Medical
Physiology Test Bank
Course Introduction
Medical Physiology is a foundational course that explores the essential principles and mechanisms underlying the function of the human body. Students will study the integrated physiological processes of major organ systems, including the nervous, muscular, cardiovascular, respiratory, renal, gastrointestinal, and endocrine systems. The course emphasizes the dynamic regulation of homeostasis and the physiological adaptations that occur in response to internal and external changes. Through lectures, discussions, and laboratory exercises, learners will develop a comprehensive understanding of normal physiological functions as a basis for recognizing and analyzing pathophysiological states encountered in clinical practice.
Recommended Textbook
Vanders Human Physiology 15th Edition by Eric P. Widmaier Dr
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18 Chapters
1745 Verified Questions
1745 Flashcards
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Chapter 1: Homeostasis: A Framework for Human Physiology
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64 Verified Questions
64 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) A person who is acclimated to a hot environment will begin to react physiologically to a decreased environmental temperature faster than a person who is not.
A)True
B)False
Answer: False
Q2) Which one of the following is the correct sequence for a regulatory reflex arc?
A)Stimulus,effector,efferent pathway,integrating center,afferent pathway,receptor
B)Stimulus,receptor,efferent pathway,integrating center,afferent pathway,effector
C)Stimulus,receptor,afferent pathway,integrating center,efferent pathway,effector
D)Stimulus,effector,afferent pathway,integrating center,efferent pathway,receptor
E)Effector,efferent pathway,integrating center,afferent pathway,receptor,stimulus
Answer: C
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3
Chapter 2: Chemical Composition of the Body and Its
Relation to Physiology
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72 Verified Questions
72 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which of the following is not true of a polar chemical bond?
A)It is covalent.
B)It is ionized.
C)It has opposite electrical charge at each end.
D)It has no net electrical charge.
Answer: B
Q2) Which best describes a hydrolysis reaction?
A)Molecules are broken down into smaller ones by breaking covalent bonds within water molecules and transferring hydrogen atoms and hydroxyl groups to the smaller ones.
B)Electrically charged molecules separate into ions when they dissolve in water,and then hydrogen ions and hydroxyl groups covalently attach themselves to the oppositely charged ions.
C)Large molecules are assembled from smaller ones by breaking water into hydrogen and hydroxyl ions.
D)Dissolving a large molecule in water reduces it to its individual atoms.
E)The breaking of hydrogen bonds between any two molecules.
Answer: A
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Chapter 3: Cellular Structure, Proteins, and Metabolic Pathways
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132 Verified Questions
132 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) There are twenty different aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases.
A)True
B)False
Answer: True
Q2) Which of the following is not true of the cytoskeleton?
A)It refers to the cellular components of bone.
B)It refers to a network of cytoplasmic filaments.
C)It is important for cellular movement.
D)It helps to determine a cell's shape.
E)It includes actin filaments.
Answer: A
Q3) Which of the following are TRUE of the Krebs cycle?
A)Oxygen is required.
B)Fats can be utilized as an energy source through conversion to acetyl-coA.
C)Carbohydrates can be utilized as an energy source through conversion to acetyl-coA.
D)It takes place in the cytosol.
E)Only muscle cells utilize it as a way to make ATP.
Answer: A,B,C
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Chapter 4: Movement of Solutes and Water Across Cell
Membranes
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85 Verified Questions
85 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which of the following statements regarding the structure and function of cell membranes is correct?
A)The phospholipid bilayer is arranged so that the hydrophilic heads of the phospholipid molecule face the extra- and intracellular fluids.
B)Some proteins integrated into the membrane serve as channels for the passage of nonpolar molecules through the membrane.
C)Peripheral membrane proteins function as channels associated with transport of ions through the membrane.
D)Cholesterol molecules function to transport ions from one side of the plasma membrane to the other.
E)The plasma membrane is a layer of phospholipid molecules with their hyrophilic head groups in contact with the extracellular solution and the hydrophobic tail groups in contact with the intracellular solution.
