Marine Science Exam
Bank
Course Introduction
Marine Science explores the physical, chemical, biological, and geological processes that shape the worlds oceans and coastal environments. This course examines marine ecosystems, ocean circulation, marine organisms and their adaptations, the impact of human activities on marine resources, and the critical role oceans play in the global climate. Students will gain a foundational understanding of marine biodiversity, oceanographic techniques, and current challenges facing marine environments, preparing them to engage with topics such as ocean conservation, sustainable resource management, and marine policy.
Recommended Textbook Oceanography 8th Edition by Tom S. Garrison
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Chapter 1: The Origin of the Ocean
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Q1) The scientific method is characterized as:
A) an orderly process in which theories are proved to be absolutely true.
B) an orderly process in which a test simplifies an observation in nature by controlling the conditions in which they are made.
C) an orderly process in which theories are verified or rejected.
D) a testable speculation or explanation of a theory.
Answer: C
Q2) Since the formation of our ocean, Earth has made approximately ____ orbits around the galaxy.
A) 20
B) 42
C) 230
D) 280
Answer: A
Q3) Which does not describe a law?
A) A law summarizes observations.
B) A law explains observations.
C) A law is the largest construct to summarize experimental observations
D) A law explains unvarying uniformity under the same conditions.
Answer: B
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Chapter 2: A History of Marine Science
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Q1) The Norwegian Vikings began looking westward after French, Irish, and British strengthened their defenses against their raids.
A)True
B)False
Answer: True
Q2) Where was the first "zero longitude" line?
A) Athens
B) Rome
C) Alexandria
D) Greenwich
Answer: B
Q3) National pride, scientific curiosity, and various advancements in shipbuilding fueled the golden age of polar exploration much like the spread of commerce fueled the original golden age of exploration.
A)True
B)False
Answer: True
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Page 4
Chapter 3: Earth Structure and Plate Tectonics
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Q1) Francis Bacon thought the continents were once joined together, even naming the single continent Pangaea and the surrounding ocean Panthalassa.
A)True
B)False
Answer: False
Q2) The Earth's core only effects S wave behavior.
A)True
B)False
Answer: False
Q3) If P and S waves were to travel at the same constant speeds, what could be inferred about the Earth's interior?
A) The interior is density stratified.
B) The interior is liquid.
C) The interior is homogenous.
D) The interior is solid
Answer: C
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Chapter 4: Ocean Basins
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Q1) What specifically connects the continental shelves to the deep-ocean floor?
A) Continental rise
B) Continental slope
C) Shelf break
D) Submarine canyon
Q2) The weight of ice atop a continent can depress the depth of the shelf break.
A)True
B)False
Q3) What process explains how hydrothermal vents are created?
A) Fracture zones
B) Conduction
C) Convection
D) Pressure
Q4) What is a hydrothermal vent? What process is involved in their making? Who is responsible for discovering these vents?
Q5) The sinking of the RMS Titanic fueled research that would change the science of bathymetry.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 5: Ocean Sediments
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Q1) Most sediments have a composition derived from a mixture of origins.
A)True
B)False
Q2) Which is not a common particle size for most marine sediments?
A) Clay
B) Silt
C) Sand
D) Pebbles
Q3) The compression of small biological particles into fecal pellets increases the rate at which they sink to the bottom.
A)True
B)False
Q4) A deep ocean ooze was discovered near Antarctica. What type is it likely to be?
A) Radiolarian ooze
B) Calcareous ooze
C) Diatom ooze
D) Foraminfera ooze
Q5) Lithification is a process that is often pressure induced.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 6: Water and Ocean Structure
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Q1) ____ connect(s) atoms by sharing the energy of paired electrons.
A) Covalent bonds
B) Hydrogen bonds
C) Cohesion
D) Adhesion
Q2) Lower frequencies of sound are absorbed sooner than higher frequencies in water.
A)True
B)False
Q3) The pycnocline isolates the majority of the world ocean from:
A) heating and cooling brought on by solar energy fluctuations.
B) wind driven circulations.
C) light.
D) All of these choices conditions.
Q4) What is the only substance to have a higher heat capacity than liquid water?
A) Acetone
B) Gasoline
C) Ammonia
D) Ice
Q5) How is heat moved from the tropics to the poles? Be specific. How is most heat energy transported?
8
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Chapter 7: Ocean Chemistry
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Q1) What happens to pH levels in regions where there is more carbon dioxide present?
