Marine Science
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Course Introduction
Marine Science is the study of the ocean, its ecosystems, and the life forms that inhabit marine environments. This course covers a broad range of topics including oceanography, marine biology, marine chemistry, and marine geology. Students will explore the physical and chemical properties of seawater, the dynamics of ocean currents, waves, and tides, as well as the diversity and adaptations of marine organisms. Additionally, the course emphasizes the human impact on marine environments, conservation efforts, and the vital role oceans play in global climate and ecological systems.
Recommended Textbook
Oceanography 8th Edition by Tom S. Garrison
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Page 2
Chapter 1: The Origin of the Ocean
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Q1) There were multiple sources of water that contributed to the ocean. How was the majority of the ocean's water formed?
A) The condensation of a cloud composed of dust and gas from exploded stars
B) The condensation and cooling of water vapor
C) The infiltration of comets
D) Run-off from continental land masses
Answer: B
Q2) What forms heavy elements such as gold, mercury, and uranium?
A) A protostar
B) Condensation
C) A supernova
D) A solar nebula
Answer: C
Q3) Amino acids, sugars, proteins, and nucleotides are considered the building blocks of life.
A)True
B)False
Answer: True
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Chapter 2: A History of Marine Science
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Q1) What did Polynesians use to determine if an island was near, but could not be seen yet?
A) The change in the rhythmic set of waves against the hull
B) The Flight tracks of birds at dusk
C) The Smell of the water
D) All of these choices were used
Answer: D
Q2) Who was able to prove that there was not an actual continent in the Arctic?
A) John Murray
B) Fridtjof Nansen
C) Robert E. Peary
D) Charles Wyville Thomson
Answer: B
Q3) Who set out to explore worldwide wind and current patterns for commercial and naval purposes?
A) Charles Wilkes
B) Benjamin Franklin
C) Tim Folger
D) Matthew Maury
Answer: D
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Chapter 3: Earth Structure and Plate Tectonics
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Q1) What type of plate boundary would continental volcanoes like the Cascade Mountains in the western United States be associated with?
A) Divergent plate boundaries
B) Convergent plate boundaries
C) Transform plate boundaries
D) Rift boundary
Answer: B
Q2) What is the name given to Earth's cool, rigid outer layer based on physical properties?
A) Asthenosphere
B) Core
C) Lithosphere
D) Troposphere
Answer: C
Q3) Convection occurs when heat rises which changes the density of a fluid or semisolid substance.
A)True
B)False
Answer: True
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Page 5
Chapter 4: Ocean Basins
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Q1) What specifically connects the continental shelves to the deep-ocean floor?
A) Continental rise
B) Continental slope
C) Shelf break
D) Submarine canyon
Q2) How long is it estimated to take the ocean's volume of water to circulate through the oceanic crust at spreading centers?
A) 1 million years
B) 10 million years
C) 100 million years
D) 1 billion years
Q3) Satellites use ____ to calculate the depths of the ocean.
A) variations in elevation of surface water
B) multibeam echo sounding
C) radiometrics
D) variations in ocean density
Q4) Trenches are often the originators of large earthquakes and tsunamis.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 5: Ocean Sediments
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Q1) Biological sediments are the most abundant sediments due to the high productivity of organisms along the continental shelf.
A)True
B)False
Q2) Clays can remain suspended in a water column for decades before settling due to their small size.
A)True
B)False
Q3) What is not considered a disruption to the normal sorting of the neritic sediments?
A) Glaciation
B) Turbidity currents
C) Wave action
D) Sea level changes
Q4) Both basalt and granite are examples igneous rocks.
A)True
B)False
Q5) Lithification is a process that is often pressure induced.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 6: Water and Ocean Structure
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Q1) Scattering occurs more in water than air due to the greater density of water.
A)True
B)False
Q2) What contributes to the high biological activity and surface nutrients in southern polar waters?
A) Deep-water upwelling
B) Weak stratification
C) There is a lack of continental margins
D) All are contributing factors
Q3) Why does the ocean not boil or freeze solid in different regions of the world?
A) The latent heat of fusion and vaporization balance the heat energy inputs and outputs.
B) Heat is able to be transferred to water vapor.
C) Heat is transported by oceanic and atmospheric circulation.
D) The thermal inertia of water is low in certain regions.
Q4) Why is ice effective at cooling drinks?
A) The sensible heat loss of water
B) The heat capacity of water
C) The latent heat of fusion
D) The diffusion of heat energy
8
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Chapter 7: Ocean Chemistry
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Q1) What is a solute?
