Modern European History Review
Questions
Course Introduction
Modern European History explores the political, social, economic, and cultural developments that have shaped Europe from the late eighteenth century to the present. The course examines key events such as the French Revolution, the rise and fall of empires, the world wars, the Cold War, and the formation of the European Union, while analyzing the impact of ideologies including nationalism, liberalism, fascism, and communism. Through the study of primary and secondary sources, students gain insights into the causes and consequences of transformative moments, the evolution of state systems, and the role of individuals and movements in shaping contemporary Europe.
Recommended Textbook
Western Civilization 8th Edition by Jackson J. Spielvogel
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30 Chapters
3669 Verified Questions
3669 Flashcards
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Chapter 1: the Ancient Near East: the First Civilizations
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Sample Questions
Q1) One of the few female pharaohs was
A) Ramses.
B) Hatshepsut.
C) Menes.
D) Amenhotep.
E) Isis.
Answer: B
Q2) The word "Paleolithic" means "old stone."
A)True
B)False
Answer: True
Q3) The Sumerian government
A) came to view kings as agents of their gods.
B) saw the various city-states erect different types of governments.
C) was a theocracy in which the priest ruled.
D) was a type of aristocracy where nobles were appointed by an assembly.
E) was controlled by the merchant and artisan class.
Answer: A
Q4) Agricultural Revolution
Answer: Not answer
Page 3
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Chapter 2: the Ancient Near East: Peoples and Empires
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Sample Questions
Q1) The Hebrew prophets
A) were considered by the Hebrews to be the voice of Yahweh.
B) often served as judges in the Hebrew courts.
C) attempted to foretell the future for the Hebrew military leaders.
D) were caretakers of the Ark of the Covenant.
E) were members of the elite upper class.
Answer: A
Q2) Which of the following was not part of the Hebrew religious tradition?
A) the law
B) the revelation
C) the covenant
D) the prophets
E) monotheism
Answer: B
Q3) The Greeks and the Romans, Indo-European speakers, derived their alphabet from the Semitic-speaking Phoenicians.
A)True
B)False
Answer: True
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Chapter 3: the Civilization of the Greeks
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Sample Questions
Q1) Spartan helots
A) farmed the land as sharecroppers.
B) had war declared on them every year.
C) had achieved the right to hold land themselves by the sixth century B.C.
D) were conscripted to fight in the city's phalanx.
E) a and b
Answer: E
Q2) The poetry of Sappho reflected
A) an interest in respect for divine forces and human honesty.
B) a woman's homosexual and heterosexual feelings in a world dominated by males.
C) the thoughts of an aristocrat who detested the lower ranks of society.
D) the political biases of a sixth-century political figure.
E) the Trojan War from the side of the Trojans.
Answer: B
Q3) The first of the great writers of tragedy whose plays survived was Aeschylus.
A)True
B)False
Answer: True
Q4) hoplites
Answer: Not answer
Page 5
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Chapter 4: the Hellenistic World
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Q1) In the Hellenistic era, medicine
A) entirely broke from using magical practices such as the use of amulets.
B) made radical advances due to the discovery of the germ theory of disease.
C) progressed due to the use of dissection and vivisection.
D) was seen as an acceptable product of divine wisdom and a viable substitute for any existing religion.
E) was mainly influenced by knowledge from China and India.
Q2) Aristarchus of Samos
Q3) Discuss the major characteristics of Hellenistic cities. How did these urban centers differ from the Greek city-states of the classical era?
Q4) The economic life of the Hellenistic world was characterized by
A) tremendous innovations in labor-saving machinery, as with the "Archimedean screw."
B) a significant shift in industry and manufacturing from Greece to the east.
C) little variety in products used for trading.
D) the virtual disappearance of slavery in manufacturing.
E) the Athenian control of all economic activities.
Q5) marriages at Susa
Q6) Darius III
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Chapter 5: the Roman Republic
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Q1) The main achievement of the Hortensian law in Roman constitutional history was its
A) removal of patricians from civic government.
B) establishment of the death penalty for treason against the state.
C) ruling that all plebiscita passed by the plebeian assembly had the force of law and were binding even upon the patricians.
D) banishment of all Greeks law from the Roman legal system.
E) giving citizenship to non-Romans.