A) Carbon dioxide does not heavily impact pH levels.
B) The pH levels increase in these regions.
C) The pH levels decrease in these regions.
D) The seawater is able to buffer enough that there is no change.
Q2) Why is the amount of carbon dioxide dissolved in seawater much less than the theoretical maximum saturation level?
A) Carbon dioxide is very soluble in water.
B) Carbon dioxide is able to form a weak acid when combined with seawater.
C) Carbon dioxide is quickly used by photosynthetic organisms.
D) Carbon dioxide moves quickly from the atmosphere to the ocean.
Q3) What affects the residence time of an element?
A) Its saturation level
B) Its chemical equilibrium in water
C) Its chemical activity in water
D) The principle of constant proportions
Q4) What is the difference between major constituents, minor constituents, and trace elements? What are some examples of each?
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Page 9
Chapter 8: Circulation of the Atmosphere
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Q1) What is the tendency of pausing air masses over land?
A) They become low pressure systems when they pause.
B) They become high pressure systems when they pause.
C) They take on the characteristics of the land below them.
D) They finally become uniform in temperature, humidity, and density.
Q2) What is a cause of atmospheric circulation?
A) The temperature of Earth's surface
B) Conduction currents
C) The amount of reflection of solar radiation
D) The Coriolis Effect
Q3) What kind of surface wind patterns occur due to the interaction of atmospheric cells. What are some of the effects on climate where these occur?
Q4) Low pressure systems form over heated landmasses in the summer while high pressure systems form over the ocean.
A)True
B)False
Q5) Cyclones are rotating high pressure systems in which winds converge and ascend.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 9: Circulation of the Ocean
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Q1) Which water mass is not produced by caballing?
A) North Atlantic Intermediate Water
B) Antarctic Intermediate Water
C) Antarctic Bottom Water
D) Mediterranean Deep Water
Q2) What is used to visualize ocean layering?
A) A caballing chart
B) A circulation histogram
C) A layering table
D) A temperature-salinity diagram
Q3) Where is density stratification the least pronounced?
A) Temperate latitudes
B) Polar latitudes
C) Tropical latitudes
D) Areas where there is upwelling
Q4) What does not affect surface currents?
A) Gravity
B) Coriolis Effect
C) Wind
D) Density
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Chapter 10: Waves
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Q1) What generates internal waves?
A) Wind energy
B) Tidal energy
C) Ocean currents
D) All of these choices
Q2) What is the difference between a storm surge and a seiche? What are the behaviors and causes of each?
Q3) The longer the wavelength is on a wave, the slower the wave energy moves through the water.
A)True
B)False
Q4) What is the relative ratio of height to wavelength in a tsunami?
A) It is extremely high.
B) It is incalculable.
C) It is extremely low.
D) It is calculated based on the seismic forces
Q5) What causes a tsunami? Compare the losses due to the Indonesian (2004) and Japan (2011) earthquakes. How could the loss of life and property have been minimized?
Q6) How do wave trains travel? How do they interact with each other?
Page 12
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Chapter 11: Tides
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Q1) Why does the moon have more of an impact on tides than the sun?
A) The size of the moon is more in balance to Earth
B) The distance of the moon is closer
C) The sun has more power over the tides than the moon
D) The earth rotates around the sun
Q2) Newton's knew his equilibrium theory of tides was incomplete because the maximum theoretical range was significantly lower than actual tidal ranges.
A)True
B)False
Q3) What is the name for tides caused by inertia and the gravitational force of both the sun and the moon?
A) Solar tides
B) Lunar tides
C) Meteorological tides
D) Astronomical tides
Q4) Tidal energy as not as successful as other marine energy sources.
A)True
B)False
Q5) What are spring tides and neap tides? What tidal behaviors occur with each?
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Chapter 12: Coasts
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Q1) What function does a bay mouth bar provide?
A) It protects the area from waves.
B) It protects the area from turbulence.
C) It encourages the accumulation of sediments.
D) All of these choices
Q2) What is a coastal cell?
A) A section of coastline that has a balance of input and output of sand
B) An active section of coastline
C) A section of coastline that is heavily influenced by an atmospheric cell above
D) A current that conducts sediments towards the shore
Q3) Coasts refer to an entire area that is affected by biological processes in addition to tectonic activity.
