Course Introduction
Modern European History Exam Bank
Modern European History explores the political, social, economic, and cultural developments that have shaped Europe from the late eighteenth century to the present day. The course examines key events such as the Enlightenment, the French Revolution, the world wars, the rise and fall of empires, the impact of ideologies like nationalism and communism, and Europe's road to integration. Students will analyze primary and secondary sources to understand the forces driving change and continuity in the region, and discuss the implications of Europes past for contemporary global affairs.
Recommended Textbook
Western Civilization 8th Edition by Jackson J. Spielvogel
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30 Chapters
3669 Verified Questions
3669 Flashcards
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Page 2
Chapter 1: the Ancient Near East: the First Civilizations
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121 Verified Questions
121 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Agricultural Revolution
Answer: Not answer
Q2) For administrative purposes in the Old Kingdom, Egypt was
A) divided into provinces called nomes and governed by nomarchs.
B) totally ruled by the pharaoh in all facets of government.
C) divided into military districts directly responsible to an army commander.
D) a parliamentary government with representatives from each district.
E) ruled by hereditary governors.
Answer: A
Q3) The term Ma'at expresses the Egyptian belief in A) the inevitability of human suffering and sorrow.
B) steady progress toward a better future.
C) the redemption promised to those who believe in the gods.
D) truth, justice, and order in the universe.
E) unremitting chaos.
Answer: D
Q4) Persian is not a Semitic but an Indo-European language.
A)True
B)False
Answer: True
Page 3
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Chapter 2: the Ancient Near East: Peoples and Empires
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which of the following statements is not true of the Chaldean Empire?
A) Babylon was its great central city.
B) It was the longest-lasting of the great Near Eastern empires.
C) The Hanging Gardens was created in its time.
D) The people of the empire welcomed its fall to the Persians.
E) Nebuchadnezzar II was its most successful ruler.
Answer: B
Q2) The founder of the Kingdom of Israel (1000-970 B.C.) was the military hero
A) Ezra
B) Joshua
C) Solomon
D) David
E) Saul
Answer: D
Q3) The Greeks and the Romans, Indo-European speakers, derived their alphabet from the Semitic-speaking Phoenicians.
A)True
B)False
Answer: True
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Page 4
Chapter 3: the Civilization of the Greeks
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Sample Questions
Q1) The Greek philosopher who proposed the concept of a higher world of eternal and unchanging Ideal Forms was Aristotle.
A)True
B)False
Answer: False
Q2) Herodotus
Answer: Herodotus was an ancient Greek historian who is often referred to as the "Father of History." He was born in Halicarnassus, which is now modern-day Bodrum, Turkey, around 484 BC. Herodotus is best known for his work "The Histories," which is considered one of the earliest examples of historical writing and provides a detailed account of the Greco-Persian Wars. He traveled extensively throughout the ancient world, visiting places such as Egypt, Persia, and Greece, and collecting information for his writings. Herodotus' work is important because it laid the foundation for the study of history as a discipline and introduced the concept of critical inquiry and analysis of historical events. His writings also provide valuable insights into the cultures, societies, and political dynamics of the ancient world. Overall, Herodotus' contributions to the field of history have had a lasting impact and continue to be studied and revered by historians and scholars.
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Chapter 4: the Hellenistic World
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Q1) Compare and contrast the artistic, literary, and scientific achievements of the Hellenistic age with those of the classical age. How do you account for the differences?
Q2) Alexander's military success against the Persians was in part attributable to
A) the chronic weakness of the Persian Empire.
B) numerically superior forces.
C) the role of Alexander's cavalry as a strike force.
D) troop loyalty in all campaigns.
E) his corps of archers.
Q3) Alexander of Macedon personally killed the Persian king Darius III soon after the Battle of Guagamela.
A)True
B)False
Q4) Judas Maccabaeus
Q5) At the Battle of Chaeronea (338 B.C.E.), Philip II
A) was killed, leaving Alexander in control of Greece.
B) drove the Persian navy out of the Aegean Sea.
C) unified Macedon for the first time in its history.
D) suffered a humiliating defeat.
E) defeated the Greek poleis, ending their independence.
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Chapter 5: the Roman Republic
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Sample Questions
Q1) The result of the Third Punic War was
A) an alliance between Rome and Carthage.
B) the complete destruction and subjugation of Carthage.