Q2) Among the dangerous military innovations of Marius threatening the Republic, one finds he
A) employed Greek mercenaries.
B) recruited destitute volunteers who swore an oath of allegiance only to him.
C) robbed the state treasury's tax revenues to buy weapons.
D) made himself dictator for life.
E) all the above
Q3) equites and nobiles
Q4) Roman confederation
Q5) grammaticus and the liberal arts
Q6) Octavian
Q7) Carthage and the Punic Wars
Page 7
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Chapter 6: the Roman Empire
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Q1) Varus and the Teutoburg Forest
Q2) Because of concerns of security and fear of the possible weakening of traditional Roman values, Roman troops were always kept in isolation and away from the local communities where they were stationed.
A)True
B)False
Q3) One of the famous jurists of the Early Empire responsible for completing the basic natural rights principles vital to the Western world was
A) Galen.
B) Alcon.
C) Ulpian.
D) Acilius.
E) Florian.
Q4) In the face of overpopulation throughout the empire, Augustus discouraged the growth of large families.
A)True
B)False
Q5) Compare and contrast the second century and the third century A.D. in the Roman Empire.
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Chapter 7: late Antiquity and the Emergence of the Medieval World
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Q1) The Byzantine emperor who initiated the iconoclastic controversy in 725 was A) Leo III
B) Alexis I Comnenus.
C) Irene.
D) Heraclius.
E) Justinian.
Q2) What were Justinian's major goals and how did he try to achieve them? How successful was he in actually achieving those goals?
Q3) In the late fourth century, the Visigoths and other Germanic tribes, were pushed into the Balkans region of the Eastern Roman Empire because of pressure from the A) Byzantines.
B) Vikings.
C) Avars.
D) Arians.
E) Huns.
Q4) Saint Boniface
Q5) icons/iconoclastic
Q6) St. Patrick
Q7) Rule of Saint Benedict
Page 9
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Chapter 8: european Civilization in the Early Middle Ages, 750-1000
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Q1) The capital of the Abbasid caliphate during the high point of Islamic culture was the city of
A) Mecca.
B) Medina.
C) Istanbul.
D) Damascus.
E) Baghdad.
Q2) Muslims contributed little of importance in mathematics or philosophy, stuck as they were in an insular myopia.
A)True
B)False
Q3) subinfeudation
Q4) Describe feudalism. It has been said that feudalism was the perfect political system for the Middle Ages. Explain.
Q5) Slavonic/Cyrillic alphabet
Q6) Compare Islamic civilization to the civilization of Western Europe in the ninth and tenth centuries. Why was it superior? How did they mutually affect one another?
Q7) feudalism
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Chapter 9: the Recovery and Growth of European Society in the High Middle Ages
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Q1) Averroes
Q2) The most important six-times-a-year trade fair during the twelfth and thirteenth centuries was sponsored by the counts of
A) Languedoc.
B) Provence.
C) Gascony.
D) Champagne.
E) Flanders.
Q3) barrel vault
Q4) "realists" vs. "nominalists"
Q5) Discuss the structures and changes in daily life of the ordinary European medieval village. How did most Europeans live and what were the material factors shaping their behavior at the communal level?
Q6) The first university in northern Europe was A) Paris.
B) Oxford
C) Cambridge.
D) Heidelberg.
E) Bruges.
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Chapter 10: the Rise of Kingdoms and the Growth of Church
Power
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Q1) Florence and Milan
Q2) Frederick I Barbarossa
Q3) All of the following are correct about the "Peasant's Crusade" except A) after considerable hardship, the crusade succeeded in reaching Jerusalem
B) it was an exercise in religious fanaticism and futility.
C) the crusade's leader was Peter the Hermit.
D) they attacked Jews on their march towards the Holy Land.
E) they were massacred by the Turks when they reached Asia Minor.
Q4) The Fourth Crusade was diverted from Jerusalem and ended up sacking
A) Alexandria.
B) Constantinople.
C) Rome.
D) Venice.
E) Paris.
Q5) The Mongol invasions of eastern Europe and Russia eventually led to
A) the dominance of Alexander Nevsky's descendants over all of Russia.
B) a cultural legacy that had great influence on eastern Europe.
C) the Mongols' defeat at the hands of the Teutonic Knights in Silesia in 1241.
D) the temporary destruction of the Russian church.
