Medical Sociology
Exam Answer Key
Course Introduction
Medical Sociology examines the complex interactions between society and health, exploring how social factors such as class, race, gender, and culture influence the occurrence and experience of illness, the organization of health care systems, and the roles of health care professionals. This course analyzes topics such as health inequalities, patient-provider relationships, the social meaning of health and illness, and the impact of social change on health care delivery. Through theoretical frameworks and empirical research, students gain a deeper understanding of the ways in which health and illness are not only biological phenomena but also deeply social processes.
Recommended Textbook
Health Psychology A Cultural Approach 2nd Edition by Regan A.R. Gurung
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14 Chapters
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Chapter 1: Health Psychology: Setting the Stage
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Sample Questions
Q1) Inactive substances similar to the experimental drugs given to test the power of expectations are called:
A)controls
B)distracters
C)placebos
D)dependent variables
Answer: C
Q2) An experiment is being conducted to determine the effects of caffeine intake on student performance.One group is made to drink 5 cups of coffee,the other group drinks 1 cup of coffee.They then take the exam.The independent variable is _____.
A)the amount of caffeine consumed.
B)the group membership.
C)how alert the students are during the exam.
D)the students performance on the exam.
Answer: A
Q3) Morbidity is defined as the number of deaths related to a specific cause.
A)True
B)False
Answer: False
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Page 3
Chapter 2: Cultural Approaches to Health
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Sample Questions
Q1) The use of red bracelets and the use of black dots on children's foreheads are cultural practices explicitly designed to:
A)enhance growth
B)increase attractiveness
C)prevent sickness
D)ward off the evil eye
Answer: D
Q2) The most commonly seen form(s)of Ayurvedic treatment in North America is:
A)yoga
B)Panchakarma or "Five actions"
C)Vata
D)Charaka Samhita
Answer: B
Q3) A medicine man holds lodges or "sweats" for different reasons,such as:
A)a sweat may be dedicated to someone with cancer or another terminal illness
B)to make individuals aware of the need to make health care changes
C)to purify his mind before he spends time with a member of the tribe
D)as a last resort during illness
Answer: A
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Page 4
Chapter 3: Essential Physiology
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Sample Questions
Q1) The diastolic pressure is when the heart is beating.
A)True
B)False
Answer: False
Q2) The circuit between the heart and the lungs is called:
A)systemic circulation
B)capillaries
C)ischemia
D)pulmonary circulation
Answer: D
Q3) Miscarriage and labor/delivery both have strong psychological components.Couples can cope with these stressors better if:
A)they are married for at least two years
B)they take time off from work after the miscarriage or delivery
C)they have strong social support from family and friends
D)they ignore the experience,so they can forget about it sooner
Answer: C
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Chapter 4: Stress Across Cultures
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Sample Questions
Q1) Lazarus (1966)added more psychological components to the process of stress.Lazarus indicated that stress:
A)was the upsetting of the homeostasis
B)has psychosocial stress which reflects the subject's inability to forestall or diminish perception recall and anticipation
C)a substantial imbalance between environmental demand and the response capability of the focal organism.
D)is a condition or feeling experienced when a person perceives that demands exceed the personal and social resources the individual is able to mobilize
Q2) Freedman (1975)found that overcrowding causes negative moods for:
A)only women
B)both men and women
C)it does not affect children
D)only men
Q3) Psychologically speaking,work or occupational stress can arise from a number of factors.Nine factors are mentioned in your textbook.List five of these factors and write a short example for each one.
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Chapter 5: Coping and Social Support
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Sample Questions
Q1) Guided imagery and biofeedback are similar in that:
A)they both utilize electronic monitoring devices
B)they both need a therapist to assist you in your journey
C)they both slow your pulse rate down
D)you can observe your progress on a feedback machine
Q2) Married women are more likely to seek social support from:
A)their husbands
B)members of their church
C)their same-sex friends
D)their mothers
Q3) Most of the following variables can be mediators and moderators except for:
A)happiness
B)optimism
C)social support
D)age
Q4) If Josh has social support from his friends while he is recovering from cancer,epidemiological studies indicate that he will have a decrease in the risk for depression due to the fact he has social support.
A)True
B)False
Page 7
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Chapter 6: Models of Behavior Change
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Sample Questions
Q1) Prevention programs for eating disorders attempt to simultaneously prevent new occurrences,and encourage students who already have symptoms to seek early treatment.This type of intervention uses both primary and secondary prevention,and can be at risk of being incompatible goals.
A)True
B)False
Q2) The ultimate goal of health psychological interventions is to decrease the number of deaths due to preventable diseases,delay the time of death,and A)decrease the cost of healthcare
B)teach business owners how to provide health care plans that are of a good quality C)to increase the number of health care providers
D)improve the quality of life (especially for the elderly).
Q3) Health care behaviors are determined by biological,social and psychological behaviors.
A)True
B)False
Q4) What are some of the biological factors that determine health behaviors?
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8
Chapter 7: Health Behaviors: Eating, Physical Activity,
Smoking and Drinking
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Sample Questions
Q1) People high in the personality traits of _____ are more at risk of becoming alcoholic.
A)neuroticism and conscientiousness
B)neuroticism and extraversion
C)extraversion and optimism
D)pessimism and self-esteem
Q2) People who consume two standard drinks per day have a 20% lower risk for coronary disease than for those who:
A)eat red meat 2 times per day
B)drink more than 2 drinks per day
C)do not drink
D)drink hard liquor each day
Q3) Which of the following is NOT a major component of fitness?
