Course Introduction
Methods of Social Inquiry Final
Exam Questions
Methods of Social Inquiry introduces students to the foundational techniques and approaches used in studying social phenomena. The course covers both qualitative and quantitative research methods, emphasizing the formulation of research questions, data collection strategies such as surveys, interviews, and observations, ethical considerations in social research, and basic principles of data analysis. Through practical exercises and critical analysis of existing studies, students learn how to critically evaluate social research and develop the skills necessary to conduct their own investigations into a variety of social issues.
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Basics of Social Research Fourth Canadian Edition by W. Lawrence Neuman
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Page 2
Chapter 1: Doing Social Research
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Q1) Katherine Keene,a hospital administrator,heard a lot about gay men getting HIV and AIDS.She watched the male patients at her hospital admitted for AIDS.She thought they all looked like homosexuals as did almost all their male visitors.In fact,at Katherine's hospital,60 percent of the HIV-positive male patients were heterosexual and 80 percent of their visitors were neighbours,co-workers,or immediate family members.She most clearly made which type of error?
A)Selective observation
B)Premature closure
C)Overgeneralization
D)Inattention
E)None,she made no error.
Answer: A
Q2) Define the following:think tanks
Answer: Organizations composed of a body of experts in a field that are often motivated by particular advocacy goals.
Q3) Define the following:experimental research
Answer: Research in which one intervenes or does something different to one group of people but not another,then compares the results for the groups.
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Chapter 2: Theory and Social Research
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Q1) Define the following:ontology
Answer: A branch of philosophy that considers the way we understand the nature of reality
Q2) You pick up an article in the Montreal Gazette and read the following: Canadian divorce rates have increased by 7% over the past 5 years.The author of the article goes on to explain the increase in the divorce rate by arguing increased female participation in the labour market has made women less economically dependent upon men,making it easier for women to leave unhappy marriages.Which theoretical framework is the author using?
A)Structural functionalism
B)Conflict theory
C)Symbolic interactionism
D)Critical race theory
E)None of the above
Answer: B
Q3) Define the following:negative relationship
Answer: An association between two variables such that as values on one variable increase,values on the other variable fall or decrease.
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4
Chapter 3: Ethics in Social Research
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Q1) The Dr.Nancy Olivieri case demonstrates
A)that speaking out against research that is funded by large and powerful companies can have a great personal cost,even if it is done to uphold ethical principles.
B)that speaking out against research that is funded by large and powerful companies can be rewarded by the scientific community.
C)that a researcher should remain loyal to the sponsoring organization.
D)that a researcher should exit the situation immediately.
E)none of the above.
Answer: A
Q2) A great deal of learning about ethics is based on "famous cases." Which study is the "famous case" in which poor black men were not treated and allowed to become disabled and permanently harmed in a Public Health Service study by the U.S.federal government?
A)Tearoom Trade
B)Jury Study
C)Milgram Obedience Experiment
D)Zimbardo Prison Experiment
E)Bad Blood
Answer: E
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Chapter 4: Reviewing the Scholarly Literature and Planning a
Study
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Q1) When citing a reference to an article,you can rely on the fact that
A)all scholarly journals begin with a January issue,which is Number 1.
B)journals number pages through a volume and do not begin each issue with page 1.
C)all scholarly journals are published two times a year.
D)each volume contains about three years’worth of journals.
E)all scholarly journals contain exactly five articles per issue.
Q2) Define the following:popularized social science magazines
Q3) Brenda is doing research for a paper on crime and deviance in a Canadian context.Brenda does not have enough time to read all of the research on crime and deviance in Canada before her course paper comes due.Which sort of journal article will familiarize her with the existing research quickly?
A)Background review
B)Annotations
C)Ph.D dissertation
D)Meta-analysis
E)Abstract
Q4) Define the following:scholarly journals
Q5) Define the following:literature review
Q6) Describe the page-numbering system used in most scholarly journals.
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Chapter 5: Designing a Study
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Q1) The first step in beginning a research project is picking a topic,but not all topics are practicable given the constraints faced by researchers.Identify the six major limitations researchers must consider when setting the scope of their research projects and outline the four steps researchers can take to narrow their topics into feasible research questions.
Q2) Give an example of a spurious relationship and draw a diagram of the links among variables.
Q3) Define the following:interpretation
Q4) A researcher using "The Logic of Disconfirming Hypotheses" uses two different hypotheses.What are they? Why is negative evidence considered stronger?
Q5) Define the following:unit of analysis
Q6) Which of the following orientations corresponds to the micro level of analysis?