E) the destruction and disappearance of the Kingdom of Poland.
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Chapter 11: the Later Middle Ages: Crisis and Disintegration in the
Fourteenth Century
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Q1) Politically, France by the end of the fourteenth century saw
A) the dominance of the Estates-General in determining government policy and administering taxes.
B) no new forms of government revenue due to royal opposition.
C) chaos and civil war as rival noble factions fought for control of the realm.
D) new rights of political participation in the Parlement of Paris for poor townspeople.
E) strongly unified as a result of the leadership of Joan of Arc.
Q2) Catherine of Siena
Q3) purgatory
Q4) Black Death
Q5) The French government and aristocracy responded to the Jacquerie by
A) drafting the rebels into the army.
B) standing back and letting it run its course.
C) negotiating a settlement with its leaders.
D) massacring the participants.
E) renouncing their historic privileges.
Q6) clocks, eyeglasses, and paper
Q7) Golden Bull of Charles IV
Q8) the vernacular
Page 13
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Chapter 12: recovery and Rebirth: the Age of the Renaissance
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Q1) Lorenzo the Magnificent
Q2) Sistine Chapel's David
Q3) Which of the following statements best describes marriage in Renaissance Italy?
A) Young men asked women for their hand in marriage, after a lengthy courtship.
B) Husbands were generally the same age as their spouses.
C) Marriages were usually arranged, to strengthen familial alliances.
D) Men and women waited longer to get married than in the Middle Ages.
E) Men and women married earlier than in the Middle Ages because of increased economic opportunities.
Q4) Upper and middle-class women were expected to involve themselves in public and civic affairs.
A)True
B)False
Q5) Machiavelli's The Prince
Q6) Compare warfare in the Middle Ages with that of the Renaissance. Consider the differences and the continuities, as regards to causes, aims, financing, technology, as well as who fought and for what motives.
Q7) Bramante and Saint Peter's
Q8) Renaissance popes
Page 15
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Chapter 13: reformation and Religious Warfare in the
Sixteenth Century
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Q1) The Religious Peace of Augsburg, 1555, gave each German ruler the right to determine the religion of his subjects, either Lutheran or Catholic.
A)True
B)False
Q2) Victory over the Spanish Armada at the end of the sixteenth century was achieved by
A) France.
B) the Holy Roman Empire.
C) England.
D) the Ottoman Empire.
E) the Netherlands.
Q3) Did matters of faith or matters of politics play a greater role in the establishment of Lutheranism in Germany and Scandinavia?
Q4) Geneva
Q5) Puritans
Q6) Compare and contrast the chief ideas of Zwinglianism, Anabaptism, and Lutheranism. What did they have in common? How were they different?
Q7) Henry VIII's wives
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Q1) In Japan, Tokugawa Ieyasu
A) expelled all missionaries.
B) invited Protestant missionaries to visit.
C) executed all missionaries.
D) converted to Catholicism.
E) invited French Catholic missionaries to stay.
Q2) Ming and Qing dynasties
Q3) The mainland states of Southeast Asia had better success in resisting European encroachment than did the Spice Islands and Malay states because
A) they had greater natural resources desired by the Europeans.
B) they were more cohesive politically with strong monarchies.
C) the Europeans were not aware of their existence.
D) they were Christians, and the Europeans never bothered their fellow Christians.
E) they were allied to China, which gave them military support against the Europeans.
Q4) Mughal Empire
Q5) the viceroy and audiencias
Q6) Robert Clive
Q7) Treaty of Tordesillas
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Chapter 15: state Building and the Search for Order in the
Seventeenth Century
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Q1) the house of Orange
Q2) Bishop Jacques Bossuet
Q3) As a result of the Peace of Westphalia of 1648
A) the German population was to be converted to Catholicism.
B) all German states could choose their own religions, except for Calvinism.
C) German states were allowed to determine their religion.
D) the institution of the Holy Roman Empire was to be the ruling force in Germany for the next 100 years.
E) the Holy Roman Empire was dismembered.
Q4) Charles I was forced to call the Long Parliament into session in 1640 to deal with
A) an unanticipated budget surplus which needed spending.
B) rampant pornography and prostitution in London.
C) feeding and housing the poor in London.
D) his daughter's request for a divorce.
E) a Presbyterian uprising in Scotland.
