Marine Conservation Biology Exam Preparation Guide
Course Introduction
Marine Conservation Biology explores the principles and practices involved in preserving marine biodiversity and ecosystems. The course examines the ecological processes that sustain ocean life, the threats facing marine environments such as overfishing, habitat destruction, climate change, and pollution and the scientific methods used to assess and mitigate these impacts. Students will investigate the design and effectiveness of marine protected areas, restoration techniques, policy frameworks, and community-based conservation strategies. Emphasis is placed on using interdisciplinary approaches and current research to promote sustainable management and recovery of marine species and habitats.
Recommended Textbook
Introduction to Marine Biology 4th Edition by George Karleskint
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Page 2
Chapter 1: Science and Marine Biology
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which United States marine science center is not on the Pacific Coast?
A) Scripps Institute of Oceanography.
B) Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science.
C) Duke University Marine Laboratory.
D) Harbor Branch Oceanographic Institute.
Answer: B
Q2) Describe the modern techniques for studying marine biology and the dissemination of information about marine biology.
Answer: Various technologies such as ROVs, submersibles, SCUBA diving that allow access to the underwater world. Satellites can now study the oceans remotely as can deep-sea submersibles and underwater stations. Information can now be circulated about new findings via the Internet.
Q3) Fridtjof Nansen
A)Voyage of the Beagle
B)American-led marine biology expeditions
C)Challenger expedition
D)expedition to the North Pole
Answer: D
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3
Chapter 2: Fundamentals of Ecology
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Sample Questions
Q1) An important inorganic nutrient needed by marine photosynthetic organisms is:
A) glucose.
B) amino acids.
C) lipids.
D) nitrates.
E) carbohydrates.
Answer: D
Q2) Think of a marine organism that you are familiar with and describe all aspects of its niche, including both biotic and abiotic characteristics of the niche.
Answer: An example could be a coral polyp. Its niche is that of a builder of coral reefs in tropical and subtropical areas. It is a voracious predator of planktonic organisms, but at the same time it is involved in a mutualistic symbiotic relationship with zooxanthellae. Polyps are limited in their distribution by the amount of sunlight in the water and the temperature of the water. In addition, they are preyed upon by coral-eating fishes and echinoderms and succumb to various diseases.
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Chapter 3: Geology of the Ocean
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Sample Questions
Q1) Sediments that are composed of the remains of once living organisms are called:
A) cosmogenous.
B) hydrogenous.
C) inorganic..
D) biogenous.
E) terrigenous.
Answer: D
Q2) Inner Core
A)dense, hot, rich in iron and nickel
B)granite or basalt
C)magnesium - iron silicates
Answer: A
Q3) Seafloor spreading
A)where new ocean bottom is formed
B)where most earthquakes occur
C)where ocean plate goes below terrestrial plate
Answer: A
Q4) Define a nautical mile, the unit of distance used in oceanic navigation. Answer: A nautical mile is equal to one minute of latitude (1.85 km or 1.15 land miles).
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Chapter 4: Water, Waves, and Tides
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Sample Questions
Q1) A zone of rapid temperature change is called a(n):
A) pycnocline.
B) thermocline.
C) halocline.
D) isocline.
Q2) A tidal pattern of two equal high and low tides per day is called a:
A) mixed semidiurnal tide.
B) semidiurnal tide.
C) diurnal tide.
D) spring tide.
E) neap tide.
Q3) The polarity of a water molecule is due to:
A) the greater number of hydrogen atoms relative to oxygen.
B) the uneven attraction of electrons to the oxygen atom.
C) the uneven attraction of electrons to the hydrogen atoms.
D) the uneven attraction of protons to the oxygen atom.
E) the number of neutrons in the nucleus.
Q4) List the most abundant ions in seawater, from most to least abundant.
Q5) Describe the physical factors involved in the layering of the oceans.
Q6) What property of water allows it to stick to objects and make them wet?
Page 6
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Chapter 5: Biological Concepts
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Sample Questions
Q1) Anatomical isolation
A)divergent courtship methods
B)spatially separated
C)incompatible copulatory organs
Q2) Binary fission
A)reduction division
B)cell splitting in two C)nuclear duplication
Q3) Fats, oils, and waxes are called:
A) sugars.
B) polysaccharides.
C) lipids.
D) proteins.
E) monomers.
Q4) Natural selection
A)acts on organisms with disadvantages under existing environmental conditions
B)affects generations that are better adapted to existing environmental conditions
C)is unique
Q5) Describe the four premises of Darwin's theory of evolution by natural selection.
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Chapter 6: Marine Microbes
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Sample Questions
Q1) Filamentous marine fungi asexual reproduction
A)conidiospores
B)budding
C)ascocarp
Q2) A bacteria sample is taken from the immediate vicinity of a hydrothermal vent. You would expect for it to most likely contain
A) diatoms.
B) hyperthermophiles.
C) lignicolous fungi.
