Medical Genetics
Exam Questions
Course Introduction
Medical Genetics is a course that explores the fundamental principles of human genetics and their application to the understanding, diagnosis, and management of hereditary diseases. The course covers topics such as the structure and function of genes and chromosomes, patterns of inheritance, molecular genetics techniques, genetic variation, and the genetic basis of common and rare disorders. It also examines the role of genetics in precision medicine, genetic counseling, ethical considerations in genetic testing, and the latest advancements in genomic technologies. Through lectures, case studies, and practical applications, students gain the knowledge needed to interpret genetic information and integrate it into medical practice.
Recommended Textbook
Human Genetics 11th Edition by Ricki Lewis Dr
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Chapter 1: Introduction to Anthropology
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Q1) Which is not an important aspect of human culture?
A) It is learned.
B) It includes such things as technology, language, religion, and gender roles.
C) It is genetically determined.
D) It is a critical role in human evolution.
E) It is a strategy that includes various technologies, but fortunately excludes language and kinship rules which are always changing.
Answer: E
Q2) Cultural anthropology
A) was first developed as a discipline in the 17th century
B) includes the recovery and analysis of material culture from earlier civilizations
C) focuses solely upon the study of traditional societies
D) has no practical application in modern society
E) is the study of the patterns of belief and behavior found in modern and historical cultures.
Answer: E
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3
Chapter 2: Heredity and Evolution
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Q1) The relationship between malaria and the HbS allele is an example of natural selection as a factor that can cause directional change in allele frequencies.
A)True
B)False
Answer: True
Q2) Two people (both heterozygotes) are able to taste a chemical substance called PTC. The ability to taste PTC is caused by a dominant allele (T). The inability to taste PTC is caused by a recessive allele (t). What proportion of their offspring would be expected to be heterozygous?
A) 3/4
B) 1/2
C) All
D) 1/4
E) 2/3
Answer: B
Q3) Explain the concepts of dominance, co-dominance, and recessiveness as used in modern genetics.
Answer: Answer Will vary
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4
Chapter 3: The Development of Evolutionary Theory
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Q1) There are no well-documented examples of natural selection operating in natural populations.
A)True
B)False
Answer: False
Q2) __________________ proposed that population size increases at a faster rate than food supplies.
A) Erasmus Darwin
B) Alfred Russel Wallace
C) Thomas Malthus
D) Charles Lyell
E) Jean-Baptiste Lamarck
Answer: C
Q3) Charles Darwin acknowledged the importance of sexual reproduction when formulating his theory of natural selection.
A)True
B)False
Answer: True
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Chapter 4: Modern Human Variation and Adaptation
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Q1) Which of the following contributes most to skin color?
A) hemoglobin
B) melanin
C) carotene
D) vitamin D
E) short-term acclimatization
Q2) When a disease is continuously present in a population it is said to be
A) pandemic
B) chronic
C) epidemic
D) lethal
E) endemic
Q3) In its most common biological usage, the term race
A) has precise definitions agreed upon all anthropologists
B) refers to the geographically patterned phenotypic variation within a species
C) refers only to skin color
D) refers only to IQ
E) refers to a person's nationality
Q4) Define the term race. How does the modern use of race differ from the 19th century use of race?
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Chapter 5: Macroevolution: Processes of Vertebrate and Mammalian Evolution
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Q1) Vertebrate fossils are found as far back as the Paleozoic.
A)True
B)False
Q2) Define analogous and homologous traits and provide an example of each.
Q3) Much of what we know about the history of life comes from studying fossils.
A)True
B)False
Q4) Contrast ancestral traits with derived traits.
Q5) Morphological variation between individuals within a species
A) may be the product of male/female morphological differences
B) is called interspecific variation
C) is of no concern to anthropologists
D) is unimportant when interpreting the fossil record
E) produces large numbers of identical individuals
Q6) Continental drift
A) had no real impact on the evolutionary history of vertebrates
B) never occurred
C) is the movement of the continents on the Earth's surface
Page 7
D) ceased to occur several million years ago
E) occurs only in the Old World
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Chapter 6: An Overview of the Primates
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Q1) Adaptive niche refers to
A) an adaptive advantages in a purely terrestrial environment.
B) mammalian characteristics which evolved from an arboreal environment.
C) an organism's entire way of life.
D) a numerical device that indicates the number of each type of tooth.
E) adaptive benefit of surrounding forests and rivers.
