Medical Embryology
Exam Solutions
Course Introduction
Medical Embryology is an in-depth study of the developmental processes that lead to the formation of a human being from conception to birth. This course covers the fundamental principles of cell division, differentiation, and morphogenesis, including the genetic and molecular mechanisms that control early development. Students will explore key stages such as fertilization, gastrulation, organogenesis, and fetal development, as well as clinically relevant topics like congenital anomalies, teratology, and assisted reproductive technologies. Emphasis is placed on correlating embryological events with normal anatomy and understanding the implications of developmental disorders for medical practice.
Recommended Textbook
Human Embryology and Developmental Biology 5th Edition by Bruce M. Carlson
Available Study Resources on Quizplus
18 Chapters
301 Verified Questions
301 Flashcards
Source URL: https://quizplus.com/study-set/1308 Page 2
Chapter 1: Getting Ready for Pregnancy
Available Study Resources on Quizplus for this Chatper
10 Verified Questions
10 Flashcards
Source URL: https://quizplus.com/quiz/26053
Sample Questions
Q1) In a court case,a company was sued because a pregnant woman was exposed to chemical vapors one day and subsequently gave birth to an infant with a cleft lip/palate.The embryo was said to have had a menstrual age of 10 weeks at the time of exposure.What was the fertilization age of the embryo?
A)6 weeks
B)8 weeks
C)10 weeks
D)12 weeks
E)14 weeks
Answer: B
Q2) After it leaves a seminiferous tubule of the testes,a spermatozoon that fertilizes an ovum spends the longest time in the ____________.
A)Epididymis
B)Ductus deferens
C)Seminal vesicle
D)Cervical crypt
E)Uterine tube
Answer: A
To view all questions and flashcards with answers, click on the resource link above. Page 3
Chapter 2: Transport of Gametes and Fertilization
Available Study Resources on Quizplus for this Chatper
19 Verified Questions
19 Flashcards
Source URL: https://quizplus.com/quiz/26054
Sample Questions
Q1) Under the influence of estrogens secreted before ovulation,which of the following changes in the female reproduction tracts occur(s)to facilitate the transport of the ovulated egg and/or spermatozoa?
A)Decreased smooth muscle activity
B)Increased viscosity of the cervical mucus
C)Increased ciliation of the epithelium of the uterine tube
D)All of the above
E)None of the above
Answer: C
Q2) In humans and other mammals that have been studied,the first spermatozoa arrive in the uterine tubes within _________ of the deposition within the upper vagina.
A)1 minute
B)1 hour
C)6 hours
D)12 hours
E)24 hours
Answer: B
To view all questions and flashcards with answers, click on the resource link above. Page 4
Chapter 3: Cleavage and Implantation
Available Study Resources on Quizplus for this Chatper
18 Verified Questions
18 Flashcards
Source URL: https://quizplus.com/quiz/26055
Sample Questions
Q1) Embryonic stem cells are derived from the _______________.
A)Corona radiata
B)Inner cell mass
C)Cytotrophoblast
D)Syncytiotrophoblast
E)None of the above
Answer: B
Q2) The most common site for an ectopic pregnancy is the ________________.
A)Uterus
B)Cervix
C)Abdominal cavity
D)Uterine tube
E)Ovary
Answer: D
Q3) All of the following structures arise from the inner cell mass except:
A)Epiblast
B)Hypoblast
C)Cytotrophoblast
D)Parietal endoderm
Answer: C
To view all questions and flashcards with answers, click on the resource link above. Page 5
Chapter 4: Molecular Basis for Embryonic Development
Available Study Resources on Quizplus for this Chatper
9 Verified Questions
9 Flashcards
Source URL: https://quizplus.com/quiz/26056
Sample Questions
Q1) Which growth factor must be combined with cholesterol to be active?
A)Sonic hedgehog
B)Fibroblast growth factor-2
C)Transforming growth factor-
D)Bone morphogenetic protein-7
E)None of the above
Q2) Which Hox gene is expressed in the most anterior position in the embryonic body?
A)Hoxc-12
B)Hoxd-11
C)Hoxb-5
D)Hoxa-4
E)Hoxb-9
Q3) -Catenin is an integral part of which signaling/signal transduction pathway?