C) the loss of Rome's mastery of the Mediterranean Sea.
D) the sacking of Rome.
E) the coming to power of Julius Caesar.
Q2) Sallust, Catullus, and Lucretius
Q3) patricians and plebeians
Q4) The model Roman woman was Queen Dido, who, after being raped, committed suicide rather than bring dishonor on her family.
A)True
B)False
Q5) The most significant non-Latin influence upon early Rome came from the Etruscans.
A)True
B)False
Q6) Scipio Africanus and the Battle of Zama
Q7) Pyrrhus and victory
Q8) Twelve Tables
Q9) Cato the Elder
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Chapter 6: the Roman Empire
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Q1) Romanization in the Roman empire
A) occurred quickly in the west.
B) developed first in the lower classes.
C) saw Latin illuminate the use of the Greek language in the east.
D) never included the practice of allowing local inhabitants to become Roman officials.
E) occurred more quickly in the east than the west because of greater urbanization in the east.
Q2) All of the following occurred during the reigns of the five "good emperors" except for
A) being a period of peace for approximately 100 years.
B) the establishment of educational programs for the poor.
C) the halting of imperial bureaucratic growth.
D) extensive building programs.
E) being an era of prosperity
Q3) the "good emperors"
Q4) latifundia and coloni
Q5) Juvenal
Q6) Galen
Q7) Livy
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Chapter 7: late Antiquity and the Emergence of the Medieval World
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Q1) The Order of St. Benedict stressed A) study and the preservation of manuscripts.
B) ecstatic worship.
C) hard manual labor to learn humility.
D) prayer and meditation.
E) a balance of study, work, and prayer.
Q2) Muhammad
Q3) In the late fourth century, the Visigoths and other Germanic tribes, were pushed into the Balkans region of the Eastern Roman Empire because of pressure from the A) Byzantines.
B) Vikings.
C) Avars.
D) Arians.
E) Huns.
Q4) Council of Nicaea
Q5) Byzantine Empire
Q6) Athanasius
Q7) Shari'a
Q8) Clovis Page 9
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Chapter 8: european Civilization in the Early Middle Ages, 750-1000
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Q1) To what extent did the Catholic Church alter Germanic practices in regard to family, sexuality, and children?
Q2) vassalage
Q3) algebra and the astrolabe
Q4) The Magyars
A) helped end Muslim expansion in northern Spain.
B) were originally from western Asia.
C) won their most successful victory at the battle of Lechfeld against German troops.
D) were wiped out as a people in the tenth century for their rejection of Christianity.
E) became Muslims.
Q5) Harun al-Rashid
Q6) Compare Islamic civilization to the civilization of Western Europe in the ninth and tenth centuries. Why was it superior? How did they mutually affect one another?
Q7) Of what significance was the Carolingian intellectual renaissance to western European civilization?
Q8) missi dominici
Q9) Charlemagne
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Chapter 9: the Recovery and Growth of European Society in the High Middle Ages
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Q1) artium magister
Q2) Students in medieval universities
A) came strictly from the upper class.
B) usually started their instruction while in their late twenties.
C) often engaged in quarrels with one another and in confrontations with townspeople.
D) were both male and female.
E) learned in the vernacular.
Q3) The church figure who tried to reconcile faith with reason in his Summa Theologica was
A) Peter Abelard.
B) Saint Augustine.
C) Boethius.
D) Thomas Aquinas
E) Peter Lombard.
Q4) Between 1100 and 1300, the population of Europe trebled.
A)True
B)False
Q5) Gothic
Q6) Averroes
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Chapter 10: the Rise of Kingdoms and the Growth of Church
Power
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Q1) Pope Innocent III
Q2) The Mongol invasions of eastern Europe and Russia eventually led to
A) the dominance of Alexander Nevsky's descendants over all of Russia.
B) a cultural legacy that had great influence on eastern Europe.
C) the Mongols' defeat at the hands of the Teutonic Knights in Silesia in 1241.
D) the temporary destruction of the Russian church.
E) the destruction and disappearance of the Kingdom of Poland.
Q3) Children's Crusade
Q4) Frederick II
Q5) The Domesday Book could best be described as a A) a law code.
B) a manual of chivalry.
C) a religious tract.
D) a king's diary.
E) an economic census.