A)Structural
B)Cultural
C)Social-Psychological
D)Economic
E)Institutional
Q7) Define the following:null hypothesis
Q8) Define the following:grounded theory
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Chapter 6: Qualitative and Quantitative Measurement
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Q1) Define the following:conceptual definition
Q2) Minako Wada,a graduate student in sociology,considers herself to be an atheist.She is asked to complete a survey on international students' experiences in Canada.The question on religious affiliation asks participants to identify their religious affiliation and includes the following categories:
A)Catholic
B)Protestant
C)Jewish
D)Muslim
E)Hindu
F)Buddhist
G)Shinto
Q3) What level of measurement is being used in the statement,"A fox terrier is smaller than a Russian wolfhound,but bigger than a Chihuahua."
A)Nominal
B)Ordinal
C)Internal
D)Ratio
E)None of the above
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Chapter 7: Qualitative and Quantitative Sampling
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Q1) Define the following:sampling error
Q2) Market researcher Tanya Tanika wants to test whether men like a new flavour of yogurt,which tastes like cigar smoke and beer,more than women do.She distributes samples at a grocery store,including 50 samples in blue cups to adult males and 50 samples in pink cups to adult females shopping alone.Afterward,she checks shelves and garbage cans to locate the used blue and pink cups and measures whether more waste (i.e.,uneaten yogurt)was left in blue or pink cups.What type of sampling was used in the study?
A)Random
B)Quota
C)Stratified
D)Snowball
E)Cluster
Q3) Define the following:theoretical saturation
Q4) When is it appropriate to use a snowball sampling technique?
Q5) Define the following:haphazard sampling
Q6) Define the following:nonrandom sample
Q7) Define the following:sample
Q8) Define the following:sampling distribution
Page 9
Q9) What three basic steps need to be taken when drawing a systematic sample?
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Chapter 8: Survey Research
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Q1) Define the following:contingency question
Q2) Define the following:order effects
Q3) Which one of the following features is most likely to increase respondent cooperation in all types of surveys?
A)Offerings a prepaid incentive
B)Guaranteeing anonymity and confidentiality
C)Describing the purpose of the research in complete detail
D)Sending letters in advance of an interview
E)Repeatedly emphasizing the importance of the interview
Q4) What is a "floater" in survey research?
A)A type of question that can be placed anywhere in the survey
B)An interviewer who is capable of interviewing any type of respondent
C)A respondent who really does not have an opinion or belief about something asked about in a question,but answers anyway
D)An additional response item for a closed-ended question
E)A type of question designed to keep respondents interested in the questionnaire
Q5) Define the following:mode of delivery
Q6) Define the following:open-ended question
Q7) Define the following:cover sheet
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Chapter 9: Experimental Research
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Q1) Define the following:reactivity
Q2) A local mayoral candidate hired Xavier Xed to test whether the method of distributing campaign literature resulted in more people voting for a candidate.He distributed campaign literature about the mayoral candidate to the Stevenson neighbourhood in a bright blue envelope that a volunteer placed at each person's front door.He distributed the same campaign literature about the candidate to residents of the Fairwinds neighbourhood by mailing it in a plain white envelope.He later learned that Stevenson was a low-income area of the city that was almost entirely Filipino,foreign-born,and 95 percent Catholic.Fairwinds was an upper-income area in the city and its residents were 100 percent white,Canadian-born Protestants.What problem with internal validity might threaten the results of his experiment?
A)Selection bias
B)History effect
C)Experimental mortality
D)Maturation
E)Testing effect
Q3) Define the following:diffusion of treatment
Q4) Define the following:Hawthorne effect
Q5) Define the following:science of the sophomore
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Chapter 10: Nonreactive Quantitative Research and Secondary Analysis
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Q1) Define the following:reactive
Q2) Identify and describe four specific limitations that a researcher needs to consider when using secondary data.
Q3) Undergraduate student Stanley Sleuth conducted a content analysis study of the Toronto Star newspaper between 1915 and 2005.He first identified 20 000 relevant articles involving government regulation of business and systematically sampled these articles with a sampling interval of 50.He then coded each sampled article based on the subjective meaning it expressed as pro- or anti-government regulation using a 1 to 10 scale (1 = very anti-regulation,10 = very pro-regulation).In this study,Stanley used
A)latent coding.
B)manifest coding.
C)generic coding.
D)intervention strategy coding.
E)contingency coding.
Q4) Distinguish between manifest and latent coding.Which one is more reliable? Which one is more valid? Explain.
Q5) Define the following:text
Q6) Define the following:recording sheet
Page 13
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Chapter 11: Analysis of Quantitative Data
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Q1) Which neighbourhood(s)has the greatest differences in family income?
