Donald M. Kagan
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30 Chapters
2397 Verified Questions
2397 Flashcards
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Page 2
Chapter 1: The Birth of Civilization
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Sample Questions
Q1) Chattel slaves were considered luxuries during most of Mesopotamian history because,unlike debt slaves,chattel slaves had to be ________.
A)inherited
B)purchased
C)freed
D)educated
Answer: B
Q2) Through his prophet ________,the Hebrew god provided humans with regulations that would enable them to live in peace and justice.
Answer: Moses
Q3) Royal Egyptian women,particularly during the Eighteenth Dynasty,________.
A)wielded considerable influence
B)were never depicted in Egyptian art
C)were drawn larger than their husbands and sons in art works
D)wielded little to no influence
Answer: A
Q4) The Babylonian King ________ is best known for the collection of laws he created that bears his name.
Answer: Hammurabi
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Chapter 2: The Rise of Greek Civilization
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Sample Questions
Q1) Explain why Greek colonies were established.What were some of the benefits of colonies? Whom did the colonies benefit?
Answer: Greek colonies were established for a variety of reasons, including overpopulation in the mother city, the search for new trade opportunities, and the desire for new agricultural land. The Greeks also sought to spread their culture and influence to new areas.
Some of the benefits of colonies included access to new resources such as timber, metals, and agricultural products, as well as new markets for trade. Colonies also provided a strategic advantage by allowing the Greeks to control key trade routes and establish military outposts in strategic locations.
The colonies benefited both the mother city and the colonists themselves. The mother city gained access to new resources and markets, as well as increased political and military influence in the region. The colonists, on the other hand, had the opportunity to start anew in a new land, with the potential for greater economic prosperity and social mobility. Additionally, the spread of Greek culture and ideas through the colonies helped to shape the development of Western civilization.
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Page 4
Chapter 3: Classical and Hellenistic Greece
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Sample Questions
Q1) The term "________" was coined in the nineteenth century to describe the period of three centuries during which Greek culture spread far from its homeland to Egypt and deep into Asia.
Answer: Hellenistic
Q2) Dramatists such as Aeschylus and Sophocles are considered prime examples of what genre of Greek writing?
A)drama
B)Old Comedy
C)tragedy
D)New Comedy
Answer: C
Q3) A Hellenistic scientist named ________ was able to calculate the circumference of the earth within two hundred miles.
A)Eratosthenes
B)Thucydides
C)Hipparchus
D)Aristarchus
Answer: A
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Chapter 4: Rome: From Republic to Empire
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Sample Questions
Q1) Julius Caesar's assassins included ________.
A)Brutus
B)Crassus
C)Cleopatra
D)Pompey
Q2) In an effort to organize their power and protect themselves from the patrician magistrates,plebeians created the office of the ________.
A)censor
B)centurion
C)praetor
D)tribune
Q3) The career of ________ could arguably be traced to Sulla's use of military power against fellow Romans.
A)Mark Antony
B)Cleopatra
C)Julius Caesar
D)Sulla
Q4) Spartacus,a gladiator,led a rebellion of ________ against the Roman nobles in 73 b.c.e.
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Chapter 5: The Roman Empire
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Sample Questions
Q1) In 311,Galerius issued the Edict of Toleration,permitting Christian worship.He was perhaps influenced by ________.
A)divination at Delphi
B)his Christian wife
C)Jewish advisors
D)Christian music
Q2) Hadrian's wall in the south of Scotland exemplifies his foreign policy,reversing the offensive polices of Trajan with a new focus on ________.
Q3) According to Tacitus,why did Nero,in 64 c.e. ,kill a number of Christians in particularly horrific ways?
A)as punishment for arson
B)for the public good
C)to satisfy his own perverse desires
D)as a result of a clerical error
Q4) Gaius Caesar Germanicus,known as Caligula,acted erratically and was eventually killed by members of the ________.
Q5) ________ believed in a world of divine and natural law,and his writings were read well into the Middle Ages and Renaissance.
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Chapter 6: Late Antiquity and the Early Middle Ages:
Creating a New European Society and Culture 4761000
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Sample Questions
Q1) Without a strong central government,freemen would entrust themselves to local magnates,offering to contribute to local fighting units in return for protection.This service was known as ________.
