Modern European History
Pre-Test Questions
Course Introduction
Modern European History examines the major political, social, economic, and cultural developments that have shaped Europe from the late eighteenth century to the present. This course explores significant events such as the French Revolution, the rise and fall of empires, the two World Wars, the Cold War era, and the European Unions formation. Students will analyze the roots of nationalism, the impact of industrialization, social movements, ideological conflicts, and the processes of democratization and integration, gaining a comprehensive understanding of how Europes modern identity was forged and its influence on global affairs.
Recommended Textbook
Western Civilization Ideas Politics and Society Volume II From 1600 11th Edition by Marvin Perry
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Chapter 1: The Rise of Sovereignty: Transition to the Modern State
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Q1) How did most monarchies use religion to strengthen their state?
A) Most confiscated Church property to finance their growing armies and administration.
B) Most attempted to make religion one of the forces uniting their subjects into a nation.
C) By separating church and state, monarchies enabled people of different religious beliefs to all pledge allegiance to the same king.
D) Through prayer, kings were able to overcome their enemies.
E) Most presented the state as an alternative to the divisiveness of religion.
Answer: B
Q2) Which of the following are features of the national state that developed in the West from the thirteenth to the seventeenth century?
A) The state had people who could imagine themselves as part of a community.
B) The state encouraged commerce and industry.
C) The state harnessed the power of its nobility.
D) The state became an entity inherited from generation to generation.
E) all of the above
Answer: E
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Chapter 2: The Scientific Revolution: the Universe Seen As a Mechanism
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Q1) Tycho Brahe built the finest observatory in Europe with the aid of A) the pope.
B) the Holy Roman Emperor.
C) the Medici.
D) the king of Denmark.
E) the king of France.
Answer: D
Q2) Galileo believed
A) mathematics was the language of nature.
B) the moon is as smooth as it was presumed to be.
C) experimentation was unimportant to the natural philosopher.
D) bodies of unequal weight will fall at different rates.
E) all of the above
Answer: A
Q3) Central to the practice of modern science is the experimental method of investigation and testing scientific theories.Who were some of the pioneers of experimental method in the Scientific Revolution,and what were their achievements?
Answer: Answer not provided.
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Chapter 3: The Age of Enlightenment: Reason and Reform
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Q1) laissez faire
Answer: Laissez-faire is an economic theory that advocates for minimal government intervention in the economy. It originated in France and translates to "leave alone" in English. The concept suggests that the government should not interfere with the free market and should allow businesses to operate without regulation or restriction. This approach is often associated with the belief that the market will naturally regulate itself and that government intervention can lead to inefficiency and hinder economic growth. Laissez-faire is important because it has been a key principle in shaping economic policies and debates, particularly in capitalist societies. It has influenced discussions on the role of government in the economy and has been a central concept in debates about the balance between individual freedom and government oversight.
Q2) Locke's theory of education
A) questioned the Christian belief in a sinful human nature.
B) indicated that nurture is more important than nature.
C) held that a person must test knowledge with his own sense experience.
D) assumed all knowledge ultimately comes from the senses.
E) all of the above
Answer: E
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Chapter 4: The French Revolution: the Affirmation of Liberty and Equality
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Q1) The Third Estate comprised what percent of the population in France?
A) 65 percent
B) 78 percent
C) 84 percent
D) 89 percent
E) 96 percent
Q2) At the core of the political deal made to convene the Estate General after 175 years was
A) the desire of the Third Estate to have its voice heard.
B) Louis XVI's intention to further weaken the nobility.
C) the intention of the nobility to weaken the crown.
D) the resistance of the bourgeoisie to paying higher taxes.
E) consensus that the experiment in absolutism had failed.
Q3) The text claims that Napoleon was most important for European history because he made the restoration of the Old Regime impossible.Explain this assertion in more detail.
Q4) Bastille
Q5) Locate and labelthe approximate areas where prorevolutionary and antirevolutionary forces waged war.
Q6) nobles of the robe
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Chapter 5: The Industrial Revolution: the Great Transformation
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Q1) The Dutch Republic lacked which of the following preconditions for industrialization?
A) a good transportation system
B) developed capitalist practices
C) natural resources
D) technical know-how
E) highly developed agriculture
Q2) In nineteenth-century Britain,labor unions
A) made no headway in protecting members from unemployment and dangerous working conditions.