A) A substance, usually a liquid, which dissolves other substances
B) A substance that dissolves into another substance
C) A mixture of two or more substances
D) A polar molecule
Q2) Water circulating through rifts and ridges gets altered by coming into contact with the fresh crust, stripping the water of magnesium and other elements.
A)True
B)False
Q3) What is Forchhammer's principle? Give examples of the evidence which allowed Georg Forchhammer to develop this principle. How do residence times provide a foundation for this principle?
Q4) What is the Forchhammer's principle?
A) The saturation level of seawater
B) The constant proportion of solids in seawater
C) The components of seawater from weathering surface rocks
D) The measure of the total mass of halogen ions
Q5) What is the general behavior of pH in seawater? What affect can pH levels at various depths?
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Chapter 8: Circulation of the Atmosphere
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Q1) Do tropical cyclones seemingly follow wind patterns associated with the Coriolis effect? How does the Coriolis effect influence tropical cyclones? Why are there no cyclones found at the equator?
Q2) Why are there multiple atmospheric cells as air moves from the equator to the poles instead of one single cell?
A) There are variations in the solar radiation.
B) There are intermediate precipitation events which break up the air into circulation cells.
C) There are variations in the speed of wind.
D) The Coriolis effect breaks the air mass into atmospheric cells.
Q3) What kind of surface wind patterns occur due to the interaction of atmospheric cells. What are some of the effects on climate where these occur?
Q4) What is true of the intertropical convergence zone?
A) It coincides with the geographical equator.
B) It is the result of the convergence of a Hadley cell and Ferrel cell.
C) It is subject to seasonal variations.
D) It coincides with areas of strong winds.
Q5) What is the Coriolis effect? What impact does it have on global circulation? Be specific.
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Chapter 9: Circulation of the Ocean
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Q1) What prevents North Atlantic Deep Water from moving on a large scale like the Antarctic Bottom Water?
A) The density of the water
B) The topography of the basin
C) The composition of the sediments
D) The salinity of the water
Q2) What water mass is the most saline?
A) North Atlantic Water
B) Mediterranean Deep Water
C) Antarctic Bottom Water
D) North Atlantic Intermediate Water
Q3) What is not a characteristic of western boundary currents?
A) They move warm water poleward.
B) They are fast moving currents.
C) They are deep currents.
D) They are broad currents.
Q4) The horizontal movement of water by wind can lead to vertical movement in surface water.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 10: Waves
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Q1) Why is a storm surge not considered a progressive wave?
A) It is formed by low pressure.
B) It is very short lived.
C) It is only a crest rather than a whole wave.
D) It is enhanced by high tides.
Q2) Why does wave refraction occur?
A) Wave lines approach shore and enter into different depths
B) The density of the wave alters in shallow water
C) Waves break perpendicularly to the shore
D) Waves stack up on shore and bend
Q3) The tsunami that struck northern Japan in March 2011 began when a rupture along a submarine fault uplifted the sea surface by as much as 6 meters.
A)True
B)False
Q4) What are the five different types of waves discussed in this chapter? Which waves are considered to be deep-water waves? Include the disturbing and restoring forces of these waves.
Q5) What is the difference between a storm surge and a seiche? What are the behaviors and causes of each?
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Chapter 11: Tides
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Q1) Tidal current become simpler when they are in the open ocean.
A)True
B)False
Q2) What does Newton's gravitational model not consider when determining influences on tides?
A) The position of the moon and sun
B) The attraction of the moon, sun, and Earth
C) The position of landmasses in relation to the moon
D) The influence of the moon and sun together
Q3) What is the net force of inertia and gravitational attraction combined?
A) Gravitational forces
B) Centrifugal forces
C) Tractive forces
D) Centripetal forces
Q4) What is a disadvantage of using tidal power?
A) It has high operating costs.
B) It requires a large amount of man power.
C) It cannot sustain the world's needs.
D) It adds pollutants to the air.
Q5) What are spring tides and neap tides? What tidal behaviors occur with each?
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Chapter 12: Coasts
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Q1) What is a major contributor to coastal erosion jeopardizing human property?
A) The diverting and damming of rivers
B) The dredging of bays
C) The building of breakwaters
D) The creation of jetties
Q2) Why are erosional coasts prone to become smooth and straight shorelines?
A) Wave refraction
B) Wave energy focuses on headlands
C) Sediments begin to collect at beaches
D) All of these choices
Q3) What is not true of the backshore?