Q2) Both primary and secondary active transport require the expenditure of metabolic energy.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 5: Cell Signalling in Physiology
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36 Verified Questions
36 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) An adipose (fat)cell responds to the presence of the hormone epinephrine by increasing cytosolic cyclic AMP production,which leads to the catabolism of both glycogen and fat.What is the most likely explanation for this phenomenon?
A)Epinephrine is binding to two types of receptors in the plasma membrane.
B)The activated receptor complex stimulates production of two different second messengers.
C)Cyclic AMP directly activates enzymes that catabolize glycogen and fat.
D)Cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase activates two kinds of enzymes.
Q2) Drug Y is a drug that is used to increase the force of contraction achieved by heart muscle tissue.In the absence of the drug,epinephrine increases heart contractility through a signaling pathway that involves a receptor and cAMP.Which of the following are plausible mechanisms of action for Y?
A)Acting as an agonist on the receptor for epinephrine,a hormone that increases heart contractility
B)Increasing the expression of cAMP
C)Inhibiting phosphodiesterase activity
D)Increasing the availability of phosphodiesterase molecules
E)Decreasing the activity of cAMP-dependent protein kinase
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Chapter 6: Neuronal Signaling and the Structure of the Nervous System
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111 Verified Questions
111 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) A postsynaptic neuron has three presynaptic inputs-from neurons X,Y,and Z.Stimulation of neuron X causes the postsynaptic neuron to depolarize by 0.5 mV. When X and Y are stimulated simultaneously,the postsynaptic neuron depolarizes by 1 mV. When X and Z are stimulated simultaneously,however,there is no change in the membrane potential of the postsynaptic neuron.What is most likely true about presynaptic neurons Y and Z?
A)They are both excitatory.
B)They are both inhibitory.
C)Y is excitatory and Z is inhibitory.
D)Z is excitatory and Y is inhibitory.
Q2) Catecholamines are the most abundant neurotransmitters in the CNS.
A)True
B)False
Q3) The most common neurotransmitters for neuroeffector communication are dopamine and acetylcholine.
A)True
B)False
Q4) The cerebrum consists only of gray matter.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 7: Sensory Physiology
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98 Verified Questions
98 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) The phenomenon known as referred pain:
A)is a perception of a false painful stimulus with no initiating stimulus;it is created in the mind.
B)is the projected perception of pain as a sensation being experienced at a site other than that of the actual injured or diseased tissue.
C)involves a descending pathway that blocks the release of substance P in the spinal cord.
D)is synonymous with the persistence of perceptions of painful stimuli long after the activity responsible for triggering them has ceased.
Q2) Your friend is poking your skin with two pins a few millimeters apart at the same time.Visually,you can see there are two pins,but you can only feel a single pen poke.This is probably because:
A)both pens are activating the same receptor.
B)both afferent neurons converge on the same interneuron.
C)the receptors in both skin areas utilize the same afferent neuron.
D)both sensations are grouped together in the somatosensory cortex.
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Chapter 8: Consciousness, the Brain, and Behavior
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72 Verified Questions
72 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Sleep-wake cycles are produced by interactions of nuclei in the brainstem.
A)True
B)False
Q2) Absence of postural muscle tone is descriptive of or occurs during A)slow-wave sleep.
B)paradoxical sleep.
C)both slow-wave sleep and paradoxical sleep.
D)neither slow-wave sleep nor paradoxical sleep.
Q3) Which of the following statements regarding the brain areas that direct emotion is not true?
A)The hypothalamus is the site of the conscious feeling of emotion.
B)The hypothalamus integrates emotional behaviors.
C)The limbic system delivers information about emotion from the cerebral cortex to the hypothalamus.
D)The cerebral cortex is responsible for control over emotions.
E)None of the choices are true.
Q4) A drug that blocks dopamine receptors is likely to be addictive.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 9: Muscle
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113 Verified Questions
113 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which dietary supplement is most likely to contribute to greater skeletal muscle ATP availability in the first few seconds of skeletal muscle contraction?