Q6) Saint Bernard of Clairvaux
Q7) Crusades
Q8) Saladin and the Third Crusade
Q9) the sacraments
Page 13
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Chapter 11: the Later Middle Ages: Crisis and Disintegration in
the Fourteenth Century
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Q1) Discuss the factors that led to the urban and rural revolts in the fourteenth century. Was desperate poverty a chief cause? Why or why not?
Q2) One of France's advantages toward the end of the Hundred Years' War was its adoption of cannon.
A)True
B)False
Q3) It is estimated that famine in the early fourteenth century killed 35 percent of the European population.
A)True
B)False
Q4) To what extent were climate and disease key factors in producing economic and social changes?
Q5) Charles the dauphin/VII
Q6) What was Boccaccio's most famous work?
A) The Divine Comedy
B) The Sonnets
C) The Prince
D) Spiritual Exercises
E) The Decameron
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Chapter 12: recovery and Rebirth: the Age of the Renaissance
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Q1) According to Jacob Burckhardt, the Renaissance in Italy represented
A) the greatest period of economic recovery in the history of civilization.
B) a period of moral decline.
C) an era of tremendous graft and corruption in Italian government.
D) a continuation of the culture of the High Middle Ages.
E) a distinct break from the Middle Ages and the true birth of the modern world.
Q2) Michelangelo
Q3) A subject of particular interest to fifteenth-century humanists was A) botany.
B) the Greek language.
C) accounting.
D) engineering.
E) theology.
Q4) The Ottoman Turkish sultan who captured Constantinople in 1453 was A) Ali.
B) Murad III.
C) Lazar I.
D) Mehmet II.
E) Ibrahim Pasha.
Q5) Lorenzo Valla
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Chapter 13: reformation and Religious Warfare in the
Sixteenth Century
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Q1) The Reformation affected the development of education in Europe by A) broadly expanding Jesuit principles of higher education.
B) aiming Protestant schooling only at the nobility and wealthier urban patricians.
C) eradicating all humanist influences in schooling.
D) expanding public access to primary schooling and improving secondary schooling through gymnasiums and ministerial training.
E) the exclusive use of textbooks in Latin.
Q2) Marburg Colloquy
Q3) Martin Luther
Q4) Mary I Tudor earned her nickname "bloody Mary" by persecuting
A) Anabaptists.
B) Protestants.
C) Catholics.
D) Quakers.
E) Scottish rebels.
Q5) What was Luther's fundamental religious problem? Trace the development of this problem and how Luther solved it. How did Luther's religious ideas differ from those of Catholicism?
Q6) salvation by faith
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1500-1800
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Q1) The first major Portuguese settlement in India was at Calicut.
A)True
B)False
Q2) portolani
Q3) Christopher Columbus
Q4) the Inca and Pachakuti
Q5) Marco Polo
Q6) An extensive multiracial society appeared first in
A) British North America.
B) Latin America.
C) Northern Europe.
D) Southern Europe.
E) China.
Q7) Gerardus Mercator
Q8) Francisco Pizarro
Page 18
Q9) The greatness of Ming China was due to the accomplishments of the two monarchs, Kangxi and Qianlong, who ruled from the mid-seventeenth century to the late eighteenth century.
A)True
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Chapter 15: state Building and the Search for Order in the
Seventeenth Century
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Q1) The French playwright Moliére is noted for all of the following except A) Tartuffe.
B) benefiting from the patronage of Louis XIV.
C) satirizing French religious and social customs.
D) perfecting neoclassical tragedy.
E) producing and acting in a series of comedies.
Q2) The Austrian monarchy never became a highly centralized, absolutist state, because it included too many different national groups.
A)True
B)False
Q3) The great writer of satirical comedies as the court of Louis XIV was Jean-Baptiste Racine.
A)True
B)False
Q4) The Thirty Years' War
A) eventually involved every country in Europe and Asia.
B) is considered by most to be the first "modern" war.
C) is considered by most to be part of the larger Bourbon-Habsburg struggle.
D) was primarily fought in Spain.
E) was exclusively caused by religious differences.
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Sample Questions
Q1) During the seventeenth century, royal and princely patronage of science
A) declined greatly.
B) was common only in Italy.
C) became an international phenomenon.
D) replaced funding by the church.
E) was directed only towards pure research.
Q2) The Starry Messenger
Q3) Like many of the medieval scholastic philosophers, Blaise Pascal argued that the truths of Christianity could be proved by reason alone.
