Mind and Brain Midterm Exam
Course Introduction
This course explores the intricate relationship between the mind and the brain, examining how mental processes arise from neural activity. Topics include consciousness, perception, emotion, memory, language, and decision-making, with an emphasis on current findings from neuroscience, psychology, and cognitive science. Students will critically evaluate theories of mind-brain interaction, learn about techniques for studying brain function, and consider philosophical and ethical questions related to the nature of consciousness and personal identity.
Recommended Textbook
Introducing Psychology Brain Person Group 4th Edition by Stephen M. Kosslyn
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260 Verified Questions
260 Flashcards
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2
Chapter 1: Section 1: Introduction to the Science of Psychology:
History and Research Methods
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Sample Questions
Q1) What advice might John B.Watson have offered to psychologists of his time?
A)"Focus on observable behavior."
B)"Life is an effort to overcome inferiority."
C)"We cannot know others until we know ourselves."
D)"Remember that what we accomplish is due to the composition of our genes."
Answer: A
Q2) Imagine that you are driving in an old car with no air conditioning on a hot summer day on the freeway.Out of nowhere, someone cuts you off.You get angry and react by honking your horn.Which of the following best describes what resulted in your behavior?
A)Events at the level of the person affected events at the level of group.
B)Events at the level of brain affected events of the level of the group.
C)Events at the level of the group affected events at the level of the brain and person.
D)Events at the level of person affected events at the level of the physical context and brain.
Answer: B
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Page 3
Chapter 1: Section 2: Introduction to the Science of Psychology:
History and Research Methods
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Q1) When you watch dogs play in the park or watch how your professors conduct their classes, you are engaging in a form of ______.
A)case study research
B)naturalistic observation
C)survey research
D)psychometric study
Answer: B
Q2) A correlation coefficient is a numerical measure of the __________________.
A)unintended changes in participants' behavior due to cues from the experimenter
B)relationship between two variables
C)behaviors of participants of different ages compared at a given time
D)behaviors of participants followed and periodically assessed over time
Answer: B
Q3) An experiment is valid if
A)it produces reliable findings.
B)if its findings are consistent across experiments.
C)if it measures what the investigator designed it to measure.
D)if its measures are both reliable and consistent across experiments.
Answer: C
4
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Chapter 2: Section 1: The Biology of Mind and Behavior: the Brain in
Action
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Q1) Ito was driving through a rough part of town late at night when a stray bullet hit the front side of his head.Both the left and right sides of his prefrontal cortex were severely damaged.As a result of the accident, Ito most likely
A)died from his injuries.
B)suffered loss of his arms and legs.
C)lost his sense of hearing.
D)suffered a change in personality.
Answer: D
Q2) To say that both genes and environment are important ________.
A)is completely accurate
B)is completely inaccurate
C)is partially correct depending on the given person and situation
D)is true, yet it fails to clarify that they are different aspects of a single system
Answer: D
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Chapter 2: Section 2: The Biology of Mind and Behavior: the
Brain in Action
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Q1) Agonist is to antagonist as:
A)neuromodulator is to neurotransmitter.
B)reuptake is to receptor.
C)mimic is to block.
D)block is to mimic.
Q2) The hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA)axis may be activated by which of the following stimuli?
A)leukocytes
B)basophils
C)stimulation of the occipital lobe
D)pain.
Q3) When a neuron fires, it fires in a(n)________ fashion, because there is no such thing as "partial" firing.
A)all-or-none
B)rapid fire
C)accidental patterned
D)quick succession
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Page 6
Chapter 3: Section 1: Sensation and Perception: How the World Enters the Mind
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Q1) Jamie walks from a bright room into a dark room.It will take about ______ minutes for her rods to fully adjust to the dark.
A)10
B)30
C)20
D)40
Q2) Sensation is to perception as ________ is to ________.