A)True
B)False
Q4) Fringing reefs are separated from land by a lagoon.
A)True
B)False
Q5) What are some of the functions of an estuary? Can you hypothesize why it is important to save for animals? What about for humans?
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Chapter 13: Life in the Ocean
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Q1) What is convergent evolution?
A) Organisms that evolve to look similar due to environmental conditions
B) The natural selection applied to one population rather than another
C) The random alteration in genetic variation
D) Evolution due to geographical isolation
Q2) What are Darwin's postulates of natural selection?
Q3) Living organisms represent the flow of energy towards decreasing order or chaos.
A)True
B)False
Q4) The trace metal iron is required for photosynthesis and nitrogen fixing enzymes.
A)True
B)False
Q5) What is a heterotroph?
A) An organism that creates its own food
B) An organism that eat other organism
C) An organism the conducts chemosynthesis
D) An organism that remains plankton for its entire life
Q6) What is the difference between an artificial system of classification and a natural system of classification? Which do we use today? Explain our current taxonomic system.
Page 15
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Chapter 14: Plankton, Algae, and Plants
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Q1) After a plankton bloom, nonconservative nutrients are produced in high levels.
A)True
B)False
Q2) What new method is being used to calculate productivity by estimating the chlorophyll?
A) Biomass
B) Orbiting satellites
C) Radioactive tagging
D) Light-dark reactions
Q3) What makes light absorption in diatoms more effective than just using chlorophyll?
A) Surface-to-volume
B) Microbial loop
C) Frustule perforations
D) Accessory pigments
Q4) What are the disadvantages of using biomass as a means to calculate primary productivity? What are some other means used to measure this productivity?
Q5) Compare and contrast two of the three phytoplankton discussed at length in this chapter (Diatoms, Dinoflagellates, and Coccolithophores).
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Chapter 15: Marine Animals
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Q1) What needle-like structure provides a skeletal network for a sponge?
A) Cnidoblasts
B) Polyps
C) Spicules
D) Zooxanthellae
Q2) What adaptation have only toothed whales developed for prey detection?
A) Ability to generate internal body heat
B) Bradycardia
C) Advanced gas exchange system
D) Echolocation
Q3) Platyhelminthes were the first organisms to have:
A) fully developed brain.
B) notochord.
C) central nervous system.
D) eyes
Q4) The first fish evolved about 50 million years ago.
A)True
B)False
Q5) Compare and contrast the three phyla of worms. Which is considered to be the most evolutionarily advanced?
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Chapter 16: Marine Communities
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Q1) If an environment is changed by disruption, a different climax community always establishes.
A)True
B)False
Q2) What is the largest marine community?
A) Intertidal community
B) Photic zone community
C) Between the photic zone and the deep bottom
D) Deep bottom communities
Q3) What is arguably the best-adapted organism for the deep uniform environment of the ocean?
A) Brittle stars
B) Anglerfish
C) Tripod dish
D) Gulper eels
Q4) What challenges are faced by coral reefs today? What is the advantage of living in the tropical ocean which contains few nutrients? Hint: include reference to the National Geographic segment about the Southern Line Islands
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Page 18
Chapter 17: Marine Resources
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Q1) Many harvested marine animals are sustainable because they are being caught below the maximum sustainable yield.
A)True
B)False
Q2) There are less than 500 species of fish, crustacean, and mollusks that are regularly harvested from the ocean.
A)True
B)False
Q3) What is not true of territorial waters?
A) They extend 18.2 kilometers from the shore.
B) A nation has the jurisdiction over territorial waters.
C) Territorial waters include straits that might be used for international navigation.
D) Territorial waters include exclusive economic zones.
Q4) How much of the world's table salt is produced by the evaporation of seawater?
A) One quarter
B) One third
C) One half
D) Three-quarters
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Page 19
Chapter 18: The Ocean and The Environment
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Q1) The sun's radiance usually has a ____ variation.
A) 1%
B) 10%
C) 20%
D) 40%
Q2) What could happen if global warming were to continue?
A) Changes in global winds and rainfall
B) Rise in ocean temperatures
C) Decrease in dissolved gases
D) All of these choices
Q3) Which habitat is the most impacted by pollutants?
A) Estuaries
B) Intertidal zones
C) Deep-water zones
D) Coral reefs
Q4) The carrying capacity of Earth has not quite been reached yet which is why our population is able to grow.
A)True
B)False
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