A)serfdom
B)vassalage
C)peasantry
D)slavery
Q2) Which of these was the principal conduit for the transfer of learning from the Mideast to western Europe?
A)Athens
B)Alexandria
C)Cordoba
D)Rome
Q3) Charlemagne established ________ as a center for learning and scholarship;Alcuin of York led the palace school.
Q4) What were the main contributions of the Franks to Western civilization?
Q5) As part of their argument about their superior position,bishops from Rome cited Jesus's words to the apostle ________ in the Gospel of Matthew.
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Q6) ________ is defined as the opposition to the use of images in Christian worship.
Chapter 7: The High Middle Ages: the Rise of European Empires
and States (1000-1300)
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Q1) How did an increasing focus on Italian affairs hurt the Ottonian rulers?
A)It diminished papal hostility.
B)It encouraged the enmity of England.
C)It prompted calls for an internal Crusade.
D)It caused them to neglect their stronghold in Germany.
Q2) The unification of the German provinces was begun by ________.
A)Pope John XII
B)Otto I
C)Henry I
D)Charles Martel
Q3) ________ were the least secularized and most spiritual of the church's clergy.
Q4) In what respects was Louis IX the embodiment of the medieval view of the perfect ruler? Where was he deficient? Explain.
Q5) Lay investiture is the process by which ________.
A)ecclesiastical officials appoint bishops and other church officials
B)bishops control papacy without the unanimous support of key clergy
C)secular officials and rulers appoint bishops and other church officials
D)the College of Cardinals elects Popes
Q6) Henry I secured the imperial German borders by checking the invasions of the Hungarians and the _________. Page 9
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Page 10
Chapter 8: Medieval Society: Hierarchies, towns, universities, and Families (1000-1300)
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which of these careers was open to women?
A)law
B)medicine
C)scholarship
D)weaving
Q2) In the northern European model,universities were unions of ________.
A)students
B)professors
C)merchants
D)priests
Q3) As towns grew,their populations swelled with ________ moving there from the countryside.
Q4) The University of ________ became the model for the study of theology.
A)Bologna
B)Berlin
C)Oxford
D)Paris
Q5) The first important Western university,established by Emperor Frederick I Barbarossa in 1158,was in ________.
Q6) In the twelfth century,knighthood was legally restricted to men of ________. Page 11
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Chapter 9: The Late Middle Ages: Social and Political Breakdown
(1300-1453)
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Q1) The _____________ was a French tax,levied directly on the peasantry.
Q2) The price of the papacy's greater centralization of authority was _________.
A)declining popular support
B)the emergence of the College of Cardinals
C)diminished secular authority
D)the end of the Crusades
Q3) Which of the following statements most aptly applies to the bull Ausculta fili?
A)The church and state are one.
B)The church has authority over the state.
C)The church and state are separate but equal entities.
D)The state is set above the church.
Q4) Among the social and economic consequences of the bubonic plague was a
A)rise in agricultural prices
B)decline in the price of luxury and manufactured goods
C)shrunken labor supply
D)rise in value of the estates of the nobility
Q5) The Black Death is estimated to have killed at least ________ million people in Europe.
Q6) Describe the psychological impact of the Black Death.How did Europeans respond to the devastation caused by the epidemic? Page 13
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Page 14
Chapter 10: Renaissance and Discovery
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80 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) How did the Dominican preacher Girolamo Savonarola convince the Florentines to allow King Charles VIII of France to enter Florence without resistance?
A)He told them that the king's arrival was divine vengeance on their immorality.
B)He promised to ask the king to leave all the land to the Florentines.
C)He explained that Charles VIII had only the best intentions for the Florentines.
D)He delivered a heartfelt speech on the merits of good international relations.
Q2) After the Black Death reduced the supply of laborers everywhere in Western Europe,the demand for _________ soared.
Q3) What English humanist wrote a famous book called Utopia?
A)Roger Bacon
B)Thomas More
C)William of Ockham
D)Johann Reuchlin
Q4) The term "Machiavellian" has become synonymous with ________.
A)tools made by machinists
B)ruthless political expediency
C)welfare policies
D)slow decision-making
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Page 15
Chapter 11: The Age of Reformation
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Sample Questions
Q1) Shakespeare wrote during the _________ Age.
Q2) Which of these patterns appeared in the Reformation?
A)Religious divisions were greater where political divisions were more pronounced.
