Medieval Art and Architecture
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Course Introduction
This course explores the artistic and architectural achievements of medieval Europe, spanning from the early Christian period through the Gothic era (circa 300 1500 CE). Students will examine the social, religious, and political contexts that shaped the creation of illuminated manuscripts, sculpture, stained glass, frescoes, and the grand cathedrals and castles of the period. Emphasis is placed on understanding the symbolic meanings, stylistic developments, and technological innovations that defined medieval art and architecture. The course also considers the cross-cultural influences between Western Europe, Byzantium, and the Islamic world, providing a comprehensive overview of this transformative era in art history.
Recommended Textbook
Gardner s Art through the Ages The Western Perspective Volume I 13th Edition by Fred
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Page 2
S. Kleiner
Chapter 1: The Birth of Art: Africa Europe and the Near East
in the Stone Age
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Sample Questions
Q1) What is a composite view of human representation?
A) frontal torso, profile head, legs and arms
B) several views sectioned together
C) several views superimposed on each other
D) frontal torso and head, profile legs and arms
Answer: A
Q2) What is a megalith?
A) It is a great blue stone
B) It is volcanic rock quarried in Great Britain
C) It is a great stone
D) It is rock quarried in Jericho
Answer: C
Q3) Evaluate the difference between the Paleolithic period and the Neolithic period.
Answer: The Paleolithic period corresponds roughly to the age of food gathering.The Neolithic period saw the foundation of agriculture and domesticated stock.No longer did the people have to wander the landscape in search of food.Agriculture and domesticated stock provided the principal food sources.
Q4) Explain the significance of the Neolithic period.
Answer: Humans began to settle in fixed abodes and began to domesticate plants and animals.
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Chapter 2: The Rise of Civilization
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Q1) Describe an architectural feature used at Persepolis that seems to have been uniquely Persian.
Answer: capitals with the foreparts of lions or bulls
Q2) What do the reliefs of the palace of Ashurbanipal at Nineveh depict?
Answer: The glory and power of the king as the triumphant ruler.
Q3) The stylistic conventions of rigidly frontal symmetry,abnormally large eyes,and tightly clasped hands are most characteristic of the early art of ________.
A) Jericho
B) Çatal Hüyük
C) Sumer
D) Babylon
Answer: C
Q4) What is a lamassu and where was it placed?
Answer: A winged man-headed bull as a guardian at the gate of the palace.
Q5) What is the most importance archaeological source of knowledge regarding Persian architecture?
Answer: Persepolis
Q6) What is the purpose of a votive figure?
Answer: It offers constant prayers to the gods on behalf of the donor
Page 4
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Chapter 3: Pharoahs and the Afterlife
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Q1) What does this structure say about Ramses II?
Answer: Temple of Ramses II,Abu Simbel .Ramses II proclaims his greatness and his achievements as a military pharaoh (he restored Egypt's empire)with the overwhelming size of his monument.This structure defines his role and status as pharaoh and brother to the gods.
Q2) How does the portrait of Khafre seated on his throne represent the godlike nature of pharaoh?
Answer: He sits on his throne with a body of flawless perfection and a face of serenity and majesty.The ancient Egyptian did not need to see a facsimile of the man,this work was not meant as a portrait but rather the summation of the divinity of pharaoh,the brother of the gods and the ruler of ancient Egypt.
Q3) The god who is symbolic of the river Nile and who dies and is reborn each year is ______________?
A) Isis
B) Horus
C) Sekhmet
D) Osiris
Answer: D
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Chapter 4: Minos and the Heroes of Homer
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Sample Questions
Q1) Who was Frank Calvert?
Q2) Evaluate the development of Mycenaean architecture.What effect did Minoan civilization have on this development? What subsequent contributions were made by Mycenaean architecture? Use examples to support your essay
Q3) During the Mycenaean Period large-scale figural art on the Greek mainland was
A) very abundant
B) found only in temples
C) very rare
D) found only in palaces
Q4) Define labrys and its importance in Minoan architecture.
Q5) The funerary practice of the Mycenaeans,covering the faces of the dead with gold masks,recalls what other culture?
A) Egyptians
B) Cycladic peoples
C) Minoans
D) Greeks
Q6) What impact did the volcanic eruption on the island of Santorini (ancient Thera)have on the chronology of Minoan art works?