A)True
B)False
Q4) "natural philosophers"
Q5) four bodily humors
Q6) William Harvey
Q7) Newton's major work was
A) Novum Organum.
B) Principia.
Page 21
C) On the Revolutions of the Heavenly Spheres.
D) Rules of Reasoning in Philosophy.
E) Utopia.
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Chapter 17: the Eighteenth Century: an Age of Enlightenment
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Q1) chapbooks
Q2) philosophes
Q3) In eighteenth-century Europe, churches, both Catholic and Protestant,
A) declined in numbers and influence.
B) still played a major role in social and spiritual areas.
C) was responsible for the dramatic role in literary.
D) had not changed much in two centuries.
E) were legally separated from any state or government connections.
Q4) Physiocrats
Q5) deism
Q6) Enlightened thinkers can be understood as secularists because they strongly recommended
A) the application of the scientific method to the analysis and understanding of all aspects of human life.
B) the rational dismantling of all churches and their competing but empty ideologies.
C) a complete stop to all efforts at the reform of justice.
D) rigorous state control of all forms of education.
E) the establishment of democratic republics throughout Europe.
Q7) the salon and the coffeehouse
Page 23
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Chapter 18: the Eighteenth Century: European States, International Wars, and Social Change
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Q1) New European attitudes toward children are made visible in all of the following except
A) changes in the ordinary clothing of children.
B) the production of more games and toys for children.
C) a reinforcement of the custom of primogeniture.
D) the great interest of lower-class mothers in breast-feeding infants.
E) childhood being viewed more and more as a special phase in human development.
Q2) All of the following are correct about trade and commerce in the eighteenth century except
A) international trade had become greater than trade within Europe.
B) trade within Europe was still greater than overseas trade.
C) there was a dramatic increase in trade between European nations and their colonies.
D) the Atlantic trade contributed to the growth of European cities.
E) overseas trade let to the growth of related industries, such as textile manufacturing.
Q3) Louis XVI
Q4) London's one million
Q5) Bank of England
Q6) Treaty of Paris
Page 24
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Chapter 19: a Revolution in Politics: the Era of the French Revolution
and Napoleon
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Q1) Girondins and the Mountain
Q2) "We are bringing back the baker...."
Q3) The American Revolution affected Europeans by
A) proving that military force was the final diplomatic authority.
B) ending colonial expansion around the world.
C) proving that the new United States was the most powerful nation.
D) proving that the ideas of the Enlightenment could be realized politically.
E) proving that the patriotic shedding of vast amounts of blood could bring revolutionary change.
Q4) Germaine de Stael
Q5) the Grand Army
Q6) The French economy of the eighteenth century was
A) growing due to an expansion of foreign trade and industrial production.
B) stagnant due to foreign competition in industry and trade.
C) declining rapidly due to overuse of arable land.
D) based largely on the silk industry.
E) was entirely based upon agricultural production.
Q7) What caused the French Revolution?
Q8) the Jacobins Page 25
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Chapter 20: the Industrial Revolution and Its Impact on European Society
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Q1) In the early nineteenth century, much of India fell under the control of A) the Dutch East India Company.
B) the French Foreign Legion.
C) the Qing dynasty of China.
D) the British East India Company.
E) the United States military.
Q2) The rise of the industrial factory system deeply affected the lives and status of workers who now
A) were often paid in kind.
B) no longer owned the means of economic production and could only sell their labor for a wage.
C) were less vulnerable to more rapid cycles of economic boom and bust.
D) got both good wages and many fringe benefits unknown before.
E) became serfs, legally tied to factories.
Q3) coal and coke
Q4) hand-loom weavers
Q5) canals
Q6) the Crystal Palace
Q7) the Poor Law of 1834
Q8) the cottage system Page 27
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Chapter 21: reaction, Revolution, and Romanticism,
1815-1850
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Q1) Did the Congress of Vienna represent a resurgence of old traditions or the emergence of a new international order, or, perhaps, some of both?
Q2) Romanticism
Q3) At its most elementary Burkean level, conservatism
A) sought to preserve the achievements of previous generations by subordinating individual rights to communal welfare.
B) became the most popular political philosophy in Russia.
C) sought above all else the achievement of individual rights.
D) was never popular among the political elite of Europe.
E) championed individual rights and laissez-faire government.