B)Religious dissent was more common in France and England,where strong monarchies prevailed.
C)The Reformation was strongest in Mediterranean Europe.
D)The Reformation was strongest in those areas that had been most thoroughly RomanizeD.
Q3) What was the outcome of the Marburg Colloquy?
A)Luther and Zwingli resolved their differences and formed a single theology.
B)The Colloquy splintered the Protestant movement theologically and politically.
C)The Colloquy led to the Swiss Civil War.
D)The Colloquy established a new church movement.
Q4) How was Frederick the Wise connected to Martin Luther?
A)He was Luther's king.
B)He was the pope during Luther's protests.
C)He was Luther's lord and protector.
D)He was the rector of the University of Wittenberg.
Q5) The address On Improving the Studies of the Young was written by _______.
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Chapter 12: The Age of Religious Wars
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Sample Questions
Q1) What event caused the Protestants and Catholics of the Netherlands to unite against a common enemy,the Spaniards?
A)the Spanish Fury
B)the exile of William of Orange
C)the signing of the Perpetual Edict
D)the issuing of the Edict of Nantes
Q2) What event starkly marked the beginning of the French wars of religion?
A)the death of Francis II
B)the issuing of the January Edict
C)the leak,to the Catholics,of a kidnapping plot to take Francis II from his Guise advisors
D)the duke of Guise surprising a Protestant congregation in Champagne and massacring many worshipers
Q3) Which treaty brought the Swedish period of the war to an end?
A)Treaty of Loges
B)Treaty of Geneva
C)Peace of Prague
D)Union of Cologne
Q4) Catherine de Médicis aligned herself with the ________ family for political advantage.
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Chapter 13: European State Consolidation in the
Seventeenth and Eighteenth
Centuries
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Sample Questions
Q1) How did the duke of Orléans weaken France after the death of Louis XIV? Which of his initiatives became symbolic of French decline? How?
Q2) Peter I came to power in Russia with the assistance of the _______.
A)streltsy
B)boyars
C)cossacks
D)Orthodox Church
Q3) The revocation of the Edict of Nantes is best seen in the context of Louis XIV's policy of ________.
A)religious persecution
B)unifying France under an absolute monarchy
C)alliance with the Catholic church
D)making war on Catholics
Q4) What were the two most important models of European political development in the early modern period?
A)military despotism and democratic socialism
B)democratic socialism and parliamentary monarchy
C)monarchy and socialism
D)parliamentary monarchy and political absolutism
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Chapter 14: New Directions in Thought and Culture in the
Sixteenth and Seventeenth Centuries
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Sample Questions
Q1) During the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries,the discoveries that most captured the public imagination were made in ________.
A)medicine
B)natural history
C)chemistry
D)astronomy
Q2) How did scientists interact with universities during the scientific revolution?
A)Universities were often criticized by scientists.
B)Universities were generally praised by scientists.
C)Scientists were eager to be hired by universities.
D)Universities wanted to take credit for the discoveries of scientists.
Q3) The learned societies that emerged in the 1600s are best described as ________.
A)forums for intellectual exchange
B)political clubs
C)social gatherings
D)closely linked to universities
Q4) The method by which scientists draw generalizations derived from,and test hypotheses against,empirical observations is known as _________________.
Q5) Bernini was hired by Urban VIII to decorate ________.
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Chapter 15: Society and Economy Under the Old Regime in the Eighteenth Century
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Q1) The smallest,wealthiest,and best-defined aristocracy resided in ________.
A)Britain
B)Spain
C)France
D)Germany
Q2) Landlords considered Russian serfs to be ________.
A)priceless agricultural specialists
B)economic commodities
C)an endless supply of tax revenue
D)responsible professionals
Q3) The rapid growth of capital cities between 1600 and 1750 was tied to what other development?
A)centralization of power
B)industrialization
C)colonization
D)the Agricultural Revolution
Q4) In what ways might the segregation of Jews from the rest of European society have helped perpetuate stereotypes and biases against them? Do you believe that any groups in contemporary society are similarly segregated? Explain your answer.
Page 20
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Chapter 16: The Transatlantic Economy, trade Wars, and Colonial Rebellion
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Sample Questions
Q1) A fundamental element in the first two periods of European imperial ventures in the Americas was the presence of ________.
Q2) The use of Coromantee illustrates ________.