A)stimulation; recognition
B)awareness; interpretation
C)interpretation; awareness
D)organization; interpretation
Q3) The cilia in the nasal cavity act in a manner similar to taste buds in that they______________.
A)respond to various wavelengths of smell
B)contain pressure-sensitive elements that detect certain molecules
C)contain receptor sites that are stimulated by different molecules
D)only respond to five basic smells
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Page 7
Chapter 3: Section 2: Sensation and Perception: How the
World Enters the Mind
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Q1) ______ is the mental process of making sense of sensory information.
A)Abstraction
B)Sensation
C)Perception
D)Consciousness
Q2) The pupil is the ______.
A)opening in the center of the iris
B)white of the eye
C)colored part of the eye
D)lining in the back of the eyeball
Q3) Endorphins are the neural transmitters that _____________.
A)control your muscles
B)generate pain sensations
C)act as a natural version of morphine
D)excite the ventral horn of the spinal cord
Q4) According to your authors, we identify where objects are by coding ________.
A)categorical spatial relations
B)temporal relations
C)proximal spatial relations
D)occipital relations
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Chapter 4: Section 1: Learning: How Experience Changes Us
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Q1) "If a response is followed by a pleasurable consequence, it will tend to be repeated.If a response is followed by an unpleasant consequence, it will tend not to be repeated." This is a statement of ________________.
A)the law of positive reinforcement
B)Rescorla's cognitive perspective
C)Thorndike's Law of Effect
D)Garcia's conditional emotional response
Q2) With observational learning, information gleaned primarily comes from ________.
A)reinforcement
B)watching others
C)neutral stimuli
D)self-motivation
Q3) In the process of shaping, behaviors are ordered in terms of increasing similarity to the desired response.These behaviors are called _____________.
A)primary reinforcers
B)successive approximations
C)secondary reinforcers
D)unconditioned stimuli
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Chapter 4: Section 2: Learning: How Experience Changes Us
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Q1) A child learns that whenever he eats all of his dinner he gets a cookie for dessert.This type of learning is BEST explained by _______________.
A)classical conditioning
B)operant conditioning
C)biofeedback theory
D)social learning theory
Q2) In the context of classical conditioning, which of following components "elicits" a response?
A)UR
B)US
C)CER
D)CSR
Q3) ________ is an example of a primary reinforcer, whereas ________ is an example of a secondary reinforcer.
A)A cupcake; a certificate of achievement given to a student
B)A kiss; money
C)Water; food
D)A gold star; cupcake
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10
Chapter 5: Section 1: Memory: Living With Yesterday
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Q1) When people hear a sound, their ears turn the vibrations in the air into neural messages from the auditory nerve, which makes it possible for the brain to interpret the sound.This process is called ________________.
A)encoding
B)storage
C)retrieval
D)evaluation
Q2) Proactive interference as used in the study of memory refers to when
A)older information already in memory interferes with the retrieval of newer information
B)newer information interferes with the retrieval of older information
C)information is not attended to and fails to be encoded
D)information that is not accessed decays from the storage system over time
Q3) Automatic processing, compared to controlled processing, involves less ________.
A)attention
B)memory space
C)neurotransmitters
D)procedural skills
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Chapter 5: Section 2: Memory: Living With Yesterday
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Q1) People tend to forget negative affect associated with autobiographical memories more quickly than they forget positive affect.What enhances this effect?
A)Keeping the memory private
B)Left frontal lobe activity
C)The age of the person
D)Frequently discussing the memories with a variety of people
Q2) Retrograde amnesia is to anterograde amnesia as ________.
A)mild is to severe
B)severe is to mild
C)remembering old is to learning new
D)remembering new is to learning old
Q3) The famous case of H.M.pertains to an individual who had severe memory loss once his hippocampus was removed.However, he still had a form of ________.
A)semantic memory
B)implicit memory
C)explicit memory
D)declarative memory
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12
Chapter 6: Section 1: Language, Thinking, and Intelligence:
What Humans Do Best
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Q1) Suppose Maria's mental age is 20 and her chronological age is 10.What is her IQ?