Page 6
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Chapter 5: Gods,Heros,and Athletes
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Q1) A female figure used as an architectural support was known as a:
A) caryatid
B) kore
C) kouros
D) gorgon
Q2) Describe the fusion of Ionic and Doric elements in the Parthenon.
Q3) Explain the significance of the Grave stele of Hegeso.
Q4) How does the figure of the calf-bearer differ from earlier Greek statues,as well as Egyptian and Near Eastern statues?
A) inclusion of the animal (calf)
B) subject matter
C) smile
D) cloak
Q5) What scene is represented on the Attic white-ground lekythos painted by the so-called Achilles Painter?
A) lady performing her morning toilette
B) slave girl at the market
C) warrior taking leave of his wife
D) young men lounging at the Symposium
Q6) How do these sculptural works reflect the age in which they were created?
Page 7
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Chapter 6: Italy Before the Romans
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Q1) In depicting human figures,what forms and style did Etruscan sculptors favor?
Q2) Unlike Greek temples,Etruscan temples were not meant to be seen as sculptural masses.Which of the following architectural elements would this?
A) Columns completely encircled the structure
B) The entrance was centered at the front of the structure
C) The front and rear of the structure were indistinguishable
D) Narrowed staircases were found on all four sides of the structure
Q3) Who or what is Tinia?
A) lady of Vulci
B) Greek goddess
C) an ancient cloak
D) Etruscan god
Q4) The theme celebrated in both the Tomb of the Leopards and the Tomb of Hunting and Fishing is which of the following?
A) the joy of life
B) the gloom of death
C) victory in battle
D) the sorrow of death
Q5) What was the general mood of the paintings found in earlier Etruscan tombs?
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Chapter 7: The Roman Empire
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Q1) Which famous Roman building included all of the following features: barrel vaults,groin vaults,and a central dome over an eight-sided room.
A) Pantheon.
B) Basilica Ulpia
C) Colosseum
D) Villa of Mysteries
Q2) The reliefs on the Column of Trajan are not a reliable chronological account of the Dacian campaigns;however,they do present an accurate record of the general character of the campaigns.Which of the following also describes this narrative?
A) Dacians were depicted as insignificant with poor military skills
B) Dacians were never depicted, only Trajan was depicted
C) no active battles were depicted
D) Dacians were depicted respectfully and their skills as warriors were acknowledged
Q3) What does this figure represent?
Q4) How does eclecticism describe the Republican Temple of Fortuna Virilis,Rome?
Q5) How does a vault differ from a post-and-lintel system?
Q6) How does this image represent the Roman middle-class and professional citizen?
Q7) Who or what is Mithras?
Page 9
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Chapter 8: Late Antiquity
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Q1) Compare these two images.How have their interior spaces changed in function?
Q2) Which of the following is a basilica?
A) Santa Costanza
B) Old St. Peter's
C) Sts. Peter and Marcellinus
D) St. Callixtus
Q3) What is the significance of Old St.Peter's?
Q4) How does the painting from Dura Europos reflect Late Antique art?
Q5) The Christ as Good Shepherd from the Mausoleum of Galla Placidia at Ravenna is said to be deeply rooted in the classical tradition.Which of the following would support that belief?
A) It is a mosaic rather than a fresco
B) It is full of Greco-Roman illusionistic devices
C) It is a fresco rather than a mosaic
D) It has a landscape included in the depiction
Q6) Compare the treatment of space and form in these two sculptures and discuss the factors that may account for the differences in style.
Q7) How did the Early Christian style change art?
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Q8) Contrast these images.What features reflect the influence of the classical style?
Chapter 9: Byzantium
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Q1) In the cathedral of Monreale,a mosaic panel depicts William II standing next to the Enthroned Christ,who,in turn,places his hand on William's crown.Based on this theme,does this panel commemorate?
A) the divine right to rule.
B) the expulsion of the Arabs from Sicily.
C) the relationship between Venice and Sicily.
D) William II.
Q2) Compare the Rabbula Gospels with the Paris Psalter.Consider the time frame of each work.How does each one reflect its environment? What innovations and changes did each initiate? What influences shaped each work? How did they,in turn,influence subsequent works?
Q3) Compare the treatment of space and form in these two manuscripts and discuss the factors that may account for the pronounced differences in style.
Q4) Compare the mosaic programs developed for church interiors during the Early through Middle Byzantine periods.Include in your essay the political as well as religious significance of the themes and depictions.Use specific examples to support your essay.
Q5) Explain the importance of Basil I.