A)Fatty acids
B)Sports drinks with electrolytes
C)Sugar
D)Protein
E)Creatine
Q2) Sustained contraction and tension in a skeletal muscle is called tetanus.
A)True
B)False
Q3) Rigor mortis is caused by
A)buildup of lactic acid.
B)lack of Ca² .
C)depletion of glycogen.
D)lack of ATP.
E)deficient acetylcholine receptors.
Q4) A Ca² -binding protein in smooth muscle is calmodulin.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 10: Control Body Movement
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53 Verified Questions
53 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) You are studying the electrical properties of a bicep muscle and find that when the arm is in a neutral position there is some degree of alpha motor neuron activity,but no other activity.You conclude
A)the bicep has muscle tone but is otherwise relaxed.
B)the bicep muscle is completely relaxed.
C)the bicep muscle is half contracted and carrying a light weight.
D)the bicep muscle is complete contracted.
Q2) You are a scientist at a pharmaceutical company.You know that treating Parkinson's disease patients with dopamine has been ineffective in the past,however,your company has recently developed a method to modify drugs that can help them cross the blood-brain barrier.If you modified dopamine in this way,would it make dopamine treatment of Parkinson's more effective?
A)No,because acetylcholine is the main neurotransmitter that is deficient.
B)No,because injecting dopamine only makes the substantia nigra down-regulate its own production of dopamine.
C)No,because dopamine will be broken down in the body before reaching the brain.
D)Yes,a central issue with dopamine treatment is that dopamine cannot cross the blood-brain barrier.
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Chapter 11: The Endocrine System
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104 Verified Questions
104 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which of the following hormones is NOT secreted by the anterior pituitary gland?
A)Somatotropin
B)Prolactin
C)Corticotropin
D)Erythropoietin
E)Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)
Q2) Hormones of the posterior lobe of the pituitary are synthesized in neuronal cell bodies of the hypothalamus and transported to the pituitary by axonal transport.
A)True
B)False
Q3) You have discovered a novel hormone.Early experiments have shown that it is quite hydrophobic.Which of the following is likely to also be TRUE of these hormones?
A)They mostly bind to receptor proteins in the surface membrane of target cells.
B)They are generally polar molecules.
C)They usually have very rapid effects on target cells.
D)Their mechanism of action generally involves altering protein synthesis.
E)They are highly soluble in blood plasma.
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13
Chapter 12: Cardiovascular Physiology
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153 Verified Questions
153 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Systolic pressure is the peak pressure in systemic arteries and occurs at the beginning of systole.
A)True
B)False
Q2) Which correctly describes functions of protein C?
A)It activates platelets and converts prothrombin to thrombin.
B)It activates clotting factor XII and platelets.
C)It binds to tissue factor and activates clotting factor VII.
D)It inactivates thrombin and converts fibrinogen to fibrin.
E)It inhibits clot formation and inactivates factors Va and VIIIa.
Q3) Cardiac muscle cannot undergo tetanus because its absolute refractory period lasts almost as long as the muscle twitch.
A)True
B)False
Q4) The condition of shock is an example of failure of homeostatic mechanisms to compensate when one or more parts of the reflex control system are damaged.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 13: Respiratory Physiology
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103 Verified Questions
103 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) During inhalation/inspiration,the total alveolar volume decreases.
A)True
B)False
Q2) At sea level,atmospheric PO is about 760 mmHg.
A)True
B)False
Q3) A decrease in metabolism without a similar,compensatory decrease in alveolar ventilation will have what effect on the systemic pH?
A)pH will decrease.
B)pH will increase.
C)No change to pH is expected in this circumstance.
D)It is impossible to predict the effect on pH without first understanding why metabolism decreased.
Q4) The affinity of hemoglobin for O is decreased in rapidly metabolizing tissues.