B) organized all of the laboring classes.
C) possessed the same protections as were put in place for corporations.
D) were legalized but forbidden to strike.
E) successfully consolidated in a Grand National Consolidated Trades Union.
Q3) middle classes
Q4) Which elements of society resisted the coming of industry and the new technology on which it relied,and why? How did they respond to the changes they faced?
Q5) Luddites
Q6) pig pron
Page 7
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Chapter 6: Thought and Culture in the Early Nineteenth Century
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Q1) French liberal theorist Benjamin Constant warned against the danger of A) absolute monarchy.
B) constitutional monarchy.
C) unlimited popular sovereignty.
D) the political power of the Catholic Church.
E) the state's application of Enlightenment reason.
Q2) The term Young Hegelians refers to
A) the docents at the University of Berlin who followed their master teacher.
B) former students of Hegel who spread his ideas in the German gymnasia.
C) those who believed an understanding of the dialectic could lead to change in the world.
D) conservatives who accepted the world as it was because it was the result of a rational dialectic.
E) philosophers who acknowledged that their understanding had not yet reach Hegel's level.
Q3) Jeremy Bentham wrote that "Nature has placed mankind under the governance of two sovereign masters,pain and pleasure.It is for them alone to point out what we ought to do." Explain the responses the following would have to Bentham's statement: Enlightenment philosophes,nineteenth-century liberals,socialists,and conservatives.
Page 8
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Chapter 7: Revolution and Counterrevolution, 1815-1848
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Q1) The French government whose ouster in 1848 sparked revolutions throughout Europe was run by
A) the ultras who aimed to bring back the Old Regime.
B) moderate monarchists who supported Louis XVIII's Charter.
C) the wealthy bourgeoisie and some aristocrats.
D) neo-Jacobins who worked towards a restoration of the Republic.
E) socialists who tried to make worker cooperative the basis of a new economic order.
Q2) The Chartists' demands for all of the following eventually succeeded EXCEPT A) the secret ballot.
B) salaries for members of Parliament.
C) universal manhoodsuffrage.
D) annual parliamentary elections.
E) abolition of property qualifications for members of Parliament.
Q3) Five Glorious Days
Q4) Reform Bill of 1832
Q5) Why were the revolutions of 1848 unsuccessful?
Q6) democratic idealists
Q7) February Revolution
Q8) Louis Philippe
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Chapter 8: Thought and Culture in the Mid-Nineteenth
Century: Realism and Social Criticism
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Q1) Consistent with the emerging,new liberalism,John Stuart Mill believed the state should be able to do all the following EXCEPT
A) regulating the length of the workday.
B) compelling an individual to abandon a foolish or dangerous idea.
C) providing workers' compensation and old-age insurance.
D) requiring that children attend school.
E) promoting public health.
Q2) Søren Kierkegaard wrote that truth is
A) objective and verifiable.
B) subjective and personal, achieved through passion and commitment.
C) not the question.
D) the mind's projection of order onto a chaotic world.
E) reached though critical thinking.
Q3) Which pairing of author and book is NOT correct?
A) John Stuart Mill and On Liberty
B) Karl Marx and Capital
C) Thomas Hill Green and Considerations on Representative Government
D) David Friederich Strauss and The Life of Jesus
E) Mary Wollstonecraft and A Vindication of the Rights of Woman
Q4) anarchism
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Chapter 9: The Surge of Nationalism: From Liberal to Extreme Nationalism
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Q1) The Risorgimento may be best related to
A) the Italian Renaissance.
B) economic liberalism and economic revival of northern Italy.
C) the Italian Zollverein.
D) revival of papal authority.
E) Italian nationalism.
Q2) Carbonari
Q3) Early successes of revolutionaries in 1848 included each of the following EXCEPT
A) ouster of the king of Piedmont-Sardinia.
B) liberation of the city of Milan from Austrian rule.
C) a liberal constitution in Sicily.
D) establishment of a new Roman Republic.
E) departure of the pope from Rome.
Q4) pogroms
Q5) As a result of the Franco-Prussian War
A) the South German states joined a Prussian-dominated Germany.
B) Napoleon III was captured.
C) Paris suffered a lengthy siege.