A)Glenbrook
B)Meadowbrook
C)Elmbrook
D)Glenbrook and Elmbrook
E)Meadowbrook and Elmbrook
Q2) In which neighbourhood(s)do half the families have incomes of $28,000 or more?
A)Glenbrook
B)Meadowbrook
C)Elmbrook
D)Glenbrook and Elmbrook
E)Meadowbrook and Elmbrook
Q3) Define the following:standard deviation
Q4) Define the following:code sheet
Q5) Define the following:range
Q6) What are two ways in which statistical relationships can be described? Provide an example for each one.
Q7) Define the following:histogram
Q8) Define the following: z-score
Q9) Define the following:cross-tabulation
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Page 15
Chapter 12: Qualitative Interviewing
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Q1) Define the following:structuring questions
Q2) Define the following:silence
Q3) Which of the following is NOT one of the advantages of qualitative interviews?
A)They allow the researcher to see the world from the interviewee’s perspective.
B)Reading reports that use qualitative interviewing for data collection is very engaging,and creates a sense of intimacy between the researcher,interviewees,and the reader.
C)Qualitative interviews are a valuable method for studying understudied or previously understudied populations.
D)Qualitative interview data can create theories that can give rise to future research,including quantitative research.
E)Sample sizes are usually small in comparison to those used in quantitative research.
Q4) Define the following:theoretical saturation
Q5) Discuss the main features of focus groups under the following headings: the structure of the focus group,the role of the focus group facilitator,the number of groups in a focus group study,and focus group dynamics.
Q6) Define the following:indirect questions
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Page 16
Chapter 13: Field Research
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Q1) During his observation of behaviour in a university computer lab,Dren Derob made a map that illustrated the placement of chairs,tables,computer monitors,the chalkboard,doorways,and windows.What kind of map did Dren make?
A)A spatial map
B)A spatial map and a temporal map
C)A temporal map and a social map
D)A temporal map
E)A social map
Q2) Define the following:prolonged engagement
Q3) When observing in the field observation,Sally Ann helped the daycare teachers clean up at the end of the day.She also answered the telephone when everyone else was busy.This illustrates
A)“cooling out”the gatekeepers.
B)the use of small favours.
C)appearances of interest.
D)managing conflicts in the field.
E)cultivating social relations.
Q4) Define the following:attitude of strangeness
Q5) Define the following:complete participant
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Chapter 14: Nonreactive Qualitative Research
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Q1) Define the following:primary sources
Q2) What are the main emphases of historical research? What sorts of research questions does it address? What types of research is it most appropriate for?
Q3) Define the following:critical discourse analysis
Q4) Which of the following is a characteristic of a distinct historical research method?
A)It focuses on the macro-level only and excludes the micro-level.
B)It tests hypotheses about precisely operationalized variables.
C)It uses a deductive approach.
D)It sees causality as contingent and uses combinational explanation.
E)None of the above.
Q5) Define the following:archives
Q6) Define the following:history
Q7) Define the following:contextual equivalence
Q8) Define the following:historiography
Q9) What are three different approaches a researcher can use when undertaking content analysis? Describe each one.
Q10) Define the following:recollections
Q11) Define the following:directed content analysis
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Chapter 15: Analysis of Qualitative Data
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Q1) While pouring over data,Nathan Notetaker created a special folder and filled it with his thoughts and ideas about the coding process.Which kind of notes are in Nathan's special folder?
A)Analytical memos
B)Oppositional sets
C)Inferential notes
D)Axial codes
E)Meta-notes
Q2) Describe the features of the analytical memo.In what ways is it related to the coding process during the analysis of qualitative data?
Q3) After formulating concepts,qualitative researchers link them together.Which of the following is NOT one of the types of links qualitative researchers make between concepts?
A)Sequences
B)Correlations
C)Oppositional sets
D)Similar categories woven into statements
E)None of the above
Q4) Define the following:concept map
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Chapter 16: Combining Methods in Social Science Research
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Q1) What two methodological approaches were used in Kidd's (2004,2006)sequential study of suicide among street youth in Canada?
A)Qualitative interviews and survey research
B)Focus groups and survey research
C)Content analysis and field research
D)Discourse analysis and survey research
E)Survey research and field research
Q2) Define the following:epistemic prioritization
Q3) What is one of the major advantages of field research compared to other qualitative approaches?
A)Participants in the study tend to feel empowered.
B)Participants can give accounts in their own words and unexpected responses are encouraged.
C)It’s possible to make comparisons across time and space.
D)The researcher is able to gain a deep understanding of a group and its members.
E)Implied meanings in “text”situations can be revealed.
Q4) Define the following:institutional ethnography (IE)
Q5) Define the following:multi-method research
Q6) Define the following:concurrent data analysis
Page 20
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