A)320
B)80
C)200
D)100
Q2) According to your textbook, researchers generally agree that solving a problem well implies ________.
A)in a reasonable amount of time
B)nothing about the time it takes
C)that problems are all easy
D)that problems are usually too difficult
Q3) You are learning Russian in preparation for a trip next summer.Although you are doing a good job recognizing the written signs you need to know, you are having trouble with the sounds of the Russian language.Which of the following aspects of language is giving you trouble?
A)syntax
B)phonemes
C)morphemes
D)audiograms
Page 13
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Chapter 6: Section 2: Language, Thinking, and Intelligence:
What Humans Do Best
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Q1) In problem solving, the term rule of thumb refers to ______________.
A)heuristics
B)algorithms
C)mnemonic devices
D)cognitive shortcuts
Q2) Researchers typically stress that a key aspect of intelligence is ________.
A)the ability to speak different languages
B)the Y chromosome
C)the ability to adapt to the environment
D)only accurate for males
Q3) According to Robert Sternberg, _______________ is best described as "street smarts," or the ability to use information to get along in life.People who have it know how to be tactful, how to manipulate situations to their advantage, and how to use inside information to increase their odds of success.
A)analytical intelligence
B)creative intelligence
C)practical intelligence
D)none of these
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Chapter 7: Section 1: Emotion and Motivation: Feeling and Striving
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Q1) The ______ theory of emotion states that the experience of emotion occurs simultaneously with biological changes.
A)Cannon-Bard theory
B)James-Lange
C)Plutchik's
D)Schachter and Singer's
Q2) Which level of Abraham Maslow's hierarchy is epitomized by the U.S.Army's slogan "Be all that you can be"?
A)safety
B)self-esteem
C)belongingness
D)self-actualization
Q3) A famed psychologist claims that motivated behaviors result from an effort to reduce tension caused by bodily needs such as hunger or thirst.This psychologist's philosophy most closely matches ______ theory.
A)reciprocity
B)homeostatic
C)needs
D)drive
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Chapter 7: Section 2: Emotion and Motivation: Feeling and Striving
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Q1) Physical arousal has to be interpreted cognitively before it is experienced as a specific emotion, according to ____________.
A)Plutchik
B)the James-Lange theory
C)the Cannon-Bard theory
D)Schachter and Singer
Q2) Which of the following behaviors is not an example of drive theory?
A)getting some food when you are hungry
B)going to sleep when you are tired
C)getting something to drink when you are thirsty
D)going jogging when you are bored
Q3) According to Abraham Maslow, developing one's potential to its fullest extent results in ___________.
A)safety
B)self-esteem
C)belongingness
D)self-actualization
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Page 16
Chapter 8: Section 1: Personality: Vive La Différence
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Q1) Carolyn took home some printer paper from the office.Later, she felt guilty for stealing it so she brought some paper to work to replace what she took.Freud would suggest that Carolyn's ________ was influencing her motives and behavior.
A)id
B)unconscious mind
C)ego
D)superego
Q2) According to Freud, the result of conflict between the ego and the id or superego is
A)libido
B)depression
C)psychosis
D)neurosis
Q3) A person's responses to a projective test are thought to reflect ____________.
A)current events
B)daydreaming themes
C)maladaptive patterns of behavior
D)what is going on in an individual's personality.
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17
Chapter 8: Section 2: Personality: Vive La Différence
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Q1) What are the Big Five personality traits?
A)conscientiousness, openness, agreeableness, extraversion, dominance
B)openness, conscientiousness, extraversion, agreeableness, and neuroticism
C)sensation seeking, conscientiousness, openness, agreeableness, dominance
D)neuroticism, psychoticism, extraversion, agreeableness, and conscientiousness
Q2) According to Freud, when the realities of life are in conflict with someone's conscience or selfish desires, it results in a(n)________.
