Medical Laboratory Science Fundamentals
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Course Introduction
Medical Laboratory Science Fundamentals provides an introduction to the essential concepts and practices in the field of medical laboratory science. The course covers the structure and function of clinical laboratories, the roles and responsibilities of laboratory professionals, safety protocols, and quality assurance measures. Students will explore the basics of laboratory instrumentation, specimen collection and processing, laboratory mathematics, and the principles underlying common diagnostic tests in hematology, microbiology, clinical chemistry, and immunology. Emphasis is placed on laboratory ethics, effective communication, and the importance of accurate data interpretation in healthcare settings to support patient diagnosis and treatment.
Recommended Textbook
Maders Understanding Human Anatomy and Physiology 8th Edition by Susannah Longenbaker
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19 Chapters
2160 Verified Questions
2160 Flashcards
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Chapter 1: Organization of the Body
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Sample Questions
Q1) The spleen and thymus are part of the
A)cardiovascular system.
B)respiratory system.
C)digestive system.
D)lymphatic and immune systems.
Answer: D
Q2) Which body system removes metabolic wastes and helps maintain acid-base balance?
A)Urinary system
B)Digestive system
C)Respiratory system
D)Endocrine system
Answer: A
Q3) The urinary bladder is found in which abdominopelvic region?
A)Hypogastric
B)Left lumbar
C)Right iliac
D)Umbilical
Answer: A
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Page 3
Chapter 2: Chemistry of Life
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Sample Questions
Q1) Over 90% of the body is composed of four elements: carbon,nitrogen,chlorine,and hydrogen.
Over 90% of the body is composed of four elements: carbon,nitrogen,oxygen,and hydrogen.
A)True
B)False
Answer: False
Q2) Which subatomic particle determines the chemical activity of an atom?
A)Neutron
B)Proton
C)Electron
D)Prion
Answer: C
Q3) Very small protein molecules that seem to be disease causing agents are called A)viruses.
B)bacteria.
C)flukes.
D)prions.
Answer: D
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Page 4
Chapter 3: Cell Structure and Function
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Sample Questions
Q1) Differentiate between chromosomes,chromatin,DNA,and genes.
Answer: Chromatin is a threadlike material in the nucleus that condenses during periods of cell division to form chromosomes.The chromosomes,and hence the chromatin material,contain DNA.DNA molecules are double strands of nucleotides that encode genetic information in the order of their bases.Genes are segments of DNA molecules that carry information for constructing a particular protein.
Q2) What structure anchors cilia and flagella?
A)Microvilli
B)Basal body
C)Hilus
D)Hillock
Answer: B
Q3) Which of the following is NOT a form of RNA used in protein synthesis?
A)Messenger RNA
B)Complementary RNA
C)Transfer RNA
D)Ribosomal RNA
Answer: B
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5
Chapter 4: Body Tissues and Membranes
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Sample Questions
Q1) Cancers of epithelial tissues are called
A)sarcomas.
B)carcinomas.
C)leukemias.
D)lymphomas.
Q2) What membranes protect the brain and spinal cord?
A)Mucous membranes
B)Synovial membranes
C)Meninges
D)Cutaneous membranes
Q3) Which of the following is a method for detecting cancer?
A)Mammogram
B)Blood test
C)Biopsy
D)All apply.
Q4) What type of cartilage makes up the frame of the outer ear?
A)Fibrocartilage
B)Hyaline cartilage
C)Elastic cartilage
Q5) Compare the three types of fibers found in connective tissue.
Page 6
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Chapter 5: The Integumentary System
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Sample Questions
Q1) Older persons are more likely to feel cold because the dermis becomes thinner. Older persons are more likely to feel cold because the hypodermis becomes thinner (less adipose tissue).
A)True
B)False
Q2) A person with no color in their skin,hair,and eyes has
A)been exposed to the sun.
B)a circulatory disorder.
C)a genetic disorder.
D)a nervous disorder.
Q3) What is responsible for skin color?
A)Carotene
B)Melanin
C)Hemoglobin
D)All apply.
Q4) Exposure to sunlight is the most common cause of skin cancer.
A)True
B)False
Q5) Describe the effects that long-term exposure to the sun may have on the skin.
Page 7
Q6) Describe the skin's involvement in temperature regulation.
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Chapter 6: The Skeletal System
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Sample Questions
Q1) To which type of vertebrae are the ribs attached?
A)Cervical
B)Thoracic
C)Lumbar
D)Sacrum
Q2) Degenerative changes in joints can be slowed or stopped by
A)regular weight-bearing exercise.
B)resting the joints.
C)nonweight-bearing exercise.
D)None apply.
Q3) Which anatomical feature of a vertebra is felt down the middle of the neck and back?
