Metabolic Biochemistry Test Preparation
Course Introduction
Metabolic Biochemistry explores the chemical processes and pathways that sustain life at the cellular and organismal levels. This course covers the structure, function, and regulation of major biomolecules, including carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids, and examines how these molecules are synthesized, degraded, and interconverted through metabolic pathways. Students will investigate key concepts such as energy production and transfer, enzymatic mechanisms, metabolic integration, and homeostasis, as well as the molecular basis of metabolic disorders. Emphasis is placed on connecting molecular details with physiological outcomes, using both classic and contemporary research to illustrate how metabolism underpins health and disease.
Recommended Textbook
Advanced Nutrition and Human Metaboli 7th Edition Sareen S. Gropper
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14 Chapters
1263 Verified Questions
1263 Flashcards
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Chapter 1: The Cell: A Microcosm of Life
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Sample Questions
Q1) The Golgi apparatus is prominent in neurons and secretory cells and functions ____.
A)to stop the synthesis of proteins that may need carbohydrate additions
B)to add polysaccharide or lipid moieties to polypeptides
C)only for constitutive secretion of proteins
D)only for regulated secretion of proteins
Answer: B
Q2) The lipid bilayer determines the function of the plasma membrane,while the proteins are primarily responsible for the structure of the membrane.
A)True
B)False
Answer: False
Q3) In muscle cells,creatine phosphate is used to replenish which substance?
A)glucose
B)pyruvic acid
C)ATP
D)calcium
Answer: C
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3
Chapter 2: The Digestive System: Mechanism for Nourishing the Body
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which hormone decreases appetite?
A)peptide YY
B)motilin
C)secretin
D)pancreatic polypeptide
Answer: A
Q2) Which structural component of the gastrointestinal tract lies within the muscularis externa and controls the contractions that cause motility?
A)muscularis mucosae
B)submucosal plexus
C)myenteric plexus
D)lumen
Answer: C
Q3) Secretin stimulates gastric emptying.
A)True
B)False
Answer: False
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Page 4
Chapter 3: Carbohydrates
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Sample Questions
Q1) Alcohol in beverages is degraded mainly in the liver cytosol with the production of one NADH for each ethanol molecule.Predict what effect consumption of alcohol would have on the activity of the liver malate-aspartate shuttle.
A)no change
B)increased
C)decreased
D)reversed
Answer: B
Q2) Glycemic load considers the ____ in the food.
A)protein and carbohydrate content
B)fat and carbohydrate content
C)fat to carbohydrate ratio
D)quantity and quality of carbohydrate
Answer: D
Q3) All of the following are substrates for gluconeogenesis EXCEPT ____.
A)fatty acids
B)lactate
C)glycerol
D)glucogenic amino acids
Answer: A
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Chapter 4: Fiber
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which volatile short-chain fatty acid is believed to lower serum cholesterol by acting as an inhibitor of cholesterol biosynthesis?
A)acetic
B)butyric
C)propionic
D)palmitic
Q2) Diets low in fat and rich in high-fiber foods may reduce the risk of ____.
A)certain cancers
B)heart disease
C)gastric ulcers
D)duodenal ulcers
Q3) Viscous gel-forming fibers may contribute to satiety by ____.
A)elevating serum glucose levels
B)elevating glucagon levels
C)slowing gastric emptying
D)reducing hydrochloric acid in the stomach
Q4) An individual who consumes large amounts of strawberries and carrots might develop diarrhea.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 5: Lipids
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which of the following lipoproteins is the major carrier of cholesterol to tissues for use in construction of membranes or steroid hormones?
A)VLDL
B)HDL
C)LDL
D)chylomicrons
Q2) What are some products of the reaction catalyzed by pancreatic lipase?
A)2-monoacylglycerols, free fatty acids
B)free fatty acids, glycerol, cholesterol
C)2-monoacylglycerols, free fatty acids, phospholipids
D)free fatty acids, glycerol, cholesteryl esters
Q3) Which drug therapy is associated with reduced cholesterol synthesis in the liver?
A)insulin
B)niacin
C)gene therapy
D)HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors
Q4) Explain the regulation of the allosteric enzyme acetyl-CoA carboxylase by citrate and palmitoyl-CoA.
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Chapter 6: Protein
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Sample Questions
Q1) What is the primary mechanism for regulation of amino acids in excess of need for synthesis of protein,providing about 50% of the liver energy needs after a meal?
A)oxidation
B)decarboxylation
C)phosphorylation
D)hydrogenation
Q2) Which of the following is a nitrogen-containing,nonprotein compound that performs an important function in the body?
A)glutathione
B)methionine
C)pepsin
D)actin
Q3) When the amino group has been removed from an amino acid,the carbon skeleton or -keto acid may be used in many different ways.Which of the following is NOT a possible fate for the carbon skeleton?
A)conversion to glucose
B)oxidation for energy
C)production of ketone bodies
D)synthesis of creatine
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Page 8
Chapter 7: Integration and Regulation of Metabolism and the Impact of Exercise
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Sample Questions
Q1) Most regulatory enzymes act in a bidirectional manner.
A)True
B)False
Q2) One of the problems associated with the use of dietary supplements used to enhance athletic performance is ____.
A)they are difficult to obtain
B)there is little scientific evidence to prove that they are effective C)there are many supplements that are considered to be performance enhancing D)advertising for these products is often based on research that the layperson has difficulty understanding
Q3) The Cori cycle would be active under anaerobic conditions,such as excessive muscle exertion.
A)True
B)False
Q4) The majority of energy for ATP production is provided by dietary ____.
