Medical Laboratory Science
Final Test Solutions
Course Introduction
Medical Laboratory Science is a comprehensive course that explores the principles, techniques, and applications of laboratory testing and diagnostics in healthcare. Students are introduced to the essential functions of clinical laboratory professionals, including specimen collection and analysis, operation of laboratory instruments, and interpretation of results across disciplines such as hematology, microbiology, clinical chemistry, immunology, and transfusion science. Emphasis is placed on quality assurance, laboratory safety, and ethical practices, preparing students to play a critical role in disease detection, patient care, and public health.
Recommended Textbook
Basic Pathology 9th Edition by Vinay Kumar
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23 Chapters
265 Verified Questions
265 Flashcards
Source URL: https://quizplus.com/study-set/1129
Page 2
Chapter 1: Cell Injury, Cell Death, and Adaptations
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9 Verified Questions
9 Flashcards
Source URL: https://quizplus.com/quiz/22166
Sample Questions
Q1) Ubiquitin-proteasome degradation of plasma proteins is opposed by
A) insulin
B) interleukin-1
C) tumor necrosis factor
D) glucocorticoids
E) thyroid hormones
Answer: A
Q2) A 90-year-old man died in a nursing home. During the past 10 years, he was unable to care for himself and was mentally incoherent. He had no memory and could not hold a conversation. He was unaware of his surroundings. At autopsy, the brain showed signs of Alzheimer disease, and there were neurons containing numerous neurofibrillary tangles. These cytoplasmic structures are formed from which component of the neurons?
A) Nucleus
B) Rough endoplasmic reticulum
C) Smooth endoplasmic reticulum
D) Mitochondria
E) Cytoskeleton
Answer: E
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3
Chapter 2: Inflammation and Repair
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11 Verified Questions
11 Flashcards
Source URL: https://quizplus.com/quiz/22167
Sample Questions
Q1) A 2-year-old child known to suffer from recurrent bacterial infections and poor wound healing was found to have leukocyte adhesion molecule deficiency 1 (LAD-1). The leukocytes of this patient do not express CD18, a molecule classified as belonging to the family of
A) selectins
B) integrins
C) lectin type of vascular adhesion molecules
D) aminotransferases
E) glycosidases
Answer: B
Q2) Aspirin lowers the body temperature by inhibiting the synthesis of which regulator of the central thermostat in the hypothalamus?
A) Leukotriene B<sub>4</sub>
B) Lipoxin
C) Thromboxane A<sub>2</sub>
D) Prostacyclin
E) Prostaglandin E<sub>2</sub>
Answer: E
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4
Chapter 3: Hemodynamic Disorders, Thromboembolism, and Shock
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12 Verified Questions
12 Flashcards
Source URL: https://quizplus.com/quiz/22168
Sample Questions
Q1) A 60-year-old man who had longstanding congestive heart failure complained of pain under the right costal margin. He died of worsening heart failure. At autopsy, the liver appeared enlarged and congested, showing a "nutmeg pattern" on cross section. Histologically this liver will show
A) atrophy of bile ducts
B) dilatation of bile ducts
C) intralobular cholestasis
D) centrolobular necrosis and loss of hepatocytes
E) fibrosis of the Glisson capsule
Answer: D
Q2) Which form of hemorrhage is most typical of defective platelet function seen in uremia (end stage kidney failure)?
A) Multiple petechiae
B) Multiple ecchymoses
C) Solitary ecchymoses
D) Hematoma
E) Hemarthrosis
Answer: A
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Chapter 4: Diseases of the Immune System
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20 Verified Questions
20 Flashcards
Source URL: https://quizplus.com/quiz/22169
Sample Questions
Q1) Mutation of the gene encoding the enzyme that is essential for the maturation of pre-B cells to mature B lymphocytes is the cause of
A) common variable immunodeficiency
B) isolated IgA deficiency
C) DiGeorge syndrome
D) severe combined immunodeficiency
E) X-linked agammaglobulinemia
Q2) A 10-year-old girl presented with lilac or heliotrope discoloration of the upper eyelids, muscle weakness, and dusky red patches over the knuckles, elbows, and knees. Which antibody was most likely found in this patient's blood?