A)psychosis
B)an Electra complex
C)neurosis
D)an Oedipal complex
Q3) According to Rogers, which of the following people is most likely to have a healthy personality?
A)someone with a strongly developed superego
B)someone with an extraverted personality
C)someone brought up with conditional positive regard
D)someone brought up with unconditional positive regard
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18
Chapter 9: Section 1: Psychology Over the Life Span:
Growing
Up, Growing
Older, Growing Wiser
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Q1) Obedience to rules because of the fear of punishment is a characteristic of__________.
A)conventional morality
B)preconventional morality
C)principled morality
D)postconventional morality
Q2) In a __________design, one group of participants is followed and assessed as the group ages.
A)cohort
B)longitudinal
C)behavior genetics
D)cross-sectional
Q3) Like any 4-month-old, Amy depends on her parents to feed her and to change her diapers.When Amy cries, her devoted parents quickly respond to her needs.According to Erikson, Amy is developing a sense of ___________.
A)trust
B)mistrust
C)autonomy
D)initiative
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Chapter 9: Section 2: Psychology Over the Life Span:
Growing Up, Growing Older, Growing Wiser
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Q1) ________ psychology encompasses the study of human growth and change over the life span.
A)Social
B)Developmental
C)Applied
D)Health
Q2) Infants who tend to show a(n)________ response typically respond positively to new situations or stimuli.
A)approach
B)withdrawal
C)easy
D)difficult
Q3) If a child successfully navigates this stage of psychosocial development, they will make decisions and act independently.
A)integrity vs.despair
B)autonomy vs.doubt
C)initiative vs.guilt
D)basic trust vs.mistrust
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Chapter
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Q1) Eric has an overinflated, unjustified positive view of himself.He thinks that he is good at everything he does.He would be considered a(n)________.
A)aggressive person
B)person with low self-esteem
C)narcissist
D)optimist
Q2) The restorative theory views sleep as ________.
A)having evolutionary advantages
B)helping the body repair the wear and tear of the day's events
C)a means to cope with stress
D)important only to the extent that we don't enter a state of sleep deprivation
Q3) Elizabeth hears that her neighbors' son just died.She decides to bring them dinner.This is an example of ________ social support.
A)enacted
B)indirect
C)direct
D)perceived
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Page 21
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Q1) Imagine that you have just flunked a class.You evaluate this situation and decide that flunking a class is stressful and important enough to be upset about.Next you decide to repeat the class in summer school.You have made __________.
A)a primary appraisal only
B)both a primary and a secondary appraisal
C)a stress-related decision
D)a hassle-related decision
Q2) Because stress can impair the functioning of white blood cells, it plays an important role in ________.
A)causing cancer
B)the healing of wounds
C)contributing to Alzheimer's disease
D)causing AIDS
Q3) Freud believed that dreams ______________.
A)stem from unconscious conflicts, memories, and desires
B)are sexual perversions
C)are reflections of consciousness
D)are ways to solve problems
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Chapter 11: Section 1: Psychological Disorders: More Than Everyday Problems
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Q1) Disorders characterized by disturbances in emotion are known as ______ disorders. A)conversion
B)somatoform
C)mood
D)dissociative
Q2) As Carol and Ken are leaving for a trip, Carol repeatedly asks Ken, "Did we turn off the coffee pot?" For their entire trip, Carol worries about the coffee pot.Carol's doubt about turning off the coffee pot is a(n)________.
A)obsession
B)compulsion
C)both an obsession and a compulsion
D)neither an obsession nor a compulsion
Q3) ________ is (are)believed to trigger a "suffocation alarm" in the brain that can lead to panic.
A)Changes in carbon dioxide levels
B)Hypersensitivity to the locus coeruleus
C)Activation in the right frontal lobe
D)Activation in the left frontal lobe
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Chapter 11: Section 2: Psychological Disorders: More Than Everyday Problems
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Q1) Andy has a tendency to align the tools in his toolbox so that they are placed in perfect symmetry.Andy's compulsion illustrates ________.