A)the harsh conditions imposed by slavery
B)the common origins of most slaves in the Americas
C)religious customs among black slaves
D)the survival of African culture under slavery
Q3) What were the main points of conflict between Spain and other European nations in the mid-1700s? What policies exacerbated those conflicts,and how did the policies create a benefit to Spain?
Q4) The philosophy of John Locke contributed to the rhetoric surrounding which war?
A)the American Revolution
B)the War of Jenkins's Ear
C)the War of the Austrian Succession
D)the Seven Years' War
Q5) ________ is the practice whereby governments heavily regulated trade and commerce in the hope of increasing national wealth.
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Q6) The British architect of the North American theater of war during the Seven Years' War was ________.
Chapter 17: The Age of Enlightenment: Eighteenth-Century Thought
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Q1) What did Baruch Spinoza and Moses Mendelssohn have in common?
A)They were both Jewish.
B)They were both Muslim.
C)They were both Protestants.
D)They were both clergymen.
Q2) What approach did the philosophes take to organized religion? Explain their rationale.Finally,discuss how the ideas of deism resolved some of their religious objections.
Q3) ________,an eighteenth-century philosopher,was known as the "Jewish Socrates."
A)Thomas Hobbes
B)Baruch Spinoza
C)René Descartes
D)Moses Mendelssohn
Q4) Which connection between work and author is accurate?
A)Theologico-Political Treatise: Mendelssohn
B)Persian Letters: Montesquieu
C)Encyclopedia: Spinoza
D)Candide: Diderot
Page 22
Q5) One of Montesquieu's most far-reaching ideas was the division of ________ in government.
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Chapter 18: The French Revolution
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Q1) How did the Civil Constitution of the Clergy reform the church in France?
A)It demanded that clergymen must marry.
B)It demanded that the clergy live in the district in which they preached.
C)It demanded that all clergy must take an oath to support the Civil Constitution.
D)It required the church to become a branch of the secular government.
Q2) In 1792,the Paris Commune compelled the Legislative Assembly to call for the election of a new assembly,called the ________,to write a democratic constitution.
Q3) Explain how the Estates General became the National Assembly.Which parties were satisfied by this change? Which parties were dissatisfied? How did the change forecast future events?
Q4) What was the period called that saw the execution of those people who had been involved in the Reign of Terror?
A)the Thermidorian Reaction
B)the September Massacres
C)the Cult of Reason
D)the white terror
Q5) The tempering of the revolution was known as the ________ Reaction.
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Chapter 19: The Age of Napoleon and the Triumph of Romanticism
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Q1) Who was the commander who destroyed the French fleet at Abukir in 1798?
A)William Pitt the Younger
B)Nicholas Appert
C)Sir Arthur Wellesley
D)Horatio Nelson
Q2) Explain why the establishment of Consulate effectively ended the revolution in France.
Q3) One of the central features of the Romantic movement in Germany was the emergence of ________.
A)nationalism
B)rebellion
C)chauvinism
D)partisanship
Q4) Napoleon's invasion of Egypt was part of the same development as ________.
A)the creation of the Third Coalition
B)the Battle of Trafalgar
C)the Hundred Days
D)Catherine the Great's seizure of Crimea
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Q5) Explain the Romantics' reasons for the departure from religious views that held sway during the Enlightenment.
Chapter 20: The Conservative Order and the Challenges of Reform (1815-1832)
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Q1) What event sparked movements for independence from European domination throughout Latin America?
A)the wars of the French Revolution,particularly those of Napoleon
B)the French and Indian War
C)the American Revolution
D)the Crimean War
Q2) Political liberals found inspiration in the 1789 French Declaration of the ________.
Q3) Which of these best parallels the relationship between England and Ireland in the 1800s?
A)Austria and Hungary
B)Prussia and Germany
C)Russia and Poland
D)France and Belgium
Q4) What were the political characteristics of the July Monarchy? What role was Catholicism given under Louis Philippe? Was the new government clerical,anticlerical,or both? Do you think the July Monarchy represented a solid break with the past? Why or why not?
Q5) The occupation of ________ gave French merchants in Marseilles new economic ties to North America.
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Chapter 21: Economic Advance and Social Unrest
(1830-1850)
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Q1) In the domestic system of textile production,hand spinning was performed by
A)women
B)men
C)both men and women
D)unskilled workers
Q2) Who was Elizabeth Fry?