Q2) Define three major forms of primate locomotion. Name at least one species associated with each.
Q3) Gibbons are said to be adapted for brachiation. What anatomical features do gibbons possess that enable them to carry this out efficiently?
Q4) Bonobo communities, like those of chimpanzees, are centered around male-male bonds.
A)True
B)False
Q5) The "dental comb" is a specialization found in most of the anthropoid species. A)True
B)False
Q6) What primate traits are likely to be adaptations to arboreal lifestyles?
Q7) List five traits used to define the order Primates.
Q8) List five traits that distinguish the Anthropoids.
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Chapter 7: Primate Behavior
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Q1) Large primate groups are advantageous because they increase the likelihood of early predator detection.
A)True
B)False
Q2) What is chest slapping by gorillas an example of?
A) reassurance gesture
B) submission
C) display
D) involuntary behavior
E) affiliative behavior
Q3) It has been proposed that male Hanuman langurs that commit infanticide are actually reducing their own reproductive success.
A)True
B)False
Q4) As a general rule, what do larger animals require?
A) fewer calories per unit of weight than smaller animals
B) more calories per unit weight than smaller animals
C) the same amount of calories per unit weight than smaller animals
D) no calories whatsoever
E) more testosterone
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Chapter 8: Understanding the Past: Archaeological and Paleoanthropological Methods
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Q1) Define the goals of archaeological research and the techniques used in archaeological research projects.
Q2) What is a hominin?
Q3) Define the difference between relative and absolute measures of age. Give examples of each.
Q4) Examples of relative dating includes:
A) assigning a specific calendar date
B) telling the rough age in years
C) determining whether an object is older, younger, or the same age as another
D) a seldom-used means of determining the age of an archaeological material
E) determining the radioactive decay rates of a burned object
Q5) Describe the process of archaeological research, the types of information that comprise the archaeological record, and the techniques available for reconstructing the past.
Q6) Which of the following is NOT an example of a relative dating technique?
A) biostratigraphy
B) cross-dating
C) seriation
D) paleomagnetism
E) stratigraphy Page 11
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Chapter 9: Hominin Origins
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Q1) Recently discovered remains from the Tugen Hills, dated to about 6 million years ago have been placed in which genus?
A) Sahelanthropu
B) Australopithecus
C) Paranthropus
D) Ardipithecus
E) Orrorin
Q2) Which of the following is not a chromometric dating method?
A) C-14
B) K-Ar
C) Fluorine dating
D) Thermoluminescence
E) stratigraphy
Q3) The earliest stone tools are dated to approximately
A) 2.6 million years old
B) 25,000 years old
C) 250,000 years old
D) 25 million years old
E) 50 million years old
Q4) What traits best distinguish Homo habilis from the australopiths?
Page 13
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Chapter 10: The First Dispersal of the Genus Homo: Homo
Erectus and Contemporaries
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Q1) The cranial remains from Dmanisi are characteristic of all of the following except
A) are easily distinguishable from modern Homo sapiens
B) bear some similarities to early Homo specimens from East Africa
C) bear similarities to australopithecus specimens
D) have very small cranial capacities
E) are different from other hominins outside Africa
Q2) Thus far, what do the postcranial remains of the Dmanisi hominins indicate?
A) They are indistinguishable from Homo sapiens.
B) They are significantly more robust than other Homo erectus.
C) They are much more similar to modern humans than to Homo erectus.
D) The first hominins to leave Africa were possibly a very early form of H. erectus.
E) They are not bipeds.
Q3) New evidence from Zhoukoudian cave has substantiated the long held notion that Homo erectus used controlled fire.
A)True
B)False
Q4) Discuss the differences between Homo erectus remains from East Africa and the Javanese and Chinese fossils.
Page 14
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Chapter 11: Premodern Humans
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Q1) Homo heidelbergensis refers to finds from China dating to between 850,000 and 200,000 years ago.
A)True
B)False
Q2) List two pieces of genetic evidence that will help determine when fully human language first emerged.
Q3) Dated to approximately 500,000-400,000 years ago, the site of______________has yielded a sample of 4,000 fossil fragments representing about twenty-eight premodern Homo sapiens individuals, more than 80% of all Middle Pleistocene hominin remains in the world.
A) Ehringsdorf
B) Sima de los Huesos
C) Steinheim
D) Swanscombe
E) Petralona
Q4) Contrast the morphology of the earliest European premodern Homo sapiens with that of later European premodern Homo sapiens such as Neandertals.