Q6) Why is Eulalios significant?
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Chapter 10: The Islamic World
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Q1) Explain calligraphy as an art form,both as the written word and pure decoration and pattern.How does it express the nature of Islam as a religion? How does it express the political and artistic needs of Islam? Use examples to support your essay.
Q2) The coming of a new religion to Jerusalem,a city sacred to both Jews and Christians,is marked by a monument known as the ____________.
A) Rock of Ages
B) Kaaba
C) Dome of the Rock
D) Rock of Muhammad
Q3) Compare and contrast the luxury arts of Islam.How do they respond to their respective creating cultures? What are the political overtones found in the work? How did these luxury arts influence the West? Use examples to support your essay.
Q4) Compare and contrast the Umayyad desert palace in Mshatta with the Nasrid palace in Granada.What are the differences? How do you account for them? Include in your essay the political overtones.Use examples to support your essay.
Q5) Why were monumental tombs virtually unknown in the early Islamic period and how did this change?
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Chapter 11: Early Medieval Europe
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Q1) What do the doors of St.Michael at Hildesheim illustrate?
A) the Old Testament
B) the New Testament
C) Original Sin and Redemption
D) The Passion
Q2) Discuss the development of manuscript painting.Include in your essay the monasteries that produced these manuscripts.How did they differ from monastery to monastery? What elements are indigenous and what influences came from outside contacts or sources? Use examples to support your essay.
Q3) The Ostrogoth,Theodoric,established his kingdom in ___________.
A) Iataly
B) Germany
C) Yugoslavia
D) Italy
Q4) The style of the Gospel Book of Otto III can best be described as ________________.
A) abstract interlace
B) antique illusionism
C) Byzantine formalism
D) Carolingian formalism
Page 13
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Chapter 12: The Age of Pilgrimages
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Q1) On the right face of the trumeau is a prophet,displaying his scroll containing his prophetic vision.He is placed immediately below the depiction of Christ the Judge.This is another instance of the pairing of the Old and New Testament themes.This iconographic tradition was established during which of the following periods?
A) Early Christian
B) Early Byzantine
C) Carolingian
D) Hiberno-Saxon
Q2) Describe a pilgrimage church.
Q3) How did groin vaults change the weight shift in structures?
Q4) St.-Sernin at Toulouse has been called a "pilgrimage" type church.Which of the following accounts for this designation?
A) It added perimeter buildings to house pilgrims.
B) It attached the ambulatory to the nave.
C) It had radiating chapels attached to the transept and ambulatory.
D) It narrowed the main aisle to create a dignified progress for viewing the relics.
Q5) What did the Pilgrim's Guide to Santiago de Compostela detail?
Q6) Define the term Romanesque.How was it applied to the period?
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Chapter 13: The Age of Great Cathedrals
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Q1) The Gothic style is said to have first appeared in which of the following areas?
A) Lombardy
B) Ile de France
C) Milan
D) Burgundy
Q2) Describe the differences in the aisles of these two Gothic churches.
Q3) The elevation of Laon Cathedral differs from that of Chartres in what important respect?
A) absence of a triforium
B) absence of a gallery
C) absence of rose windows
D) absence of nave arcade
Q4) How does English Gothic architecture differ from the German model? Illustrate your discussion with specific examples.
Q5) What is generally believed to have been the purpose of the sculptural programs of the portals of the great Gothic cathedrals? How did these programs differ from the sculptural programs of Romanesque portals? Use examples to support your essay.
Q6) Who was Blanche of Castile?
Q7) Why is Ars de geometria important in the work of Villard de Honnecourt?
Page 15
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Chapter 14: Italy,1200 to 1400
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Q1) Which of the following cities was considered the rightful capital of the Roman Catholic Church?
A) Rome
B) Avignon
C) Florence
D) Paris
Q2) Why was the screen or tramezzo removed from the nave of churches in the mid-16<sup>th</sup> century?
Q3) How does the fresco cycle Ambrogio Lorenzetti created for the government of Siena mirror the work of Giotto and Duccio?
Q4) Why was Sta.Maria Novella commissioned?
Q5) Contrast these two images,how are they different?
Q6) Explain the impact of the Black Death on Italy.How did it affect the visual arts? Use examples to support your essay.
Q7) Giovanni Pisano's works show which of the following?
A) Classical antiquity influences
B) dark emotionalism
C) burgeoning naturalism
D) radiant color
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