A)Lamina
B)Pedicle
C)Transverse process
D)Spinous process
Q4) Children and adults require about the same amount of daily calcium.
A)True
B)False
Q5) Distinguish among lordosis,kyphosis,and scoliosis.
Page 8
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Chapter 7: The Muscular System
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Sample Questions
Q1) The ______ will straighten your leg (extend)at the knee.
A)adductor group
B)quadriceps femoris
C)hamstring group
D)gluteus maximus
Q2) The ____________ is used to flex the neck and turn the head laterally.
A)trapezius
B)temporalis
C)sternocleidomastoid
D)suprahyoid
Q3) The muscle that does most of the work for a particular movement is called the A)prime mover.
B)synergist.
C)insertion.
D)antagonist.
Q4) A sustained muscle contraction with no relaxation is called A)a twitch.
B)a tetanic contraction.
C)fatigue.
D)oxygen debt.
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Chapter 8: The Nervous System
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which processing center uses information from other areas for reason and planning actions?
A)Somatosensory area
B)Insula
C)Prefrontal area
D)Basal nuclei
Q2) The posterior root of a spinal nerve contains ________fibers,while the anterior root contains ______ fibers.
A)sensory;motor
B)sensory;association
C)motor;sensory
D)motor;association
Q3) The spinal cord is part of the ___________,while the cranial nerves are part of the ___________.
A)CNS,PNS
B)PNS,CNS
Q4) Restful activities are governed by the
A)parasympathetic nervous system.
B)sympathetic nervous system.
C)both parasympathetic and sympathetic nervous systems.
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Chapter 9: The Sensory System
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Sample Questions
Q1) The auditory cortex is located in the
A)temporal lobe.
B)parietal lobe.
C)insula.
D)occipital lobe.
Q2) Which of the following is NOT an ossicle?
A)Stapes
B)Malleus
C)Cochlea
D)Incus
Q3) Which ear component tells your brain that you are doing a sit-spin on the ice?
A)Semicircular canals
B)Utricle and saccule
C)Spiral organ
D)Ossicles
Q4) What is the function of the auditory (eustachian)tube?
A)Equalizes air pressure in the middle ear
B)Allows fluid to drain out of the inner ear
C)Keeps infection out of the middle ear
D)Allows us to hear ourselves speak
11
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Chapter 10: The Endocrine System
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Sample Questions
Q1) The main stimulus for the release of aldosterone comes from the A)adrenal medullA.
B)anterior pituitary.
C)kidneys.
D)lungs.
Q2) ACTH
A)is produced by the anterior pituitary gland.
B)stimulates the adrenal cortex.
C)stimulates the adrenal medulla.
D)Both is produced by the anterior pituitary gland and stimulates the adrenal cortex are correct.
Q3) Which of the following are gonadotropic hormones?
A)ACTH and FSH
B)FSH and LH
C)LH and TSH
D)ACTH and TSH
Q4) The incidence of diabetes insipidus increases as we age. The incidence of diabetes mellitus increases as we age.
A)True
B)False
Page 12
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Chapter 11: Blood
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Sample Questions
Q1) When the oxygen content of the blood is low,_____ is released by the kidneys to increase red blood cell production in the red bone marrow.
A)erythropoietin
B)renin
C)aldosterone
D)prothrombin
Q2) What type of red bone marrow cells can become any type of formed element?
A)Myeloid stem cells
B)Multipotent stem cells
C)Totipotent stem cells
D)Lymphatic stem cells
Q3) A person with type AB blood has ________ antigens.
A)A
B)B
C)both A and B
D)no
Q4) Platelets are found in the buffy coat that is the top layer in a tube of centrifuged blood.
A)True
B)False
Page 13
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Chapter 12: The Cardiovascular System
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Sample Questions
Q1) As peripheral resistance increases,the blood pressure will
A)increase.
B)decrease.
C)have no change.
Q2) Why does the left ventricle have a thicker myocardial wall?
A)It has to pump blood to the lungs.
B)It has to pump blood to the body.
C)It has to pump blood to the left atrium.
D)It has to pump blood to the liver.
Q3) Which of the following is NOT pushed out of the arterial end of a capillary?
A)water
B)blood cells
C)glucose
D)amino acids
Q4) What structures control blood flow into capillary beds?
A)adhesion junctions
B)precapillary sphincters
C)arteriovenous shunt
D)semilunar valve
Q5) What is arteriosclerosis and why does it increase the risk of heart attack?
Page 14
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Chapter 13: The Lymphatic System and Body Defenses
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Sample Questions
Q1) Plasma cells produce
A)antibodies.
B)histamines.
C)T cells.
D)antigens.
Q2) Which of the following is a form of nonspecific defense?
A)antibody-mediated immunity
B)cell-mediated immunity
C)natural killer cells
D)All apply.