A) Anti-histidyl-t-RNA synthetase
B) Anti-double-stranded DNA
C) Anti-single-stranded DNA
D) Anti-topoisomerase
E) Anti-ribonucleoprotein antibody SS-A (Ro)
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Chapter 5: Neoplasia
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14 Verified Questions
14 Flashcards
Source URL: https://quizplus.com/quiz/22170
Sample Questions
Q1) Which enzymes in the liver account for the activation of most procarcinogens into carcinogens?
A) Cytochrome P-450-dependent mono-oxidases
B) Aminotransferases
C) Hydroxylases
D) Glutathione dehydrogenase
E) Caspases
Q2) Which of the following tumors occurs most often in the ovary?
A) Chondroma
B) Hemangioma
C) Leiomyoma
D) Transitional cell papilloma
E) Cystadenoma
Q3) Which one of the following carcinomas is locally invasive but rarely forms metastases in lymph nodes and distant sites?
A) Basal cell carcinoma of the skin
B) Squamous cell carcinoma of the skin
C) Oat cell carcinoma of the lung
D) Transitional cell carcinoma of the urinary bladder
E) Adenocarcinoma of the stomach
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Chapter 6: Genetic and Pediatric Diseases
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16 Verified Questions
16 Flashcards
Source URL: https://quizplus.com/quiz/22171
Sample Questions
Q1) A 7-year-old child complained of frequent muscle cramps during play. A muscle biopsy revealed accumulation of glycogen in the skeletal muscle cells and a lack of muscle phosphorylase. Which form of glycogenosis is this?
A) Type I (von Gierke disease)
B) Type II (Pompe disease)
C) Type III (Cori-Forbes' disease)
D) Type IV (Andersen disease)
E) Type V (McArdle disease)
Q2) Which one of the following parameters portends a good prognosis in patients with neuroblastoma?
A) Young age (less than 1 year)
B) Near-diploid, rather than hyperdiploid or near-tetraploid, karyotype
C) Chromosome 1 deletion
D) Amplification of n-myc
E) Presence of double minutes or homogenously staining regions on chromosome 1
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8
Chapter 7: Environmental and Nutritional Diseases
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8 Verified Questions
8 Flashcards
Source URL: https://quizplus.com/quiz/22172
Sample Questions
Q1) Lead absorbed from the environment during infancy and childhood is predominantly deposited in which internal organ or organ system?
A) Brain
B) Liver
C) Lungs
D) Bones
E) Skeletal muscles
Q2) Unopposed exogenous estrogen administration in women after menopause will increase the risk of cancer of which organ?
A) Lung
B) Liver
C) Ovary
D) Cervix
E) Endometrium
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Chapter 8: General Pathology of Infectious Diseases
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14 Verified Questions
14 Flashcards
Source URL: https://quizplus.com/quiz/22173
Sample Questions
Q1) Infection of the uterus following a "criminal abortion" performed in a "back alley" is most likely caused by
A) anaerobic non-spore-forming bacteria
B) spore-forming anaerobes
C) pyogenic cocci
D) coliform bacteria
E) Neisseria gonorrhoeae
Q2) Lepromatous leprosy represents a form of disease that develops due to
A) accelerated T-helper lymphocyte response
B) accelerated cytotoxic T-cell response
C) inadequate B-cell response
D) hyperimmunity
E) immunologic anergy
Q3) Suppurative nail infection (paronychia) and abscesses of fingertips ("felons") are most likely caused by
A) Escherichia coli
B) Pseudomonas aeruginosa
C) Haemophilus influenzae
D) Neisseria gonorrhoeae
E) Staphylococcus aureus
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Chapter 9: Blood Vessels
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6 Verified Questions
6 Flashcards
Source URL: https://quizplus.com/quiz/22174
Sample Questions
Q1) "Pulseless disease" associated with giant cell granulomatous inflammation of the aorta and its major branches arising from the arch of the aorta are features of
A) temporal (giant cell) arteritis
B) Takayasu arteritis
C) Kawasaki disease
D) Churg-Strauss syndrome
E) Henoch-Schönlein purpura
Q2) Antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies showing widespread cytoplasmic staining of neutrophils in an indirect immunofluorescence test (c-ANCA) are found in high titers in which disease?