D) cyanobacteria.
Q3) Diatoms reproduce by binary fission.
A)True
B)False
Q4) Virus size is
A) 300 to 400 \(\mu\)m.
B) 10 to 400 mm.
C) 10 to 200 cm.
D) 10 to 400 nm.
E) 300 to 400 mm.
Q5) Briefly explain why viruses are not considered living organisms.
Page 8
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Chapter 7: Multicellular Primary Producers
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Sample Questions
Q1) Seed-producing plants first evolved ____.
A) on land
B) in freshwater
C) in the ocean
D) in estuaries
E) from red algae ancestors.
Q2) The greatest diversity of algae is found at:
A) tropical latitudes.
B) polar latitudes.
C) subtropical latitudes.
D) temperate latitudes.
Q3) Springtime vegetative growth in seagrasses is primarily due to metabolism of starch stored in the:
A) roots.
B) leaves.
C) rhizomes.
D) turions.
Q4) Algae can reproduce both sexually and asexually.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 8: Lower Invertebrates
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Sample Questions
Q1) Large sponges belonging to the class ____ are harvested for commercial use.
A) Hexactinellida
B) Sclerospongia
C) Spheciospongia
D) Demospongia
E) Calcarea
Q2) Porifera
A)comb plates
B)filter feeder
C)reef forming
Q3) Which of the following is not a member of the phylum Platyhelminthes?
A) fluke
B) tapeworm
C) flatworm
D) ribbon worm
Q4) Platyhelminthes
A)Cilia for locomotion
B)Collar cells
C)Stinging cells
Q5) What are 2 functions of naturally produced chemical defenses in sponges?
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Chapter 9: Higher Invertebrates
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Sample Questions
Q1) Nautilus
A)eight arms
B)ten arms in five pairs
C)small internal shell
D)large external shell
Q2) The function of chelicerae is similar to that of the __________ in crabs and lobsters.
A) reproductive organs.
B) antenna.
C) mouthparts.
D) claws.
Q3) Echinodermata
A)benthic filter feeders; live as infauna
B)all types of feeding represented
C)benthic filter feeders; live as epifauna
Q4) Echinodermata
A)Transparent, torpedo-shaped body
B)Water-vascular system
C)Post-anal tail
Q5) Contrast the various functions of the mantle between Cephalopods and Gastropods.
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Chapter 10: Marine Fishes
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Sample Questions
Q1) The neuromast cells are part of the system to A) process light.
B) sense electrical currents in the water.
C) control balance.
D) detect vibrations.
E) detect dissolved chemicals.
Q2) Most sodium chloride is excreted from marine bony fishes through:
A) the kidneys.
B) the gills.
C) salt glands.
D) the feces.
E) diffusion.
Q3) Unlike cartilaginous fishes, bony fishes do not have a keen sense of smell.
A)True
B)False
Q4) Which of the following is not a camouflage device?
A) chromatophores
B) iridophores
C) thigmotaxis
D) obliterative countershading
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Chapter 11: Reptiles and Birds
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Q1) Sea Snakes
A)Worldwide in tropics and subtropics
B)Galapagos Islands
C)Coastlines in Australia, India, Asia
D)Tropical Indo-Pacific
Q2) Penguins
A)Clam dropping
B)Surface plunging
C)Pursuit diving with wings
D)Aerial pursuit and robbing other birds
Q3) Describe 2 adaptations of sea turtles that allow them to live in the marine environment. How are these turtles different from land turtles?
Q4) All the following are adaptations of reptiles both on land and in the ocean except:
A) improved circulatory system over the fishes.
B) very efficient kidneys.
C) scale-covered skin without glands.
D) dark bodies.
Q5) What are 3 human activities that negatively affect sea turtle survival?
Q6) What are 3 adaptations of penguins for living in the sea?
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Chapter 12: Marine Mammals
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Sample Questions
Q1) Sea Lion
A)Fur
B)Fur and fat
C)Blubber
Q2) Baleen Whales
A)vegetation
B)plankton
C)fish, squid
Q3) Dolphins have a beak whereas porpoises have a rounded blunt head.
A)True
B)False
Q4) Flipper Flapping
A)marking a position
B)unknown
C)aggressive behavior
Q5) Blue Whale
A)squid
B)crabs, cuttlefish, flounder and halibut
C)krill
Q6) List the 3 major groups of baleen whales and give their major features.
Page 14
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Chapter 13: Intertidal Communities
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Sample Questions
Q1) How does the introduction of predators to a habitat decrease the effects of competition between two other species?
Q2) Black zone
A)Fuzzy chiton
B)Knobby periwinkle
C)Nerites
Q3) Resurgence
A)low tide water retained
B)continuous water
C)due to capillary action of water
Q4) Supralittoral fringe
A)acorn barnacles
B)mussels
C)periwinkles
Q5) Rough periwinkles that live in the splash zone use ____ for respiration.