Q5) "divine right"
Q6) Frederick William the Great Elector
Q7) English Civil War
Q8) Great Northern War
Page 19
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Q1) Blaise Pascal
Q2) Compare the methods used by Bacon and Descartes. Would Pascal agree with the methods and interests of these men? Why or why not?
Q3) Because of the scientific successes and accomplishments of such women as Margaret Cavendish, Maria Merian, and Maria Winkelmann, most male scientists agreed, though reluctantly, that females had the same intellectual abilities as males.
A)True
B)False
Q4) The Ptolemaic conception of the universe was also known as A) God's master plan.
B) the geocentric conception.
C) the lunacentric conception.
D) the expanding universe.
E) the pantheistic theory.
Q5) How did women contribute to the beginnings of modern science? How did male scientists view women and female scientists?
Q6) heliocentric universe
Q7) four bodily humors
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Chapter 17: the Eighteenth Century: an Age of Enlightenment
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Q1) Ashkenazic and Sephardic Jews
Q2) Emile
Q3) Isaac Newton and John Locke
A) created two antagonistic religious systems of thought.
B) provided inspiration for the Enlightenment by arguing that through rational reasoning and the acquisition of knowledge one could discover natural laws governing all aspects of human society.
C) claimed that mathematics and science would bring about the cure for the evils of society but only very slowly.
D) said the philosophes were the prophets of the future and that their rejection of the scientific revolution was justified.
E) had little influence on the later Enlightenment as they were perceived to be figures of the "old" seventeenth century.
Q4) Concerning the European legal system, by the end of the eighteenth century
A) a trend away from imprisonment and toward capital punishment began.
B) corporal and capital punishment were on the decline.
C) criminal punishments became more cruel as violent crimes increased.
D) the death penalty was abolished in western Europe.
E) a and c
Page 22
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Chapter 18: the Eighteenth Century: European States, International
Wars, and Social Change
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Q1) Emelyan Pugachev
Q2) The special legal privileges of the European nobility included all of the following except:
A) judgment by peers.
B) immunity from severe punishment.
C) exemptions from most forms of taxation.
D) guarantees against becoming poor.
E) access to military and civil offices.
Q3) The War of Austrian Succession began in 1740 when Prussia attacked the Habsburg province of
A) Transylvania.
B) Bavaria.
C) Silesia.
D) Bohemia.
E) Haupstadt.
Q4) Of the great powers, only Great Britain had no regular standing army, often relying upon German mercenaries to fight their battles.
A)True
B)False
Q5) the "putting-out" or "domestic system"
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Chapter 19: a Revolution in Politics: the Era of the French
Revolution and Napoleon
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Q1) The French economy of the eighteenth century was
A) growing due to an expansion of foreign trade and industrial production.
B) stagnant due to foreign competition in industry and trade.
C) declining rapidly due to overuse of arable land.
D) based largely on the silk industry.
E) was entirely based upon agricultural production.
Q2) First and Second Estates
Q3) Civil Constitution of the Clergy
Q4) Maximilien Robespierre
Q5) Committee of Public Safety
Q6) As First Consul and as Emperor, Napoleon both destroyed and preserved aspects of the revolution.
A)True
B)False
Q7) Bill of Rights
Q8) the Grand Army
Page 24
Q9) Napoleon has been considered the greatest general of all time. Using examples from the text, defend or refute this statement.
Q11) Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen
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Chapter 20: the Industrial Revolution and Its Impact on European Society
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Q1) The new set of values established by factory owners during the Industrial Revolution
A) was rejected by evangelical religions as being "unchristian."
B) was basically a continuation from the cottage industry system.
C) was never adopted by the working class.
D) relegated the worker to a life of harsh discipline and the rigors of competitive wage labor.
E) was inspired by the examples of Belgium and France.
Q2) puddling
Q3) new elites
Q4) Britain's emergence as the first industrial power was aided by all of the following except
A) a rapid population growth and a surplus pool of labor.
B) the agricultural revolution of the eighteenth century.
C) a ready supply of domestic and colonial markets.
D) Parliament's heavy and controlling involvement in private enterprise.
E) a developed financial system.