A)Fibroblast growth factor/receptor tyrosine kinase
B)Wnt
C)Delta-Notch
D)Transforming growth factor/serine-threonine kinase
E)None of the above
To view all questions and flashcards with answers, click on the resource link above.
Chapter 5: Formation of Germ Layers and Early Derivatives
Available Study Resources on Quizplus for this Chatper
16 Verified Questions
16 Flashcards
Source URL: https://quizplus.com/quiz/26057
Sample Questions
Q1) Neural induction occurs through the blocking of what inhibitory molecule?
A)Bone morphogenetic protein-4
B)Activin
C)Sonic hedgehog
D)N-CAM
E)Chordin
Q2) The principal inductor in primary neural induction is the _____________.
A)Hypoblast
B)Primitive streak
C)Extraembryonic mesoderm
D)Notochordal process
E)Embryonic ectoderm
Q3) Induction of the central nervous system is brought about by the action of the ___________ on the overlying ectoderm.
A)Hypoblast
B)Chordamesoderm (notochord)
C)Primitive streak
D)Embryonic endoderm
E)Body stalk
To view all questions and flashcards with answers, click on the resource link above. Page 7
Chapter 6: Establishment of the Basic Embryonic Body Plan
Available Study Resources on Quizplus for this Chatper
28 Verified Questions
28 Flashcards
Source URL: https://quizplus.com/quiz/26058
Sample Questions
Q1) The dorsal pancreatic bud is initially induced from duodenal endoderm by the
A)Liver
B)Notochord
C)Lung bud
D)Yolk sac
E)None of the above
Q2) The first blood cells arise from _______________.
A)Cardiogenic mesoderm
B)Sclerotome
C)Yolk sac endoderm
D)Hindgut endoderm
E)None of the above
Q3) The primordium of which structure is located in the septum transversum?
A)Pancreas
B)Lung
C)Liver
D)Thymus
E)Spleen
To view all questions and flashcards with answers, click on the resource link above. Page 8
Chapter 7: Placenta and Extraembryonic Membranes
Available Study Resources on Quizplus for this Chatper
12 Verified Questions
12 Flashcards
Source URL: https://quizplus.com/quiz/26059
Sample Questions
Q1) The formation of hydatidiform moles is related to a disturbance in ____________.
A)Parental imprinting
B)X-chromosome inactivation
C)Induction
D)Cell migration
E)Hox gene expression
Q2) Which of the following associations is correct?
A)Hydatidiform mole - maternal imprinting
B)Secondary villus - blood vessels
C)Hydramnios - bilateral renal agenesis
D)Yolk sac - blood islands
E)Oligohydramnios - anencephaly
Q3) Hydatidiform mole can be attributed to abnormal _______________.
A)Imprinting
B)Induction
C)X-chromosome inactivation
D)Regulation
E)None of the above
To view all questions and flashcards with answers, click on the resource link above.
9
Chapter 8: Developmental Disorders: Causes, mechanisms, and Patterns
Available Study Resources on Quizplus for this Chatper
11 Verified Questions
11 Flashcards
Source URL: https://quizplus.com/quiz/26060
Sample Questions
Q1) What was the earliest recognized cause of human birth defects?
A)Excess vitamin A
B)Rubella
C)Folic acid deficiency
D)Thalidomide
E)X-radiation
Q2) Which of the following anomalies can be attributed to a disturbance in tissue resorption?
A)Pelvic kidney
B)Cleft lip
C)Anal atresia
D)Renal agenesis
E)Intrauterine digital amputation
Q3) Phocomelia results from exposure to which human teratogen?
A)Retinoic acid
B)Alcohol
C)Aminopterin
D)Thalidomide
E)X-irradiation
To view all questions and flashcards with answers, click on the resource link above. Page 10
Chapter 9: Integumentary, skeletal, and Muscular Systems
Available Study Resources on Quizplus for this Chatper
9 Verified Questions
9 Flashcards
Source URL: https://quizplus.com/quiz/26061
Sample Questions
Q1) The skeletal musculature of the limb arises from the _________________.
A)Somatopleure of the lateral plate mesoderm
B)Neural crest
C)Splanchnopleure of the lateral plate mesoderm
D)Neural tube
E)Somites
Q2) A ________________ is a mononuclear cell committed to forming only skeletal muscle.
A)Myoblast
B)Mesenchymal cell
C)Myotube
D)Schwann cell
E)Melanocyte
Q3) Which of the following associations is correct?