A) gills
B) lungs
C) the mantle cavity
D) the foot
E) the radula
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Chapter 14: Estuaries
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Sample Questions
Q1) Zostera
A)soft-shell clam
B)waterfowl
C)green turtles
Q2) Estuaries tend to be well supplied in the following limiting nutrient(s) of the open ocean:
A) phosphorus.
B) nitrogen and silica.
C) phosphorus and silica.
D) nitrogen and phosphorus.
E) carbon and oxygen.
Q3) Rhizomes
A)algae
B)red mangrove
C)seagrasses
D)black mangrove
Q4) Negative estuary
A)Evaporation can exceed freshwater input.
B)Fresh water flows over seawater.
C)Dense surface seawater mixes into freshwater below.
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Chapter 15: Coral Reef Communities
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Sample Questions
Q1) Broadcast spawning refers to
A) having multiple reproductive partners.
B) releasing sperm into surrounding waters.
C) releasing eggs into surrounding waters.
D) internal fertilization.
E) both b and c
Q2) An active hunter on the coral reef is a(n)
A) sponge.
B) cnidarian.
C) giant clam.
D) octopus.
E) crinoid.
Q3) The planktonic larvae of coral polyps are called:
A) trochophore.
B) zoea.
C) planula.
D) megalopa.
E) echinopluteus.
Q4) Describe at least 3 physical factors that limit coral reef distribution.
Q5) Outline the three mechanisms by which corals obtain their nutrition.
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Chapter 16: Continental Shelves and Neritic Zone
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Sample Questions
Q1) On the west coast of North America, sea urchins were historically kept in check by:
A) lobsters.
B) surf perches.
C) sea otters.
D) crabs.
E) SCUBA divers.
Q2) Dinoflagellates tend to dominate in warmer waters.
A)True
B)False
Q3) In soft-bottom communities deposit feeders dominate
A) where sediments are generally muddy.
B) as epifauna on worm tubes.
C) as meiofauna.
D) where sediments are generally sandy.
E) where oxygen levels are low.
Q4) One square meter of open ocean areas supports more phytoplankton growth than a comparable coastal water area.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 17: The Open Sea
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Sample Questions
Q1) The dominant primary producers in tropical open ocean areas are:
A) large net phytoplankton.
B) small nanoplankton.
C) diatoms.
D) algae.
E) seaweeds.
Q2) Micropatchiness
A)aggregations of nekton
B)migratory zooplankton
C)marine snow
Q3) To avoid sinking the purple sea snail
A) uses jet propulsion from the mantle to move upward.
B) has wings on its foot for swimming.
C) has gas vacuoles in its shell.
D) produces a bubble raft surrounded by mucus.
E) fills its liver with low-density oil.
Q4) What is meant by the terms "holoplankton" and "meroplankton"?
Q5) Describe at least 3 of the adaptations used by plankton in their efforts to remain near the surface.
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Chapter 18: Life in the Oceans Depths
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Q1) Abundance
A)number of individuals
B)number of species
C)how long a community persists
Q2) Primary consumers of the vent communities include all except A) clams.
B) fish.
C) mussels.
D) worms.
E) shrimp.
Q3) All of the following are major components of the deep sea food web except: A) detritus.
B) nocturnal vertical migration to feed near the surface.
C) larger predators feeding on the small deep sea organisms.
D) photosynthesis.
E) scavenging.
Q4) The eyes of many deep-sea fishes are tubular.
A)True
B)False
Q5) What physical features characterize the deep sea? Describe three factors.
Page 20
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Chapter 19: Harvesting the Oceans Resources
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Q1) Traditionally, fisheries management has generally focused on A) single species management.
B) multi-species management.
C) poly-culture.
D) aquaculture.
E) creation of marine reserves.
Q2) What problems are associated with desalination?
Q3) In warm areas, salt is extracted from seawater by:
A) evaporation.
B) freezing.
C) reverse osmosis.
D) chemical methods.
E) filtration.
Q4) Increases in fishing effort have led to a proportional increase in fisheries yield.
A)True
B)False
Q5) Give an example of how knowledge of the biology and life history of a particular fishery could help in the management of that fishery?
Q6) Describe at least 3 effects of mangrove destruction on marine habitats.
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Chapter 20: Oceans in Jeopardy
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Q1) Microorganisms
A)polychlorinated biphenyls
B)benzene and other ring-shaped molecules
C)heptane and other straight-chain molecules
D)coliforms
Q2) When a pollutant interferes with photosynthesis of phytoplankton it indirectly affects higher trophic levels.
A)True
B)False
Q3) Filter feeders
A)presence indicates sewage pollution
B)concentrate hepatitis viruses
C)mercury poisoning, DDT and PCBs
Q4) Describe at least 3 effects of oil spills on marine organisms and the marine environment.
Q5) Shoreline and recreational activity
A)Fishing nets, buoys, and traps
B)Building materials
C)Food and beverage containers
D)Condoms and tampons
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