Q5) the Amalgamated Society of Engineers
Q6) preindustrial workers
Q7) domestic servants
26
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Chapter 21: reaction, Revolution, and Romanticism,
1815-1850
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Q1) The growing movement of nationalism in nineteenth-century Europe
A) was resisted by liberals, who felt that all ethnic groups should live together harmoniously.
B) advocated the formation of one European nation to end economic and military conflicts.
C) was radical since it encouraged people to shift their political loyalty away from existing states and rulers.
D) found its best expression in the writings of John Stuart Mill.
E) declined after the Congress of Vienna.
Q2) the congress system
Q3) The literary model for early Romantics was
A) The Last Days of Socrates, by Plato.
B) Don Quixote, by Cervantes.
C) Great Expectations, by Dickens.
D) The Sorrows of the Young Werther, by Goethe.
E) Reflections, by Edmund Burke.
Q4) Discuss the revolutions of 1848 in France, central Europe, and Italy. What caused them? What did they achieve initially? Why did the revolutionary forces fail? What did the revolutions actually achieve?
Page 27
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Chapter
22: an Age of Nationalism and Realism, 1850-1871
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Q1) The germ theory of disease was primarily the work of
A) Charles Darwin.
B) Joseph Lister.
C) Louis Pasteur.
D) Friedrich Engels.
E) Samuel Gross.
Q2) The immediate origins of the Franco-Prussian War concerned
A) the control of the Spanish throne by a French prince.
B) Bismarck's devious editing of a telegram from King William I.
C) the French invasion of Alsace and Lorraine.
D) Napoleon III's annexation of Schleswig and Holstein.
E) the French seizure of Alsace and Lorraine.
Q3) Canada largely gained its independence in
A) 1802 in the Provinces of Canada Act.
B) 1812 as a result of the War of 1812.
C) 1860 as a consequence of the American invasion of Ontario and Quebec.
D) 1867 with the Dominion of Canada Act.
E) 1848 with the publication of the Communist Manifesto.
Q4) "survival of the fit"
Q5) Louis Pasteur
Page 28
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Chapter 23: mass Society in an "Age of Progress," 1871-1894
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Q1) Wilbur and Orville Wright
Q2) Alexander III and Nicholas II
Q3) In a cartel
A) a vertically integrated company worked to monopolize all business in its industry.
B) independent enterprises worked together to control prices and fix production quotas.
C) independent associations of grocers cooperated to artificially drive down prices.
D) private militias orchestrated intelligence gathering to diminish the police powers of modern nation states.
E) dependent enterprises worked with an overseeing organization to lower tariffs.
Q4) Although the German Reichstag was elected on the basis of universal male suffrage, it had little power because government ministers were responsible to the emperor rather than the parliament.
A)True
B)False
Q5) domestic servants
Q6) Consuelo Vanderbilt
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Chapter 24: an Age of Modernity, Anxiety, and Imperialism, 1894-1914
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Q1) Indian National Congress
Q2) Nietzsche worried that
A) Europe would become enslaved to monopoly capitalism.
B) God would punish Europe for abandoning Christianity.
C) democracy improved the civilizations that adopted it.
D) national rivalries would lead Europe into war.
E) Christianity had enfeebled Western society.
Q3) The Boer War was fought by the British in
A) Australia.
B) China.
C) Zimbabwe.
D) Botswana.
E) South Africa.
Q4) The event which exemplified renewed anti-Semitism in France in the late nineteenth century was the
A) Boulanger coup.
B) Sorel uprising.
C) Dreyfus affair.
D) Zola capitulation.
E) the fall of the Third Republic.
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Chapter
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Q1) As soldiers on both sides realized that no one could gain an advantage in trench warfare
A) savage treatment of prisoners became commonplace.
B) new weapons were developed to kill rather than overrun the enemy.
C) daily life for the soldier became increasingly squalid and miserable in rat-infested trenches.
D) they were increasingly encouraged by their officers not to fight and to await a peace treaty ending the war.
E) most of the participants on all sides simply quit active fighting and the war bogged down into a stalemate.
Q2) What goals did the warring nations of Europe have as they entered the war, and did those goals change as the war progressed?
Q3) The ethnic group that suffered a million dead as victims of genocide during World War I were the
A) Serbians.
B) Russians.
C) Irish.
D) Turks.
E) Armenians.