D) the German Empire was declared at Versailles.
E) all of the above
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Chapter 10: The Industrial West: Responses to Modernization
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Q1) Which of the following does the text identify as the early champion of "scientific management" and teaching management in schools of business?
A) the United States
B) France
C) Britain
D) Germany
E) Belgium
Q2) In the United States,the "gentleman's agreement" dealt with Asian immigration
A) by encouraging only males to immigrate from Asia.
B) by calling for more immigration to build railroads in the Rocky Mountains.
C) by stopping immigration from China but excluding immigration from Japan.
D) by allowing Asian men special rights upon arrival in California.
E) by excluding Asian women from voting.
Q3) The Taff Vale decision of 1901
A) awarded damages to workers for demonstrated mistreatment by employers.
B) gave considerable strength to unions by legalizing their expansion.
C) was repealed in 1906 after elections in the new Labour Party gained twenty-nine seats.
D) was introduced by Liberals David Lloyd George and Winston Churchill.
E) all of the above
Page 12
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Chapter 11: Imperialism: Western Global Dominance
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Q1) What was the fate of the Manchu dynasty?
A) The Manchu were deposed by European states and the American "Open Door" policy.
B) Under increasing foreign and domestic pressure, the Manchu convened a Congress, the Serene Gathering of the Middle Kingdom, to determine China's fate.
C) The Manchu were overthrown by Chinese nationalists led by Sun Zhongshan.
D) The Japanese deposed the Manchus during the Japanese conquest of Manchuria.
E) The Manchu lasted until the Communist victory in 1949 led by Mao Zedong.
Q2) In 1917,the Balfour Declaration promised
A) Jews a place in Palestine.
B) Japan territory in mainland China.
C) Italyvast imperial lands in Africa.
D) China land in Korea.
E) all of the above
Q3) Adowa
Q4) Afrikaans
Q5) militarism
Q6) newimperialism
Q7) zaibatsu
Q8) Manchu(Qing)dynasty
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Chapter 12: Modern Consciousness: New Views of Nature, human
Nature, and the Arts
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Q1) In what ways did irrationalism constitute a challenge to the legacy of the Enlightenment in the Western tradition?
Q2) Who discovered X-rays?
A) Albert Einstein
B) Werner Heisenberg
C) Max Planck
D) Wilhelm Roentgen
E) Marie Sklodowska Curie
Q3) Le Bon's work on crowds had a political subtext,namely that
A) crowds could form the basis for an anarcho-syndicalist government.
B) crowds could be manipulated to overthrow bourgeois governments.
C) the masses were incapable of governing themselves.
D) the behavior of crowds showed the power of reason.
E) individualism needs to be revived.
Q4) Each of the following statements about Nietzsche and Dostoevsky is true EXCEPT
A) both condemned the Enlightenment.
B) Nietzsche rejected Christianity, butDostoevsky embraced it.
C) both believed that human beings were fundamentally irrational.
D) Nietzsche glorified the individual will, butDostoevsky despised it.
E) both were deeply dissatisfied with the society in which they lived.
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Chapter 13: World War I: the West in Despair
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Q1) Why did many Europeans see the coming of war in 1914 as a cause for celebration?
Q2) What factors explain the stalemate of World War I in the West? What does the stalemate indicate about the changing nature of war between the early nineteenth and twentieth centuries?
Q3) Each of the following contributed to the creation of the Triple Entente EXCEPT
A) Germany violated Belgium's neutrality which was guaranteed by Britain.
B) France deliberately ended its colonial disputes with Britain.
C) after its defeat in the Russo-Japanese War, Russia was more inclined to negotiate with Britain.
D) Germany's ambitious naval construction plan alarmed Britain.
E) French diplomacy worked very hard to reconcile the Russians and the British.
Q4) Bolshevism
Q5) Bismarck's foreign policy may be judged as
A) relentlessly aggressive.
B) cautious.
C) fluctuating.
D) lacking in balance.
E) unrealistic.
Q6) Explain how the Bolsheviks were able to take advantage of situations that were not always of their making.
Page 15
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Chapter 14: An Era of Totalitarianism
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Q1) Fascism seemed to offer
A) action as opposed to endless and useless debate.
B) a unity, community, of all classes as opposed to class conflict.