A)a reformer who exposed the horrible conditions within prisons in England
B)a reformer who called for an end to capital punishment
C)a reformer who advocated for a police force in England
D)a criminal sent to a colony in Australia
Q3) In the nineteenth century,as a result of the vulnerability caused by the economic transformation taking place,the low wages of female workers sometimes led them to become _____ to supplement their income.
Q4) Criminal activity in Europe steadily escalated before reaching a plateau around
A)1820
B)1840
C)1860
D)1880
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Chapter 22: The Age of Nation-States
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Q1) The Ballot Act of 1872 introduced ________.
A)universal male suffrage
B)suffrage to Caucasian males without Anglican religious requirements
C)a literacy poll for voting requirements
D)voting by secret ballot
Q2) In 1850,all males in Russia were subject to military service for ________ years.
A)18
B)19
C)20
D)21
Q3) The two houses of the North German Confederation were the ________.
A)Dem Deutschen Volke and Bundestag
B)Reichstag and Parliament
C)Parliament and Bundestag
D)Bundesrat and Reichstag
Q4) Austrian refusal to support Russia during the ________ War meant the new tsar,Alexander II,would no longer help preserve Habsburg rule in Hungary.
Q5) The unification of Germany was a blow to European ________.
Q6) Bismarck's values were stereotypically ________ later in his political career.
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Q7) The ________ of 1867 transformed the Habsburg Empire into a dual monarchy.
Chapter 23: The Building of European Supremacy: Society
and Politics to World War I
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Q1) Following the revolutions of 1848,the experience of and opportunities for Jews in Europe ________.
A)generally improved
B)worsened slightly
C)worsened significantly
D)underwent no change
Q2) One of the two major developments affecting the economic lives of women during the Second Industrial Revolution was _______.
A)the influx of many women to the workforce
B)a large expansion in the variety of available jobs
C)a glut of women who were qualified to be schoolteachers
D)a reduction in wages paid to men
Q3) Describe three events that helped to shape the evolution of the Second Industrial Revolution.
Q4) How did the changing composition of the middle classes affect this group's political and social goals in the course of the nineteenth century?
Q5) Explain the transition in the role of middle-class women from early in the nineteenth century to late in the nineteenth century.
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Chapter 24: The Birth of Modern European Thought
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Q1) In France,the French Catholic Church and the Third French Republic ________.
A)agreed to replace religious instruction with civic training
B)were formally separated in 1905
C)worked together to improve the education system
D)were essentially one institution
Q2) Most social scientists of the late nineteenth and early twentieth century ________.
A)reinforced traditional gender roles
B)supported wider sexual freedoms for women
C)embraced some but not all feminist ideas about gender roles
D)began to take a more liberal view of marriage,family,and child rearing
Q3) Who believed that the struggle in nature demonstrated how human beings should not behave?
A)Charles Darwin
B)Thomas Henry Huxley
C)Herbert Spencer
D)Julius Wellhausen
Q4) Describe the major characteristics of the Enlightenment and Romantic movement and explain how these concepts influenced the intellectual orientation of the late nineteenth century.
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Chapter 25: The Age of Western Imperialism
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Q1) Botanists played a profound role in which of the following imperial ventures?
A)They transformed local crop production to serve the needs of the empires' home countries.
B)They served as spokesmen for the idea that empires helped bring progress.
C)They introduced Asian crops into Europe,replacing the crops of the 1700s.
D)They collected exotic species of the non-Western world and exhibited them to domestic audiences.
Q2) The Boxer Rebellion ended when ________.
A)Chinese troops suppressed the Boxers
B)the Boxers surrendered
C)an international army occupied Beijing
D)China and the Boxers signed a peace treaty
Q3) What explains the similarities and differences between the ways various European states acquired and ruled empires in Africa during the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries?
Q4) To preserve their political power and economic privileges,the white elite of South Africa eventually enforced a policy of racial ________,or "separateness."
Q5) The theory of the multiple origins of the races of humankind was known as ________.
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Chapter 26: Alliances, War, and a Troubled Peace
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Q1) The first power to mobilize against Russia in 1914 was ________.
A)Austria
B)France
C)Germany
D)Serbia
Q2) William II believed that dismissing Bismarck in 1890 would help him secure Germany's deserved "place in the ________."