A) It is a relatively inactive zone.
B) It extends to the farthest point that sediment reaches.
C) It extends slightly seaward of the berm crest.
D) It can include dunes and grasses.
Q4) Salt wedge estuaries form their circulation pattern due to the rapid river outflow mixing with ocean water.
A)True
B)False
Q5) How do sediments move along a beach?
Page 14
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Chapter 13: Life in the Ocean
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Q1) What is the immediate organic material produced from inorganic substances?
A) Carbon dioxide
B) Proteins
C) Amino acids
D) Glucose
Q2) A small cell having a high surface-to-volume ratio is more efficient than a large cell with a high volume-to-surface ratio.
A)True
B)False
Q3) A salmon migrates from the ocean to freshwater rivers to spawn. What is the freshwater environment like for the salmon?
A) Hypertonic
B) Hypotonic
C) Isotonic
D) Equitonic
Q4) Although ectotherms can tolerate large ranges in external temperature, they are unable to sustain large fluctuations in their internal temperatures.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 14: Plankton, Algae, and Plants
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Q1) Most phytoplankton stay near the surface to absorb red light.
A)True
B)False
Q2) Picoplankton number 100 million individuals in a liter of seawater at all depths in the ocean.
A)True
B)False
Q3) What planktonic group accounts for 80% of all photosynthesis in the tropics?
A) Picoplankton
B) Nanoplankton
C) Microplankton
D) Mesoplankton
Q4) A highly biological productive ocean surface appears chalky; what plankton is likely successful here?
A) Diatoms
B) Dinoflagellates
C) Coccolithophores
D) Isopods
Q5) What are seaweeds? What are the classifications of seaweeds?
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Chapter 15: Marine Animals
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Q1) What is the most effective anti-drag body plan?
A) Torpedolike
B) Horizontally compressed
C) Vertically compressed
D) Disk-shaped
Q2) What class is comprised of nautiluses, octopuses, and squid?
A) Cephalopoda
B) Bivalia
C) Gastropoda
D) Mollusca
Q3) What is an invertebrate chordate?
A) A chordate that has lost its gill slits
B) A chordate with an underdeveloped dorsal nerve system
C) A chordate that has lost its notochord
D) A chordate that evolved to become an invertebrate
Q4) Squid are the most intelligent invertebrates.
A)True
B)False
Q5) What characteristics have made arthropods the most successful phylum? How do these animals grow? Can you think of any disadvantage of growing this way?
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Chapter 16: Marine Communities
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Q1) What happens to climax communities after a disruption? How do these communities re-establish themselves after a disruption like a tropical storm? What is this process called?
Q2) Why was the feeding strategy of Riftia worms such a mystery to scientists when they were first discovered?
A) These worms have no mouth.
B) These worms have no digestive tract.
C) These worms have no anus.
D) All of these choices
Q3) What is the name for the pelagic community that lives in the upper limits of the permanent darkness in the deep ocean?
A) Climax community
B) Rift community
C) Deep scattering layer
D) Benthic community
Q4) What is the largest marine community?
A) Intertidal community
B) Photic zone community
C) Between the photic zone and the deep bottom
D) Deep bottom communities
Page 18
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Chapter 17: Marine Resources
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Q1) Why does oil seep to the surface from its source rock?
A) Capillary actions
B) Convection
C) Oil is less dense than surrounding sediments
D) Porosity is higher at the surface
Q2) Despite the ocean's vast size, it is unlikely that is will be able to provide enough food to alleviate malnutrition and starvation in the world.
A)True
B)False
Q3) How is freshwater obtained as a marine resource?
A) Potability
B) Evaporation
C) Desalination
D) Reverse osmosis
Q4) In theory, what are free-market economies based upon?
A) The supply of products
B) The consumption of products
C) Pure competition
D) Government policies
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Chapter 18: The Ocean and The Environment
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Q1) There is no commercial fishing allowed in national marine sanctuaries.
A)True
B)False
Q2) What happens to the volatile components after any oil spill?
A) They sink to the bottom sediments
B) They evaporate into the air.
C) They form balls of tar in the wave action.
D) They assimilate by organisms.
Q3) What is a feasible alternative to fossil fuels that might be able to generate enough energy to meet the world's needs?
A) Methane hydrate
B) Nuclear power
C) Wind power
D) Tide power
Q4) The carrying capacity of Earth has not quite been reached yet which is why our population is able to grow.
A)True
B)False
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