Q4) Frankfurt Assembly
Q5) Caspar David Friedrich, J.M.W. Turner and Eugene Delacroix
Q6) The Reform Bill of 1832 in Britain primarily benefited the A) landed aristocracy.
B) peasants.
C) working class.
D) clergy.
E) upper middle-class.
Page 29
Q7) Chateaubriand's Genius of Christianity
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Chapter 22: an Age of Nationalism and Realism, 1850-1871
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Q1) The Russian zemstvos were
A) radical, populist societies that supported all revolutionary causes.
B) local assemblies with limited self-governing powers.
C) agreements between peasants and landlords concerning work rules.
D) the emancipation proclamations that set groups of serfs free.
E) Russia's two national parliaments, one in Moscow and the other in St. Petersburg.
Q2) As a statesman, Bismarck can best be appreciated as
A) a determined nationalist who planned every move toward German unification.
B) a conservative but a traitor to his aristocratic class.
C) a consummate politician and opportunist capitalizing on unexpected events and manipulating affairs to his favor.
D) a narrow-minded tyrant incapable of mastering the art of negotiation vital to modern European diplomacy.
E) an enlightened despot.
Q3) Second German Empire
Q4) Whose role was more essential to the unification: Cavour's, Mazzini's, or Garibaldi's?
Q5) Baron Haussmann and Paris
Q6) Dardanelles and Sevastopol
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Chapter 23: mass Society in an "Age of Progress," 1871-1894
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Q1) the Commune
Q2) the "weekend"
Q3) Industrialization in Japan was the result of
A) private investment and initiative.
B) European colonization.
C) socialist planning on the Marxist model.
D) government planning and initiative.
E) ambitious former samurai.
Q4) The policy pursued by Russia's Alexander III and Nicholas II after the assassination of Alexander II was a policy of A) liberalism.
B) nationalism.
C) socialism.
D) militarism.
E) autocracy.
Q5) music halls and dance halls
Q6) Graham Bell
Q7) domestic servants
Q8) Henry Ford
Q9) Reform Act of 1884
Page 31
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Q1) In Foundations of the Nineteenth Century (1899), Houston Stewart Chamberlain predicted that Germany was destined to
A) lead the world in high-tech manufacturing.
B) lead the Aryan race to the conquest of Europe.
C) be the European leader in music and the arts.
D) generate the next great world religion.
E) failure if they did not accept Jews as the originators of Western civilization.
Q2) "open door" policy
Q3) The higher criticism of the Bible championed by the French Catholic scholar Ernst Renan
A) confirmed the accuracy of the Bible as a guide to Christian history.
B) questioned the historical accuracy of the Bible and denied the divinity of Jesus.
C) found the New Testament to be far more recent in composition than previously believed.
D) cast doubt on the authenticity of the letters of Paul.
E) gave intellectual support for the divine authorship of the Bible.
Q4) Boer War
Q5) "white man's burden"
Page 33
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Chapter 25: the Beginning of the Twentieth-century Crisis: War and Revolution
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Q1) tanks
Q2) The tank
A) was invented by the Germans.
B) was crucial in the outcome of World War I.
C) would play a larger role in World War II than in World War I.
D) was useless in rough terrain.
E) a and b
Q3) In World War I, the Turkish Ottoman Empire fought on the side of A) Egypt and Iraq.
B) Russia.
C) Italy.
D) France and Britain.
E) Austria and Germany.
Q4) League of Nations' mandates
Q5) The women workers of World War I played an important role in
A) serving as support troops behind the front line trenches.
B) gaining equal industrial wages with men by the end of the war.
C) achieving permanent job security in the once male-dominated workplace.
D) all work areas except the textile industry.
E) gaining women the right to vote immediately following the war.
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Chapter 26: the Futile Search for Stability: Europe Between
the Wars, 1919-1939
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Q1) Marie Stopes' Married Love
Q2) Not associated with the new literary techniques of the 1920's was
A) the "stream of consciousness."
B) James Joyce.
C) Herman Hesse.
D) Ernest Rutherford.
E) Virginia Woolf.
Q3) James Joyce's Ulysses and Virginia Woolf's Mrs. Dalloway
Q4) How did America cope with the Depression? Why was the depression in the United States so long-lasting and what finally ended unemployment?