Q3) Why did Bethmann-Hollweg decide to lead Germany into war in 1914? Analyze how specific crises and events in the years leading up to the war shaped German decision-making.How much of the decision to go to war was the result of earlier German preparations for war?
Q4) What countries were expected to be barriers to the westward expansion of Russian communism?
A)Turkey,Iraq,Lebanon,and Palestine
B)Turkey,Iraq,and Yugoslavia
C)Poland,Romania,Yugoslavia,the Baltic states,and Czechoslovakia
D)Poland,Romania,Turkey,and Iraq
Q5) The Red Army was led by ________.
Q6) The disintegration of the German army forced ________ to abdicate on November 9,1918.
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Chapter 27: The Interwar Years: the Challenge of Dictators and Depression
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Q1) Why did Stalin reverse the New Economic Policy?
A)It was crafted by his archrival,Lenin.
B)It had failed to increase industrial production.
C)He decided collectivization would allow Russia to produce enough grain for domestic food and foreign export.
D)He wanted to separate his economic plans from those of his predecessor and the stagnant economy associated with him.
Q2) Italy became a single-party,dictatorial state in ________.
Q3) Describe how the Soviets successfully collectivized the agricultural economy.Include an explanation of the Soviet people's response to collectivization and an analysis of the results.
Q4) The ________ dominated the government of Yugoslavia.
Q5) Refer to the passage "Hitler Rejects the Emancipation of Women." What social tasks did Hitler allocate to women? Why does he link the liberation of women with Jews and intellectuals? How does he try to subordinate the lives of women to the sovereignty of the state?
Q6) Thousands of Hungarians were executed or imprisoned following the collapse of the ________ government.
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Q7) In Poland in 1926,________ launched a military coup.
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Chapter 28: World War Ii
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Q1) Who were the "Big Three"? What meetings and discussions occurred between the "Big Three?" What important decisions did they make together? What ideological and political differences occurred among them? In your opinion,which peace conference,agreed to by the "Big Three," had the most pronounced effect on postwar Europe?
Q2) The Western powers responded to Hitler's invasion of Austria in 1938 by ________.
A)appealing to the League of Nations
B)demanding Germany immediately withdraw from Austria
C)stationing troops in Czechoslovakia along its border with Austria
D)taking no action
Q3) Even after the United States dropped atomic bombs on Hiroshima and ________,the Japanese would have continued fighting if Emperor Hirohito had not intervened.
Q4) Residents of ________ paid with their lives for counting on Russia to liberate their city before turning south to the Balkans.
A)Warsaw
B)Dresden
C)Hamburg
D)Danzig
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Chapter
29: The Cold War Era, decolonization, and the
Emergence of a New Europe
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Q1) The Reagan era saw both _______ of the Cold War.
A)hardening and softening
B)the beginning and the end
C)the height and the end
D)escalation and intensification
Q2) Generally speaking,Britain ________.
A)accepted the loss of empire as inevitable
B)offered armed resistance to calls for decolonization
C)sought to sever ties with its former colonies
D)was taken by surprise by calls for decolonization
Q3) World War II made decolonization _________.
A)immediate
B)inevitable
C)impossible
D)unlikely
Q4) What did the Soviets hope to show the world by refusing to take part in the Paris Summit Conference in 1960? Do you think it was successful?
Q5) The founding of ________ resulted from the British withdrawal from India in 1947.
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Q6) West German leader ________ was the leading force for German reunification.
Chapter 30: Social, cultural, and Economic Challenges in the West Through the Present
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Q1) What recent trends of immigration are appearing in European countries? What brought these immigrants to Europe? How are these new immigrants changing European society? What response have European nations taken to this large-scale immigration? Explain.
Q2) Warfare was the chief catalyst for the invention of the computer because ________.
A)the splitting of the atom led to the knowledge necessary to develop complex electronic circuitry
B)major powers developed new weapons that required exact mathematical ballistic calculations to effectively strike targets with bombs
C)governments required the organization of large databases of information
D)major powers funded massive research and development labs that had a free rein to experiment and develop new products
Q3) It can be argued that Bismarck extended social welfare in order to _________.
A)oppose Soviet communism
B)bring about German unification
C)defuse calls for political participation
D)achieve economic stability
Q4) Albert Camus was a French ________ writer.
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