A)cardiovascular endurance
B)muscular power
C)flexibility
D)speed
Q4) What is the truth about the "freshman fifteen"? Write about what you know about freshman weight gain,and what research tells us about the truth of this concept.
9
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Chapter 8: Factors Surrounding Illness
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Sample Questions
Q1) Spencer and Chen (2004)found that Chinese Americans who experience language-based discrimination:
A)sought informal help-seeking from friends and relatives
B)caused the patients to seek higher educated providers
C)caused the patients to avoid all health care
D)caused the patients to self-medicate
Q2) Ulrich,Simons and Miles (2003)found that patient stress was lowest during blood draws when:
A)television was played in the waiting rooms.
B)classical or quiet music is played
C)videotapes of nature scenes were playing
D)newer magazines are available for patients to read
Q3) Explain how cultural diversity among health care staff can affect the care of patients.Please give three examples of cultural issues that can affect a patient's care.
Q4) Which of the following use health services at a significantly higher level?
A)men
B)children
C)infants
D)women
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Chapter 9: Pain
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Sample Questions
Q1) The McGill Pain Questionnaire is one of a number of validated pain questionnaires used in assessing pain.It consists of three main dimensions,- sensory,affective and evaluative,- with each tapping into different aspects of pain.
A)True
B)False
Q2) In terms of types of pain,the only significant sex differences relate to:
A)headaches,facial,and back pain
B)limb,cardio,and stomach pain
C)chest,facial and stomach pain
D)back,internal,and external
Q3) Stress-induced analgesia can be described by this example:
A)runner's high
B)stress fracture in foot from running
C)stress experienced by air traffic controllers
D)fibromyalgia
Q4) *For internal pain,Berkley (1997)found that men report more multiple pain in more areas of their bodies than women do.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 10: Chronic Illness, Terminal Illness, and Death
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Sample Questions
Q1) As a culture,talking about death is commonly taboo among:
A)Buddhists
B)Roman Catholics
C)Native Americans
D)Latinos
Q2) What ethnic group that tends to have a higher level of stress during pregnancy has the name for labor as "sorrow" and "pain"?
A)Hindi
B)Chinese
C)Mexican American
D)African American
Q3) Important cultural differences exist in how:
A)the dead are treated
B)patients cope with death
C)caregivers cope with death
D)all of the above are true
Q4) Concerning psychological responses to chronic illness,compare and contrast how anxiety and depression add to the experience of adjusting to a chronic illness.
Q5) How does religion play a role in coping with chronic illnesses?
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Chapter 11: Psychoneuroimmunology and Hiv
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Sample Questions
Q1) Why does chronic stress suppress the immune system?
A)conserves body resources so the immune system can not work as intended
B)serves as a warning
C)prevents the organism from being too active
D)prevents overactivation and consequently autoimmune disease
Q2) Which of the following sexual intercourse behavior is more likely to infect someone with HIV?
A)female to female transmission
B)female to male transmission
C)male to female transmission
D)All of these are statistically equal in HIV transmission.
Q3) Between 1992 and 2004,the proportion of patients admitted to hospitals reporting using injections declined:
A)more among African Americans than European Americans
B)more among European Americans than African Americans
C)more among 20-year-olds than 50-year- olds
D)only among Asian Americans
Q4) Poor health behaviors can aggravate HIV by reducing immune functioning.
A)True
B)False
13
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Chapter 12: Culture and Cancer
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Sample Questions
Q1) McKenna et al.(1999)found that the relationship between stressful life events and cancer are:
A)only modest
B)nonexistent
C)very strong
D)varies between genders
Q2) What are the four main types of cancer,and where are they located?
Q3) What are some of the beliefs that some traditional Native Americans have about cancer?
Q4) Latina women,when compared to European American women,have a lower risk of breast cancer due to:
A)genetics
B)ethnicity
C)diet
D)breastfeeding practices
Q5) The biggest cultural factor predicting low screening rates is:
A)religion
B)ethnicity
C)socioeconomic status
D)race
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Chapter 13: Culture and Cardiovascular Disease
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Sample Questions
Q1) Women experience more strokes than men.
A)True
B)False
Q2) In the 2008 cross-sectional Study of Women's Health Across the Nation,African American women had the highest median C-reactive protein levels.This means that:
A)they were in risk of chronic heart disease
B)they had a reduced risk of chronic heart disease
C)they had genetic predisposition for a hormone that inhibits heart attacks.
D)they already had a heart attack.
Q3) Alexandra believes that the outcome of life is in the hands of God.This belief is part of the:
A)collectivist culture
B)individualistic culture
C)control culture
D)constraint culture
Q4) What developmental issues throughout the lifespan tie in to cardiovascular disease?
Q5) How can cultural variations effect the incidence of cardiovascular disease?
Q6) What is the relationship between stress and increased cardiovascular disease?
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Chapter 14: The Future of Health Psychology
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Sample Questions
Q1) Research on the determinants of health behaviors among older adults will become even more important to complement similar research being conducted on:
A)older adults in non-Western countries
B)younger age groups
C)older adults in Canada.
D)individuals with health disparities
Q2) Health psychologists must work with different researchers with different areas of expertise to collaborate on research because:
A)grant money is limited,and everyone must be funding conscious
B)one individual is rarely trained in all the necessary areas
C)there are no methodological and technological innovations available for health psychologists,so they must borrow from other groups
D)it is a new field,and they do not have enough experts to lead an all encompassing research team
Q3) How does the shortage of information on culture affect health psychology research?
Q4) Even though there is a strong need for academic curricula to be culturally diverse,why has there not been enough cultural research?
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