Q3) Which of the following is NOT an action of antibodies with the antigen?
A)neutralize bacterial toxins by coating them
B)make a cluster of antigen-antibody complexes
C)make the antigen more susceptible to phagocytosis
D)All apply.
Q4) Interferon can be used as an immunotherapeutic drug.
A)True
B)False
Q5) Explain the process of inflammation.Include the function of histamine in the process.
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Chapter 14: The Respiratory System
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Sample Questions
Q1) Any respiratory problem that hinders removal of carbon dioxide from the body,can lead to alkalosis.
Any respiratory problem that hinders removal of carbon dioxide from the body,can lead to acidosis.
A)True
B)False
Q2) Which serous membrane lines the thoracic cavity?
A)visceral pleura
B)visceral peritoneum
C)parietal pericardium
D)parietal pleura
Q3) Which of the following is NOT true of hypoventilating?
A)breathing is at a lower than normal rate
B)carbon dioxide levels decrease
C)pH decreases,causing acidosis
D)The brain will try to increase respiration to bring back homeostasis.
Q4) Tidal volume is
A)air remaining in lungs after very deep exhalation.
B)air moved in and out with each normal breath.
C)maximum volume of air moved in and out during a single deep breath.
Page 16
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Chapter 15: Digestive System
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Sample Questions
Q1) _______ are organic molecules that are needed by the body in small amounts and do not need to be digested.
A)Carbohydrates
B)Essential fatty acids
C)Vitamins
D)Minerals
Q2) The __________ absorbs nutrients.
A)pharynx
B)esophagus
C)small intestine
D)mouth
Q3) The final breakdown product of protein is
A)maltose.
B)glucose.
C)fatty acid.
D)amino acids.
Q4) Explain the importance of sodium bicarbonate in pancreatic juice.
Q5) The gastrointestinal tract is part of the endocrine system.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 16: The Urinary System and Excretion
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Sample Questions
Q1) What plays a major role in the loss of kidney function with age?
A)smaller kidney
B)fewer functioning nephrons
C)vascular changes in the glomerulus
D)None apply.
Q2) The best indicator of the blood's osmolality is the concentration of
A)calcium ion.
B)bicarbonate ion.
C)sodium ion.
D)potassium ion.
Q3) Kidney failure may be treated by A)machine hemodialysis.
B)continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis.
C)kidney transplant.
D)All apply.
Q4) One of the most important blood buffers is A)carbonic acid and hydrogen.
B)bicarbonate and hydrogen ions.
C)bicarbonate ions and carbonic acid.
D)water and hydroxide ions.
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Chapter 17: The Reproductive System
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Sample Questions
Q1) Gametes are exact copies of body cells,but with only half the number of chromosomes.
Gametes are not exact copies of body cells due to gene exchanges such as crossing-over,that occurs during meiosis.
A)True
B)False
Q2) Which male gland encircles the urethra and secretes a fluid that enhances sperm motility?
A)Cowper's glands
B)seminal vesicles
C)prostate
D)bulbourethral glands
Q3) What structures produce the female sex hormones?
A)ovaries
B)follicle
C)corpus luteum
D)All apply.
Q4) The corpus luteum forms from the follicle after ovulation.
A)True
B)False
Page 19
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Chapter 18: Human Development and Birth
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Sample Questions
Q1) The union of ovum and sperm during fertilization creates the first cell of the new organism which is called a A)morulA.
B)blastocyst
C)zygote.
D)zona pellucida.
Q2) Cleavage
A)is cell division with no increase in size.
B)is mitosis.
C)occurs immediately after fertilization.
D)All apply.
Q3) The amnion
A)is the first site of blood cell formation.
B)is the fetal half of the placenta.
C)becomes the umbilical cord vessels.
D)cushions and protects the embryo with fluiD.
Q4) The zygote receives cytoplasm,organelles,nutrients,and structural components from only the mother.
A)True
B)False
Page 20
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Chapter 19: Human Genetics
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Sample Questions
Q1) What is the most lethal genetic disorder among Caucasians in the United States?
A)Down syndrome
B)Tay-Sach's disease
C)Spina bifida
D)Cystic fibrosis
Q2) Genotype is
A)the genes of an individual.
B)the physical appearance of an individual.
C)the alleles an individual has.
D)Both the genes of an individual and the alleles an individual has are correct.
Q3) Nondisjunction can only occur with autosomes,not the sex chromosomes. Nondisjunction may occur with any type of chromosome.
A)True
B)False
Q4) What procedure is used to obtain embryonic or fetal chromosomes for karyotyping?
A)chorionic villi sampling (CVS)
B)ultrasonography
C)amniocentesis
D)both chorionic villi sampling (CVS)or amniocentesis are used
Q5) List the steps involved in the construction of a karyotype.
Page 21
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