A) Microscopic polyangiitis
B) Wegener granulomatosis
C) Churg-Strauss syndrome
D) Goodpasture syndrome
E) Kawasaki syndrome
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11
Chapter 10: Heart
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16 Verified Questions
16 Flashcards
Source URL: https://quizplus.com/quiz/22175
Sample Questions
Q1) Which of the following vascular tumors is classified as an intermediate grade (low-grade malignant) neoplasm?
A) Capillary hemangioma
B) Lymphangioma
C) Hemangioendothelioma
D) Angiosarcoma
E) Glomus tumor
Q2) Bacillary angiomatosis is typically found in AIDS patients and is caused by
A) herpesvirus type 8
B) herpesvirus type 3
C) herpesvirus type 6
D) Bartonella henselae
E) measles virus
Q3) The most common cause of mitral stenosis in adults is
A) floppy mitral valve
B) rheumatic endocarditis
C) bacterial endocarditis
D) mitral annular calcification
E) nonbacterial thrombotic endocarditis
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Page 12
Chapter 11: Hematopoietic and Lymphoid Systems
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21 Verified Questions
21 Flashcards
Source URL: https://quizplus.com/quiz/22176
Sample Questions
Q1) The most common form of autosomal dominant hereditary spherocytosis is caused by a mutation of the gene encoding which of the following proteins?
A) Ankyrin
B) Spectrin
C) Protein 4.1
D) Hemoglobin A
E) Transferrin
Q2) The most common cause of myelophthisic anemia is
A) metastatic carcinoma to the bones
B) multiple myeloma
C) lymphoma
D) leukemia
E) osteosclerosis
Q3) Severe hemophilia develops in patients who have factor VIII reduced below
A) 1%
B) 5%
C) 10%
D) 20%
E) 25%
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Page 13
Chapter 12: Lung
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16 Verified Questions
16 Flashcards
Source URL: https://quizplus.com/quiz/22177
Sample Questions
Q1) Which is the most prevalent chronic occupational lung disease found worldwide?
A) Complicated coal workers' pneumoconiosis
B) Asbestosis
C) Berylliosis
D) Silicosis
E) Stannosis
Q2) Pulmonary infection characterized by predominance of macrophages involving predominantly small bronchioli and sparing the large bronchioli is most typical of infection caused by
A) Haemophilus influenzae
B) Staphylococcus aureus
C) Streptococcus pneumoniae
D) Pseudomonas aeruginosa
E) Legionella pneumophila
Q3) Which one of the following lung tumors has the best prognosis?
A) Mesothelioma
B) Squamous cell carcinoma
C) Small cell carcinoma
D) Large cell carcinoma
E) Carcinoid tumor
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Chapter 13: Kidney and Its Collecting System
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7 Verified Questions
7 Flashcards
Source URL: https://quizplus.com/quiz/22178
Sample Questions
Q1) The PKD1 gene encoding polycystin-1 is a large integral membrane protein. It is typically found in persons who have which of the following diseases?
A) Childhood polycystic kidney disease
B) Adult polycystic disease
C) Adult onset renal medullary cystic disease
D) Glomerulocystic disease
E) Acquired renal cystic disease
Q2) Which kidney disease characterized by nephrotic syndrome, microscopic hematuria, and glomerular deposits of C3 complement and properdin is caused by an autoantibody called C3 nephritic factor?
A) Membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis type II
B) Focal segmental glomerulosclerosis
C) Membranous nephropathy
D) IgA nephropathy
E) Acute postinfectious glomerulonephritis
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Chapter 14: Oral Cavity and Gastrointestinal Tract
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22 Verified Questions
22 Flashcards
Source URL: https://quizplus.com/quiz/22179
Sample Questions
Q1) The finding of anti-endomysial antibodies in a person with intestinal malabsorption strongly favors the diagnosis of
A) Whipple disease
B) celiac sprue
C) tropical sprue
D) lactase deficiency
E) abetalipoproteinemia
Q2) Esophageal diverticulum located above the upper esophageal sphincter is called A) congenital diverticulum
B) postinflammatory diverticulum
C) traction diverticulum
D) epiphrenic diverticulum
E) Zenker diverticulum
Q3) Carcinoma of the esophagus most often presents on gross examination as a A) polypoid exophytic lesion
B) flat induration of the mucosa
C) volcano-like excavated lesion
D) diffuse narrowing of the esophageal lumen
E) linitis plastica
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Chapter 15: Liver, Gallbladder, and Biliary Tract
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18 Verified Questions
18 Flashcards
Source URL: https://quizplus.com/quiz/22180
Sample Questions
Q1) A mutation of the gene encoding the hepatic enzyme bilirubin uridine diphosphate-glucuronyltransferase (UGT1A1) associated with congenital jaundice and a complete absence of UGT1A1 is called
A) Crigler-Najjar syndrome type I
B) Gilbert disease
C) Dubin-Johnson disease
D) Rotor syndrome
E) Galactosemia
Q2) The most common cause of cirrhosis unrelated to alcohol, viral hepatitis, or metabolic diseases (i.e., the so-called "cryptogenic cirrhosis") is
A) latent bacterial infection
B) amyloidosis
C) circulatory disorders
D) steatohepatitis
E) autoimmune diseases
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17
Chapter 16: Pancreas
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4 Verified Questions
4 Flashcards
Source URL: https://quizplus.com/quiz/22181
Sample Questions
Q1) A 65-year-old man complains of vague upper abdominal pain, weight loss, and loose fatty stools. Radiographs show visible calcifications within the pancreas. These findings are most consistent with a diagnosis of which of the following disorders?
A) Ductal carcinoma of the pancreas
B) Acinar cell carcinoma of the pancreas
C) Islet cell carcinoma
D) Chronic pancreatitis
E) Pancreatic pseudocyst
Q2) Hereditary pancreatitis is most likely to be found in persons harboring the mutation of which of the following genes?
A) <sub>1</sub>-Antitrypsin
B) Amylase
C) Cationic trypsinogen
D) Enterokinase
E) Alkaline phosphatase
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18
Chapter 17: Male Genital System and Lower Urinary Tract
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11 Verified Questions
11 Flashcards
Source URL: https://quizplus.com/quiz/22182
Sample Questions
Q1) A papillary urinary bladder tumor composed of multilayered hyperchromatic transitional epithelium shows significant nuclear atypia. This type of tumor is best classified as which of the following?
A) Urothelial papilloma
B) Urothelial neoplasm of low malignant potential
C) Papillary urothelial carcinoma, low grade
D) Papillary urothelial carcinoma, high grade
E) Anaplastic carcinoma
Q2) Which of the following infectious agents is the most common cause of urinary tract infection?
A) Escherichia coli
B) Proteus vulgaris
C) Klebsiella sp
D) Streptococcus faecalis
E) Staphylococcus aureus
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19
Chapter 18: Female Genital System and Breast
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17 Verified Questions
17 Flashcards
Source URL: https://quizplus.com/quiz/22183
Sample Questions
Q1) Which of the following nonneoplastic breast lesions is associated with the highest risk of mammary cancer?