A)repeated doubts
B)hoarding
C)ordering
D)counting
Q2) Axis II of the DSM-IV-TR consists of_____________.
A)global assessment of functioning
B)clinical disorders and other conditions that may be a focus of clinical attention
C)psychosocial and environmental problems
D)personality disorders and mental retardation
Q3) Marty is moody, manipulative, unstable, lacks a clear sense of identity, and often clings to others.He wants to have close relationships but is unable to do so because he is untrusting of others.Marty is suffering from ______ personality disorder.
A)antisocial
B)avoidant
C)dependent
D)borderline
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Chapter 12: Section 1: Treatment: Healing Actions, Healing
Words
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Sample Questions
Q1) According to REBT founder, Albert Ellis (1994), which of the following is a process that interferes with healthy functioning?
A)catharsis
B)hostility and rage
C)self-aggrandizing
D)self-interpreting
Q2) Mary, who has a great fear of flying, has been instructed by her behavior therapist to take a brief ride in an actual airplane.If Mary follows her therapist's instructions, then she'll be engaged in ________.
A)imaginal exposure
B)aversive exposure
C)in vivo exposure
D)virtual reality exposure
Q3) Sylvia, who is undergoing client-centered therapy has been told that she experiences an incongruence between her ________self and her _______self.
A)conscious; unconscious
B)possible; future
C)working; current
D)real; ideal
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Chapter 12: Section 2: Treatment: Healing Actions, Healing
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Q1) You let your fingers do the walking through the Yellow Pages looking for a psychotherapist.Your attention is drawn to an advertisement for a group practice described as eclectic.When you call the receptionist to ask for a description of the practice, what will you be told?
A)"Our group focuses on clients' early life experiences."
B)"Our staff uses a combination of methods to fit the client's needs."
C)"All the professionals in this group have training in psychoanalysis."
D)"The staff is trained in the biological perspective."
Q2) According to Albert Ellis, we become unhappy and depressed about events because of _______.
A)our behaviors
B)our irrational beliefs
C)the events that happen to us
D)other people's irrational beliefs
Q3) Psychoanalysis was a therapy technique designed by ______.
A)Alfred Adler
B)Carl Rogers
C)Fritz Perls
D)Sigmund Freud
Page 26
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Chapter 13: Section 1: Social Psychology: Meeting of the Minds
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Q1) If Professor Jameson is most interested in studying what you believe about an object or topic, then she is focusing on the ________ component of attitudes.
A)behavioral
B)affective
C)cognitive
D)informational
Q2) You observe a person at the grocery store get angry and yell at the cashier.Which of these attributions illustrates the fundamental attribution error?
A)the yeller is a mean, angry person
B)the cashier is overworked
C)the yeller has had a bad day
D)the cashier has had a bad day
Q3) What term is used to describe compliance with an initial small request followed by compliance with a larger request?
A)risky shift
B)foot-in-the-door effect
C)door-in-the-face effect
D)polarization phenomenon
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Chapter 13: Section 2: Social Psychology: Meeting of the Minds
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Q1) "Jeremy, can you possibly give me a ride to the airport this Sunday," your friend Ben asks.Not thinking that this is a big deal, you agree to do this favor for Ben."Oh, that's great! Thanks so much.And by the way, I forgot that the plane leaves at 8:30 am so I'll have to be at the airport by 6:30 am.Pick me up at 6:00.See you then," Ben adds.You are still likely to do the favor for Ben because you have just been a victim of the _____________ technique.
A)lowball
B)norm of reciprocity
C)door-in-the-face
D)obedience
Q2) Realistic conflict theory suggests that prejudice arises from ________.
A)learned behavior
B)competition over scarce resources
C)social categorization
D)self-fulfilling prophecies
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