A)protein
B)protein and lipid
C)carbohydrate and protein
D)carbohydrate and lipid
Q5) Describe the various functions of insulin in the fed state.
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Chapter 8: Energy Expenditure, Body Composition, and Healthy Weight
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Sample Questions
Q1) Bioelectrical methods of determining the two-compartment model are based on
A)capacitance
B)resistance
C)voltage
D)impedance
Q2) Underwater weighing,a method used to determine body composition,is based on which principle?
A)Lean body tissue is denser than adipose tissue.
B)Adipose tissue is denser than lean body tissue.
C)Adipose tissue is composed mostly of water.
D)Body fluids are not being weighed using this method.
Q3) A recommended measurement to determine energy expenditure is ____.
A)basal metabolic rate
B)resting metabolic rate
C)urinary nitrogen excretion
D)thermic effect of food
Q4) Describe metabolic syndrome and give the criteria for its clinical diagnosis.
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Q5) Describe leptin's association with white adipose tissue and explain why the body reacts to it as it does.
Chapter 9: Water-Soluble Vitamins
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Sample Questions
Q1) When ascorbic acid becomes dehydroascorbic acid,it has ____.
A)lost two electrons
B)lost one electron
C)gained two electrons
D)gained one electron
Q2) gulonolactone oxidase
A)vitamin B<sub>12</sub>
B)vitamin B
C)folate or folic acid
D)vitamin C
Q3) pernicious anemia is a lack of absorption of this
A)vitamin B<sub>12</sub>
B)vitamin B
C)folate or folic acid
D)vitamin C
Q4) The primary role of vitamin C is as a reducing agent,particularly for the mineral component of a number of enzymes that becomes oxidized following catalysis of a reaction.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 10: Fat-Soluble Vitamins
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which vitamin directs cellular differentiation of epithelial cells?
A)riboflavin
B)vitamin K
C)vitamin E
D)vitamin A
Q2) For which vitamin is the Tolerable Upper Intake Level set because of increased tendency for bleeding?
A)A
B)D
C)E
D)K
Q3) Which vitamin has as its primary function the maintenance of calcium homeostasis?
A)A
B)D
C)E
D)K
Q4) 7-dehydrocholesterol is the form of vitamin D that is added to fortify milk.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 11: Major Minerals
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Sample Questions
Q1) magnesium
A)forms a complex with ATP for use in glycolysis
B)required for blood clotting
C)forms part of the linear backbone of DNA
D)found as part of structures of vitamins and some amino acids
E)absorption inhibited by excessive calcium
Q2) Most phosphorus is found in the blood as ____.
A)HPO<sub>4</sub><sup>2</sup>-
B)H PO<sub>4</sub>-
C)PO<sub>4</sub><sup>3</sup>-
D)H<sub>3</sub>PO<sub>4</sub><sup>2</sup>-
Q3) Which mineral is LEAST likely to be deficient in anyone's diet?
A)calcium
B)phosphorus
C)iodine
D)zinc
Q4) How does phosphate regulate acid-base balance?
Q5) Regardless of age,the level of calcium absorption is the same.
A)True
B)False
Page 13
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Chapter 12: Water and Electrolytes
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Sample Questions
Q1) Factors that determine the Adequate Intake (AI)of water include age,gender,environment,level of physical activity and rate of metabolism.
A)True
B)False
Q2) Of these blood proteins,which one contributes most to buffering?
A)albumin
B)gamma globulins
C)hemoglobin
D)transthyretin
Q3) Which hormone hydrolyzes angiotensinogen,thus generating angiotensin I?
A)renin
B)aldosterone
C)angiotensin-converting enzyme
D)atrial natriuretic peptide
Q4) Water accounts for what percentage of the body weight in a normal adult?
A)20%
B)40%
C)60%
D)80%
Q5) A chloride deficiency might lead to problems in which systems? Give details.
Page 14
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Chapter 13: Essential Trace and Ultratrace Minerals
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Q1) copper
A)superoxide dismutase and brain and CNS function
B)myeloperoxidase and amino acid metabolism
C)carbonic anhydrase and sexual maturation
D)dopamine monooxygenase and synthesis of neurotransmitters
E)glutathione peroxidase and protection from oxidant damage
Q2) Certain foods have been classified as containing goitrogens.List three of these foods and tell how they affect iodide uptake in the thyroid.
Q3) Most copper circulating in the blood is in the form of hCtr1.
A)True
B)False
Q4) iodine
A)urinary sulfate and urate excretion
B)poor wound healing,anorexia,subnormal growth
C)goiter
D)glucose intolerance
E)anemia,neutropenia,bone abnormalities
Q5) Describe the process for transport of chromium and explain how it is absorbed into cells.
Q6) Which factors inhibit the absorption of zinc and by what mechanisms do they act?
Page 15
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Chapter 14: Nonessential Trace and Ultratrace Minerals
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Sample Questions
Q1) Before it is absorbed,fluoride in foods,often bound to proteins,must be hydrolyzed by
A)pepsin
B)amylase
C)lipase
D)ATPase
Q2) arsenic
A)reduction in dental caries
B)methyl group use
C)bone development,immune system function,and brain function
D)connective tissue and bone formation
E)mimicking insulin
Q3) Explain the physiological role of silicon in normal growth and bone development.
Q4) Arsenic exists mostly in which forms?
A)monovalent and trivalent
B)bivalent and pentavalent
C)monovalent and bivalent
D)trivalent and pentavalent
Q5) Detail why children excrete less fluoride in their urine that do adults? How is fluoride absorbed?
16
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