Q5) Little Entente
Q6) Hannah Hoch and Tristan Tzara
Q7) What were Hitler's core ideas or assumptions? What were the methods used to implement them once he and the Nazis had established the Nazi state in Germany?
Q8) German Expressionism
Q9) Hermann Hesse's Steppenwolf
Q10) the New Deal
Page 35
Q11)
Q12) Kurt Weill's The Threepenny Opera
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Chapter 27: the Deepening of the European Crisis: World War
Ii
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Q1) Discuss the major steps taken by Hitler from 1933 to 1939 that ultimately led to war. Could Hitler have been prevented from plunging Europe into war? When and how?
Q2) Winston Churchill
Q3) "land girls"
Q4) Hitler settled on acquiring German Lebensraum in the east in Russian territory in part because of his racist belief that
A) the Slavs were an "inferior" people now governed by impotent Jews among the Bolsheviks and worthy of enslavement.
B) the weakened Aryan "race" could only be rejuvenated and made better through war against the ancient enemies of the Fatherland.
C) the Anglo-Saxons were a decadent race and would never come to the aid of eastern Europeans.
D) Germany must conquer all of Europe before the great American race dominated the globe.
E) there would be no opposition to the German takeover of Russia territory as the inferior Slavs would eagerly welcome their racial superiors.
Q5) Aryans
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Chapter 28: cold War and a New Western World, 1945-1965
Available Study Resources on Quizplus for this Chatper
121 Verified Questions
121 Flashcards
Source URL: https://quizplus.com/quiz/6955
Sample Questions
Q1) Indian National Congress
Q2) Martin Luther King and "white backlash"
Q3) Elvis Presley and the Beatles
Q4) Great Leap Forward
Q5) The first chancellor and "founding hero" of the West German Federal Republic was
A) Helmut Kohl.
B) Helmut Schmidt.
C) Willy Brandt.
D) Konrad Adenauer.
E) Walter Ulbricht.
Q6) Hungarian uprising
Q7) Konrad Adenauer
Q8) Cuban Missile Crisis
Q9) African National Congress
Q10) "An orgy of blood" refers to
A) the Vietnam War.
B) the separation of Pakistan from India.
Page 38
C) the victory of Mao Zedong over the Chinese Nationalists.
D) Nikita Khrushchev's condemnation of Stalin.
E) the Korea debacle.
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Chapter 29: protest and Stagnation: the Western World, 1965-1985
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127 Verified Questions
127 Flashcards
Source URL: https://quizplus.com/quiz/6956
Sample Questions
Q1) The 1975 Helsinki Agreements
A) established American military dominance in Europe.
B) accorded the Soviet Union the right to intervene in western European political affairs.
C) recognized all borders in central and eastern Europe established since World War II thereby acknowledging a Soviet sphere of influence in Eastern Europe.
D) provided for the transfer of American nuclear weapons and submarines to Europe.
E) made Finland a nuclear-free zone.
Q2) "peace and love"
Q3) E.F. Schumacher's Small is Beautiful
Q4) "equivalence"
Q5) Lech Walesa and Solidarity
Q6) Hungary's Janos Kadar
Q7) University of Nanterre, 1968
Q8) Jacques Derrida and deconstructionism
Q9) Richard Nixon's "southern strategy"
Q11) Postmodernism Page 40
Q10) Mao Zedong and the Great Proletarian Cultural Revolution
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Chapter 30: after the Fall: the Western World in a Global Age
(Since 1985)
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129 Verified Questions
129 Flashcards
Source URL: https://quizplus.com/quiz/6957
Sample Questions
Q1) Christian right
Q2) The justifications that George W. Bush used for invading Iraq in 2003 were agreed upon by most members of the United Nations.
A)True
B)False
Q3) In 1988, the first free parliamentary elections to occur in Eastern Europe for forty years took place in
A) Hungary.
B) Austria.
C) Poland.
D) Estonia.
E) Lithuania.
Q4) Lord of the Rings and the Harry Potter films
Q5) Under Vladimir Putin's presidency, all of the following occurred except A) power was centralized in the federal government.
B) Russia ended its war in Chechnya.
C) as many as 40 percent of the population lived in poverty.
D) the economy grew significantly and the government had a budget surplus.
E) the economy significantly depended upon exports of oil and natural gas.
Q6) How and why did the Cold War end? Did anyone "win" this conflict? Who? Why? Page 42
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