A)True
B)False
Q5) Exposure to high altitude is a form of ischemic hypoxia.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 14: The Kidneys and Regulation of Water and Inorganic Ions
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120 Verified Questions
120 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) The walls of the ascending limb of the loop of Henle are freely permeable to water.
A)True
B)False
Q2) Which is NOT true about the countercurrent multiplier system of the kidney?
A)It creates a hyperosmolar medullary interstitial fluid that allows the kidneys to form hypertonic urine.
B)The descending loop of Henle is permeable to water.
C)There is active transport of sodium and chloride out of the ascending limb of the loop of Henle.
D)The ascending loop of Henle is not permeable to water.
E)The fraction of filtered NaCl reabsorbed from the ascending limb equals the fraction of filtered water reabsorbed from the descending limb.
Q3) One response to increased H production in the body is decreased reabsorption of HCO by the kidneys.
A)True
B)False
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16
Chapter 15: The Digestion and Absorption of Food
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112 Verified Questions
112 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Susan recently had bariatric surgery which removed 85% of her stomach tissue and left her with a much reduced stomach volume.Which of the following is TRUE of Susan post-surgery?
A)She is not able to completely digest proteins and amino acids.
B)Her chyme will tend to become more acidic than before the surgery.
C)She will have a reduced ability to absorb water from her meals.
D)She will have a reduced ability to form her food into a bolus.
E)She will be able to store less ingested foods and will require smaller,more frequent meals.
Q2) The presence of food in the mouth stimulates salivary gland secretion.
A)True
B)False
Q3) The primary kind of motility in the stomach during digestion of a meal is A)peristalsis.
B)segmentation.
C)relaxation of the pyloric sphincter.
D)mass movement.
E)regurgitation.
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Chapter 16: Regulation of Organic Metabolism and Energy Balance
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94 Verified Questions
94 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) You are guaranteed to not gain body fat in a diet that is entirely composed of A)carbohydrates.
B)None of these answers are correct. C)fats.
D)protein.
Q2) Sarah is a type 1 diabetic.She recently refilled her prescription,but was given glucagon instead of insulin.After her first glucagon injection,which of the following is likely TRUE?
A)Increased glucose uptake by muscle cells
B)Increased triglyceride synthesis in adipose tissue
C)Decreased glycogenolysis in muscle
D)Decreased gluconeogenesis in liver
E)Increased glycogenolysis in liver
Q3) Sarah is a type 1 diabetic who forgot to bring insulin with her today.Due to high circulating ketone levels,it is likely that Sarah's blood pH may decrease.
A)True
B)False
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Page 18
Chapter 17: Reproduction
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148 Verified Questions
148 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which of the following normally produces androgens?
A)Leydig cells
B)Theca cells
C)Adrenal cortex cells
D)Sertoli cells
E)Endometrial cells
Q2) Liz is 5 weeks pregnant.During an ultrasound of her ovaries,which of the following can be seen?
A)No follicles beyond primordial follicle stage
B)One large corpus luteum and no other follicles beyond primordial stage
C)Several follicles in primordial,primary,and preantral stages and one corpus luteum
D)No follicles
E)10-25 mature follicles
Q3) Many (10-25)antral follicles begin the process of development each menstrual cycle,but only one will usually progress to the point of ovulation.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 18: The Immune System
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75 Verified Questions
75 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Immune surveillance refers to the search for and destruction of bacteria in the blood.
A)True
B)False
Q2) The rationale behind the drugs used to treat HIV/AIDS is to reduce the replication of the virus and therefore prevent the infection of remaining healthy cells.Which of these is NOT a therapy that acts in this way?
A)Inhibition of the reverse transcriptase enzyme
B)Interference with the processes involved in expression of viral nucleic acid by the host cell
C)Blocking an alpha protease enzyme associated with the assembly of the virus
D)Chemical agents directed at interruption of mitosis in host cells for the virus
E)Blocking the attachment and fusion of the HIV viruses with T lymphocyte host cells
Q3) Bone marrow is the primary site of B lymphocyte maturation. A)True
B)False
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