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Chapter 26: the Futile Search for Stability: Europe Between
the Wars, 1919-1939
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Q1) The 1925 Treaty of Locarno, which engendered optimistic "the spirit of Locarno," permanently guaranteed Germany's new eastern borders with Poland and Czechoslovakia.
A)True
B)False
Q2) Franklin Roosevelt's New Deal policies in the United States
A) were successful by 1932.
B) virtually eliminated unemployment.
C) brought about government ownership of most industries.
D) brought about a partial economic recovery, but full employment did not return until World War II's rearmament.
E) were all declared unconstitutional by the Supreme Court.
Q3) In Great Britain, the government brought the country out of the worst of the Great Depression by 1936 using the new and radical economic ideas of John Maynard Keynes, who advocated public works and deficit spending as the solution for unemployment and economic depression.
A)True
B)False
Q4) John Maynard Keynes
Q5) Ataturk and Mohandas Gandhi
Page 32
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Chapter 27: the Deepening of the European Crisis: World
War Ii
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Sample Questions
Q1) Compare in your text the maps of the fighting fronts in World War I and World War II and discuss what this comparison reveals about the nature of fighting in the two wars. How do you explain the differences you find?
Q2) The naval battle in the Pacific that is considered the turning point of the war and established U.S. Naval supremacy in the area was
A) Guadalcanal.
B) Coral Sea.
C) Siam.
D) Midway.
E) Dutch Harbor.
Q3) Potsdam
Q4) Demonstrating again that ever-higher military technology was crucial to the conduct and outcome of World War Two, the greatest tank battle of all time was fought in this conflict at
A) Stalingrad.
B) Moscow.
C) Leningrad.
D) Kursk.
E) Kiev.
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Chapter 28: cold War and a New Western World, 1945-1965
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121 Verified Questions
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Sample Questions
Q1) Christian Democratic parties
Q2) Nikita Khrushchev
Q3) At the Twentieth Congress of the Communist Party in 1956, Khrushchev
A) pardoned Stalin for his crimes.
B) insisted that the forced labor camps must stay open indefinitely.
C) urged the Party to adopt a limited form of capitalism in order to stay in power.
D) called for a cessation of the Cold War.
E) condemned Stalin.
Q4) Discuss the events that divided the world into two heavily armed camps capable of obliterating one another with nuclear weapons carried by intercontinental missile systems.
Q5) The first area of conflict in the unfolding of the Cold War was A) Scandinavia.
B) Western Europe.
C) North Africa.
D) Eastern Europe.
E) East Asia.
Q6) European Coal and Steel Community
Q7) Ingmar Bergman, Francois Truffaut, and Federico Fellini
Page 34
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Chapter
29: protest and Stagnation: the Western World, 1965-1985
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Sample Questions
Q1) "Eurocommunism" was most successful in
A) the Soviet Union.
B) France.
C) Poland.
D) Italy.
E) East Germany.
Q2) Jimmy Carter and stagflation
Q3) Antiwar protests and Kent State
Q4) the birth control pill
Q5) The American composer Philip Glass is associated with an acclaimed offshoot of serialism combining elements of classical and popular music in repeated tonal forms and known as
A) post-Surrealism.
B) neo-Expressionism.
C) minimalism.
D) neo-classicism.
E) post-modernism.
Q6) Chernobyl, 1986
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Q7) Identify and discuss the causes and the consequences of the student rebellions of the 1960s and 1970s.
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Chapter 30: after the Fall: the Western World in a Global Age (Since
1985)
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129 Verified Questions
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Sample Questions
Q1) globalization
Q2) Union of Soviet Socialist Republics
Q3) The reunification of Germany after the fall of the Berlin Wall led to the immediate emergence of considerable prosperity in the former Eastern Germany.
A)True
B)False
Q4) Lord of the Rings and the Harry Potter films
Q5) Because of nationalist aspirations and cultural conflicts, in 2004 several members of the European Community resigned from the EC.
A)True
B)False
Q6) Under Vladimir Putin's presidency, all of the following occurred except A) power was centralized in the federal government.
B) Russia ended its war in Chechnya.
C) as many as 40 percent of the population lived in poverty.
D) the economy grew significantly and the government had a budget surplus.
E) the economy significantly depended upon exports of oil and natural gas.
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Q7) What major economic challenges have plagued the West during the 1980s, the 1990s, and the early twenty-first century?
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