A) Apocrine cysts
B) Sclerosing adenosis
C) Complex sclerosing lesion
D) Small duct papillomas
E) Atypical ductal hyperplasia
Q2) BRCA1 and BRCA2 genes that are mutated in 25% of all women who have familial breast cancer encode proteins. Which of the following functions do these proteins serve?
A) Cell surface receptors for growth factors
B) Growth factors
C) Cytoplasmic signaling molecules
D) DNA repair enzymes
E) Nuclear hormone receptors
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Chapter 19: Endocrine System
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6 Verified Questions
6 Flashcards
Source URL: https://quizplus.com/quiz/22184
Sample Questions
Q1) Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) is implicated in the pathogenesis of which complication of diabetes?
A) Cerebral infarcts
B) Intraretinal microangiopathy
C) Diabetic glomerulosclerosis
D) Gangrene of the foot
E) Peripheral neuropathy
Q2) The best characterized molecular abnormality in pituitary adenomas involves which of the following?
A) Cell surface receptors
B) G-proteins mediating signal transduction
C) Adenylate cyclase related cytoplasmic effectors
D) Nuclear receptors
E) DNA repair enzymes
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Chapter 20: Bones, Joints, and Soft Tissue Tumors
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8 Verified Questions
8 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which of the following muscle diseases is classified as an ion channel myopathy (channelopathy)?
A) Dysferlin deficiency
B) Becker muscular dystrophy
C) Malignant hyperpyrexia
D) Central core disease
E) Myotubular myopathy
Q2) Trinucleotide CTG repeat expansion plays a role in the pathogenesis of which of the following muscle diseases?
A) Duchenne muscular dystrophy
B) Becker muscular dystrophy
C) Autosomal dominant limb girdle muscular dystrophy
D) Autosomal recessive limb girdle muscular dystrophy
E) Myotonic dystrophy
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22
Chapter 21: Peripheral Nerves and Muscles
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1 Verified Questions
1 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Guillain-Barré syndrome is mediated by which form of immune hypersensitivity reaction?
A) Atopic IgE-mediated reaction
B) Cytotoxic IgG antibody-mediated reaction
C) Circulating immune complex-mediated reaction
D) T cell-mediated reaction
E) Graft-versus-host reaction
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Chapter 22: Central Nervous System
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4 Verified Questions
4 Flashcards
Source URL: https://quizplus.com/quiz/22187
Sample Questions
Q1) Which of the following is the dominant protein component of neuritic plaques in the brain in Alzheimer disease?
A) Apoprotein
B) Tau protein
C) Neurofibrillin
D) Microtubules-associated protein 2 (MAP2)
E) A derived from amyloid precursor protein (APP)
Q2) Posttraumatic hydrocephalus is most often caused by which of the following?
A) Hypersecretion of cerebrospinal fluid
B) Obstruction of the aqueduct
C) Obstruction of the foramen of Luschka
D) Obstruction of the foramen of Magendie
E) Obstruction of cerebrospinal fluid absorption
Q3) Fetal alcohol syndrome is most often characterized by which of the following disorders?
A) Encephalocele
B) Anencephaly
C) Macrogyria
D) Microencephaly
E) Lissencephaly
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Chapter 23: Skin
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4 Verified Questions
4 Flashcards
Source URL: https://quizplus.com/quiz/22188
Sample Questions
Q1) Basal cell carcinoma of the skin often contains mutations of the p53 gene and the gene called PTCH (mutated in congenital nevoid basal cell carcinoma syndrome). These mutations are most likely the result of action of which of the following?
A) Epidermal growth factor
B) G-protein signal transduction system
C) Chemical carcinogens from the environment
D) Ultraviolet light
E) Cosmic radiation
Q2) Which of the following skin lesions will most likely progress to invasive squamous cell carcinoma?
A) Actinic keratosis
B) Seborrheic keratosis
C) Seborrheic dermatitis
D) Epidermal inclusion cyst
E) Steatocystoma multiplex
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