Q5) Describe the cranial and postcranial anatomy of Neandertal skeletons.
Q6) List five major characteristics of Middle Pleistocene culture.
Page 15
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Chapter 12: The Origin and Dispersal of Modern Humans
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Q1) The Skh l site is dated to approximately ________ years ago.
A) 250,000-200,000
B) 75,000-43,000
C) 200,000-100,000
D) 130,000-100,000
E) 40,000
Q2) Modern human occupation dates to 50,000 in
A) Australia
B) South America
C) North America
D) Africa
E) Europe
Q3) The transition between premodern and anatomically modern forms of humans may have occurred as early as 500,000 years ago in Africa.
A)True
B)False
Q4) Summarize the importance of the discovery of the child's skeleton from the Abrigo do Lagar Velho relative to the debate on modern human origins.
Q5) Review the evidence relative to the human occupation of Australia.
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Chapter 13: Early Holocene Hunters and Gatherers
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Q1) Which of the following is best describes the current position on the role of humans in megafaunal extinctions?
A) Humans likely played only a small role in this event.
B) Humans and disease played an equal role in this event.
C) Human overhunting was the primary cause.
D) They were likely the result of an extreme period of cold at the end of the Ice Age.
E) Paleo-Indian groups hunted and collected one species of animals, leading to the extinction.
Q2) There is clear evidence implicating humans in the extinction of many species of New World animals at the end of the Pleistocene.
A)True
B)False
Q3) What are the different models used to explain the peopling of the New World. Discuss the evidence used to support or refute each model.
Q4) Why is the settlement of the Americas a difficult issue for archaeologists to address? What aspects of this event as well as the approaches that archaeologists use to understand it inhibit our ability to more definitely address this issue?
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Chapter 14: Food Production
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Q1) The development of population density and overall cultural elaboration in the southwestern United States occurred as a result of:
A) the diffusion of maize agriculture migrating northward from Mexico
B) the development of an intensive system of agriculture based on local plant crops and irrigation
C) the introduction of intensive agriculture from the eastern Woodlands
D) the development of complex trade networks throughout the region
E) the distribution of Post-Uto-Aztecan language speakers.
Q2) Researchers agree that the earliest farming cultures in Europe likely resulted from A) the independent development of domestication
B) the migration of farmers from the Americas
C) the diffusion of crops and the idea of agriculture
D) millet cultivation in northern China
E) overexploitation of animals by hunters
Q3) The Old World constitutes the main center for the development of domestication.
A)True
B)False
Q4) Explain major ways in the development of farming in the New World.
Q5) How does the process of animal domestication differ from plant domestication?
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Chapter 15: The First Civilizations
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Q1) Contrast the terms city state and territorial state.
Q2) How has "civilization" been defined in the past? Compare and contrast the use of this term by Childe, Kluckhohn, and current anthropologists.
Q3) What factors are associated with the demise of Teotihuacan?
Q4) The evidence of writing during the Shang dynasty in China was typically associated with
A) recording economic transactions
B) the process of divination or prophecy
C) religious texts
D) records of the succession of royal families
E) property records
Q5) The appearance of cities in Mesopotamia has been linked to all of the following factors except
A) the presence of military conflict
B) economic competition
C) the outgrowth of increased agricultural productivity
D) the building of irrigation systems
E) the decrease in social problems and pollution
Q6) Describe the political organization of Egypt.
Page 19
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Chapter 16: Conclusion
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Q1) Discuss the effects of the earliest farmers and cities that arose with the so-called Neolithic revolution.
Q2) The reason we can say humans have caused changes in the climate is a result of
A) scientific data manipulation and false reporting.
B) claims coming from television commentators and politicians.
C) measurements of coal and petroleum resources.
D) measurements of carbon dioxide emissions.
E) swimming among the coral reefs.
Q3) Because of their relative genetic similarity,
A) domesticated species of grasses are susceptible to disease, drought, and pests.
B) several roots crops are no longer able to sustain populations.
C) scientists are trying to prevent reestablishing genetic diversity in grasses and several root crops through limiting introduction of heterogeneous strains.
D) domesticated species of grasses are better than domesticated species of fowl and animals.
E) domesticated species of plants are never interspersed with different species of plants.
Q4) Define the concept, Anthropocene, and what it implies
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