A)MyoD - smooth muscle
B)Mitosis - cardiac muscle
C)Satellite cells - smooth muscle
D)MyoD - cardiac muscle
E)Splanchnic mesoderm - skeletal muscle
To view all questions and flashcards with answers, click on the resource link above. Page 11
Chapter 10: Limb Development
Available Study Resources on Quizplus for this Chatper
17 Verified Questions
17 Flashcards
Source URL: https://quizplus.com/quiz/26062
Sample Questions
Q1) ___________,produced by the apical ectodermal ridge,stimulates outgrowth of the limb bud.
A)Sonic hedgehog
B)Bone morphogenetic protein-7
C)Fibroblast growth factor-4
D)Wnt-7a
E)None of the above
Q2) Syndactyly is due to a disturbance in what embryological mechanism?
A)Induction
B)Programmed cell death
C)Cell migration
D)Failure of tube formation
E)Failure to fuse
Q3) Which anomaly is due to the absence of programmed cell death?
A)Triphalangeal thumb
B)Phocomelia
C)Polydactyly
D)Syndactyly
E)Diplopodia
To view all questions and flashcards with answers, click on the resource link above.
Page 12
Chapter 11: Nervous System
Available Study Resources on Quizplus for this Chatper
15 Verified Questions
15 Flashcards
Source URL: https://quizplus.com/quiz/26063
Sample Questions
Q1) A growth cone would be most likely to respond specifically to _______________.
A)Hoxb-4
B)Sonic hedgehog
C)Wnt-7a
D)Semaphoring
E)Bone morphogenetic protein-4
Q2) A young patient with a tuft of hair over the lumbar region of the vertebral column is operated on for a congenital anomaly in that region.During surgery,it was found that the dura and arachnoid layers over the spinal cord were complete,but the neural arches of several vertebrae were missing.What condition did this patient have?
A)Meningocele
B)Meningomyelocele
C)Encephalocoele
D)Rachischisis
E)Spina bifida occulta
To view all questions and flashcards with answers, click on the resource link above. Page 13
Chapter 12: Neural Crest
Available Study Resources on Quizplus for this Chatper
14 Verified Questions
14 Flashcards
Source URL: https://quizplus.com/quiz/26064
Sample Questions
Q1) Which of the following is a poor substrate for migrating neural crest cells?
A)Laminin
B)Chondroitin sulfate
C)Fibronectin
D)Type IV collagen
E)Hyaluronic acid
Q2) Which is derived from cranial,but not trunk,neural crest?
A)Sensory ganglia
B)Wall of aorta
C)Schwann cells
D)Pigment cells
E)Parasympathetic ganglia
Q3) A newborn exhibits multiple congenital defects including a cleft palate,deafness,ocular hypertelorism,and a white forelock but otherwise dark hair on his head.The probable diagnosis is ________________________:
A)von Recklinghausen's disease
B)Hirschsprung's disease
C)Klinefelter syndrome
D)Arnold-Chiari malformation
E)Waardenburg syndrome
To view all questions and flashcards with answers, click on the resource link above. Page 14
Chapter 13: Sense Organs
Available Study Resources on Quizplus for this Chatper
17 Verified Questions
17 Flashcards
Source URL: https://quizplus.com/quiz/26065
Sample Questions
Q1) The otic placode is induced by interaction of the surface ectoderm with
A)Prosencephalon
B)Mesencephalon
C)Rhombencephalon
D)Cephalic mesoderm
E)Spiral ganglion
Q2) The development of corneal transparency by removal of water from the secondary stroma is mediated by ____________.
A)Thyroxine
B)Catecholamines
C)Fibroblast growth factor
D)Nerve growth factor
E)Crystallins
Q3) Which embryonic tissue contains mesoderm?
A)Oropharyngeal membrane
B)Tympanic membrane
C)Proctodeal membrane
D)Lens
E)None of the above
To view all questions and flashcards with answers, click on the resource link above. Page 15
Chapter 14: Head and Neck
Available Study Resources on Quizplus for this Chatper
33 Verified Questions
33 Flashcards
Source URL: https://quizplus.com/quiz/26066
Sample Questions
Q1) Defective formation of the forebrain is the underlying cause of _____________.