C) decisiveness as opposed to the burden and futility of each person thinking for himself.
D) preservation of traditional values such family, native soil, and nation as opposed to modernism and cosmopolitanism.
E) all of the above
Q2) Within two decades after World War I,which of the following saw the collapse of democracy and the rise of authoritarian government?
A) Spain
B) Portugal
C) Yugoslavia
D) Italy
E) all of the above
Q3) New Economic Policy
Q4) totalitarianism
Q5) esprit de corps
Q6) Black Shirts
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Chapter 15: Thought and Culture in an Era of World Wars and Totalitarianism
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Q1) How did visual artists react to World War Iand the interwar malaise?
Q2) Though existentialism is a diverse philosophy,most existentialists would believe that A) the world is absurd, but people still have the freedom and heavy responsibility to create their own essence.
B) the world is absurd, and no one can say anything else with any degree of certainty.
C) existence comes before essence, but essence is determined by factors outside a person's control.
D) existence is but a prelude to a higher existence after death.
E) absurdity and responsibility result in a great silence.
Q3) In Jean Paul Sartre's philosophy,a person is determined by A) material forces such as the economy.
B) unconscious drives.
C) history.
D) the choices that person makes.
E) an interaction of genes, environments, and luck.
Q4) "broken world"
Q5) surrealists
Q6) historicists
Page 17
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Chapter 16: World War Ii: Western Civilization in the Balance
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Q1) Hopeful signs of improved international relations in the 1920s included all the following EXCEPT
A) smooth functioning of the new League of Nations.
B) the 1921-22 Washington Naval Conference, which produced a ten-year moratorium on new naval battleship or heavy cruisers.
C) the 1925 Locarno Pact in which Germany guaranteed not to violate the borders of any of its neighbors.
D) the admission of Germany into the League of Nations in 1926.
E) the renunciation of war by most powers in the 1928 Kellogg-Briand Pact.
Q2) Sudetenland
Q3) As the SS ruthlessly attacked European Jews,they were motivated by
A) a belief they were defending the Volk.
B) a desire to destroy individualism, tolerance, and equality.
C) the mythical view that Jews were not really human beings.
D) a sense of correcting a past injustice.
E) all of the above
Q4) Anschluss
Q5) Einsatzgruppen
Q6) blitzkreig
Page 18
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Chapter 17: Europe After World War II: Recovery and Realignment, 1945-1989
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Q1) In the postwar world,which of the following does the text identify as the heir to and guardian of the Western tradition?
A) Britain
B) France
C) Poland
D) the United States
E) the Common Market
Q2) General Charles de Gaulle may be associated with
A) serving the Vichy government during World War II.
B) seeking to prohibit the building of a nuclear program in France.
C) insisting that France be admitted to NATO.
D) creating a postwar government that had limited executive authority.
E) none of the above
Q3) Compare the leadership styles of Stalin,Khrushchev,Brezhnev,and Gorbachev.
Q4) At the end of the war in 1945,Germany's
A) economy and cities lay in ruin.
B) political unity was shattered by its division among occupying powers.
C) territory was substantially reduced.
D) independence was suspended.
E) all of the above
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Chapter 18: The Troubled Present
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Q1) A political theorist,Francis Fukuyama,observed in his famous book,The End of History and the Last Man,that the end of the Cold War marked "the ultimate triumph of Western liberal democracy." Using all the insights acquired during the semester,evaluate this observation.Has the world reached "the end of history?"
Q2) What caused the riots of 2005 in France,and how is the struggle over identity displayed in the riots indicative of broader trends in Western civilization?
Q3) What prompted the American invasion of Afghanistan?
A) a fear that the Taliban were on the verge of developing a nuclear weapon
B) a fear that the Taliban possessed a stock of chemical weapons
C) the Taliban's refusal to surrender Osama bin Laden
D) to prevent the Afghans from invading Pakistan
E) the need to secure oil supplies
Q4) All of these are true of Kosovo EXCEPT
A) the region possesses holy Orthodox shrines.
B) it is the site of a famous battle between Ottoman Turks and Serbs.
C) many Serbs consider it to be the birthplace of Serbian nationalism.
D) is predominantly Serbian ethnically.
E) NATO forces were sent there to prevent further ethnic strife.
Q5) Maastricht Treaty
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