A)Oblique facial cleft
B)Cleft palate
C)Holoprosencephaly
D)Treacher Collins syndrome
E)Agnathia
Q2) In bilateral cleft lip,the clefts are typically found between the _______________.
A)Central incisor teeth
B)Central and lateral incisor teeth
C)Lateral incisor and canine teeth
D)Canine and first molar teeth
E)First and second molar teeth
Q3) The foramen cecum represents the original location of the primordium of the ____________.
A)Thymus
B)Parathyroid glands
C)Thyroid gland
D)Anterior lobe of pituitary gland
E)Posterior lobe of pituitary gland
To view all questions and flashcards with answers, click on the resource link above.
Page 16
Chapter 15: Digestive and Respiratory Systems and Body
Cavities
Available Study Resources on Quizplus for this Chatper
17 Verified Questions
17 Flashcards
Source URL: https://quizplus.com/quiz/26067
Sample Questions
Q1) Which vessel serves as the pivot point for intestinal rotation?
A)Inferior mesenteric artery
B)Hepatic portal vein
C)Celiac artery
D)Umbilical vein
E)Superior mesenteric artery
Q2) Which of the following associations is not correct?
A)Pyramidal lobe of thyroid - neural crest
B)Meckel's diverticulum - heterotopic pancreatic tissue
C)Hindgut - inferior mesenteric artery
D)Walls of second pharyngeal pouches - palatine tonsils
E)Agnathia - branchial arch I
Q3) The septum transversum is most closely associated with early development of the
A)Liver
B)Respiratory system
C)Allantois
D)Dorsal pancreas
E)Yolk stalk
17
To view all questions and flashcards with answers, click on the resource link above.
Chapter 16: Urogenital System
Available Study Resources on Quizplus for this Chatper
29 Verified Questions
29 Flashcards
Source URL: https://quizplus.com/quiz/26068
Sample Questions
Q1) The scrotum arises from the same indifferent structure as the ______________.
A)Uterus
B)Urethra
C)Labia minora
D)Lower vagina
E)Labia majora
Q2) The ureteric bud grows out from the mesonephric duct in response to the secretion of _____________ by the metanephric blastema.
A)Sonic hedgehog
B)En-1
C)Pax-6
D)Glial cellline-derived neurotrophic factor
E)Müllerian-inhibiting substance
Q3) The floor of the penile urethra in the male is homologous to what structure in the female?
A)Clitoris
B)Trigone of the bladder
C)Labia majora
D)Labia minora
E)Perineum
To view all questions and flashcards with answers, click on the resource link above. Page 18
Chapter 17: Cardiovascular System
Available Study Resources on Quizplus for this Chatper
19 Verified Questions
19 Flashcards
Source URL: https://quizplus.com/quiz/26069
Sample Questions
Q1) Which defect can be related to the neural crest?
A)Patent ductus arteriosus
B)Persistent truncus arteriosus
C)Atrial septal defect
D)Anomalous pulmonary return
E)None of the above
Q2) Cells of the secondary heart field contribute to the formation of all except the _____________.
A)Right ventricle
B)Right atrium
C)Outflow
D)Tract
E)Left atrium
F)All of the above are correct
Q3) Neural crest-derived cells constitute much of the ________________.
A)Ductus arteriosus
B)Interventricular septum
C)Interatrial septum
D)Truncoconal ridges
E)Conducting system of the heart
To view all questions and flashcards with answers, click on the resource link above. Page 19
Chapter 18: Fetal Period and Birth
Available Study Resources on Quizplus for this Chatper
8 Verified Questions
8 Flashcards
Source URL: https://quizplus.com/quiz/26070
Sample Questions
Q1) Three days after birth,an infant becomes cyanotic during a prolonged crying spell.The cyanosis is due to venous blood entering the systemic circulation through the
A)Interatrial septum
B)Ductus arteriosus
C)Ductus venosus
D)Umbilical vein
E)Interventricular septum
Q2) The ligamentum teres is the postnatal remains of the ______________.
A)Ductus arteriosus
B)Ductus venosus
C)Umbilical vein
D)Umbilical artery
E)Urachus
Q3) Meconium is formed in the fetal __________.
A)Liver
B)Ileum
C)Lungs
D)Amniotic fluid
E)Kidneys
To view all questions and flashcards with answers, click on the resource link above. Page 20