Marine Biology
Chapter Exam Questions
Course Introduction
Marine Biology is the scientific study of organisms in the ocean and other saltwater environments, including their physiology, behaviors, interactions, and ecological roles within diverse marine ecosystems. This course examines the classification, adaptations, and life cycles of marine life forms ranging from microscopic plankton to large marine mammals. Students will explore major oceanic habitats such as coral reefs, deep-sea trenches, estuaries, and polar seas, addressing the effects of environmental factors and human activities on marine biodiversity. Through a combination of lectures, laboratory work, and field observations, the course develops foundational knowledge and research skills essential for understanding and conserving marine environments.
Recommended Textbook
Introduction to Marine Biology 4th Edition by George Karleskint
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Chapter 1: Science and Marine Biology
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Q1) People often use the term "theory" in a variety of ways, but to a scientist, a theory has a specific meaning. Briefly describe the important features of a scientifically based theory.
Answer: A scientific theory proposes an understanding of phenomena that has developed based on the results from numerous observations and hypotheses that have been tested independently many times, and a majority of scientists believe it to have significant explanatory power because the best available science supports it. A theory is subject to rejection if enough evidence accumulates against it.
Q2) Charles Darwin proposed the theory of evolution based on data he collected during:
A) the Beagle expedition.
B) the Challenger expedition.
C) the observations of Agassiz.
D) Alvin's dives.
E) his time spent on the rocky coastline of England.
Answer: A
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Chapter 2: Fundamentals of Ecology
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Q1) phytoplankton
A)primary producer
B)first-order consumer
C)DOM producer
D)detritivores
Answer: A
Q2) Carrying Capacity
A)Logistic
B)Exponential growth
Answer: A
Q3) Homeostasis is the maintenance by organisms of a balanced state of internal conditions.
A)True
B)False
Answer: True
Q4) What is the difference between the rocky intertidal community and the rocky intertidal ecosystem?
Answer: A community is an assemblage of populations of different species, whereas an ecosystem is the community and the physical environment in which they live.
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Chapter 3: Geology of the Ocean
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Q1) Terrigenous
A)seawater chemical processes
B)land erosion processes
C)from living organisms
D)from outer space
Answer: B
Q2) Drowned rivers help create:
A) shelf breaks.
B) continental margins.
C) submarine canyons.
D) turbidity currents.
E) continental trenches.
Answer: C
Q3) The first heterotrophs obtained their energy from A) autotrophs.
B) chemosynthetic organisms.
C) organic material in the ocean.
D) photosynthetic organisms.
Answer: B
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Chapter 4: Water, Waves, and Tides
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Sample Questions
Q1) Diurnal
A)one low and high
B)two different highs and lows
C)two equal highs and lows
Q2) The specific heat of water is
A) a gram of substance.
B) energy required to raise a gram of substance 1S1U1P1\(\circ\)S1S1P0 F.
C) calories need to heat seawater.
D) energy required to raise a gram of substance 1S1U1P1\(\circ\)S1S1P0 C.
E) energy required to evaporate 1 gram of liquid water.
Q3) Deepwater wave
A)a wave that bends
B)water depth <a wave's length
C)water depth >a wave's length
Q4) The density of air increases with:
A) increasing temperature.
B) decreasing pressure.
C) increasing moisture.
D) decreasing moisture.
Q5) What is capillary action of water and how does it occur?
Page 6
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Chapter 5: Biological Concepts
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Q1) Genes are composed of DNA sequences and are condensed into larger structures called:
A) DNA.
B) proteins.
C) chromosomes.
D) lipids.
E) cell membranes.
Q2) Flagella
A)protects DNA
B)energy powerhouse
C)selects what enters the cell
D)propels cell through liquids
Q3) Anatomical isolation
A)divergent courtship methods
B)spatially separated
C)incompatible copulatory organs
Q4) Enzymes
A)muscle
B)biological catalysts
C)semi-rigid body parts of animals
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Chapter 6: Marine Microbes
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Q1) Oligotrichs
A)have a lorica
B)few body cilia
C)dense and uniform distribution of cilia
Q2) An important role of bacteria is:
A) primary producers.
B) decomposers.
C) nitrogen fixation.
D) all of the above
Q3) A virus's nucleocapsid is sometimes covered with a(n):
A) capsid.
B) virion.
C) organic material.
D) envelope.
E) membrane.
Q4) The toxins of dinoflagellates are destroyed by cooking or heating.
A)True
B)False
Q5) Compare and contrast aerobic and aerobic bacterial photosynthesis in terms of a) the source of electrons used by each; b) the final products of both reactions.
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Chapter 7: Multicellular Primary Producers
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Sample Questions
Q1) Explain the basis for how the three groups of macroalgae are divided, and name the main pigment(s) characteristic to each group.
Q2) Mangrove trees have specialized ____ to stabilize the plant in ____.
A) roots, mud
B) holdfast, rocks
C) roots, rocks
D) holdfast, mud
E) roots, sand
Q3) Red algae
A)gametangia
B)tetrasporophyte
C)zygote
Q4) All of the following are hydrophytes except:
A) turtle grass.
B) Zostera.
C) surf grass.
D) cordgrass.
Q5) Why is it possible for multicellular green and red algae to reproduce asexually by fragmentation but not the brown algae?
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Chapter 8: Lower Invertebrates
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which of the following is not bilaterally symmetric?
A) turbellarian
B) lamp shell
C) ribbon worm
D) phoronid
E) comb jelly
Q2) Name the three animal phyla that feed and respire with a lophophore.
Q3) Ctenophores are lined with 10 rows of long tentacles used for locomotion.
A)True
B)False
Q4) The skeletal elements that give support to a sponge's body are called
A) choanocytes.
B) spongin.
C) spicules.
D) collar cells.
E) porocytes.
Q5) Anthozoan
A)polyp
B)medusa and polyp
C)medusa
10
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Chapter 9: Higher Invertebrates
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Sample Questions
Q1) The molluscan shell does not contain the:
A) periostracum.
B) prismatic layer.
C) narceous layer.
D) mantle.
Q2) The role of arroworms in the pelagic ecosystem is to:
A) filter feed on small plankton.
B) link primary and higher consumers in the food chain.
C) prevent grazers from population explosions.
D) scavenge nutrition from dying animals.
E) recycle nutrients from detritus.
Q3) All of the following apply to the subphylum Chelicerata of the phylum Arthropoda except:
A) they have chelicerae.
B) males are smaller than females.
C) body is composed of three parts.
D) they have three pairs of antennae.
Q4) Even though echinoderms are considered advanced invertebrates, they are radially symmetric in a way similar to the simple cnidarians. What advantage does radial symmetry confer upon echinoderms?
Page 11
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Chapter 10: Marine Fishes
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Q1) Which of the following is not a camouflage device?
A) chromatophores
B) iridophores
C) thigmotaxis
D) obliterative countershading
Q2) How can sharks use their ampullae of Lorenzini to discern between healthy and injured prey items?
Q3) Tails that have equally sized upper and lower lobes are called:
A) heterocercal.
B) ganoid.
C) cycloid.
D) homocercal.
E) ctenoid.
Q4) Herrings and eels
A)gulping air and "spitting it out"
B)gas gland
Q5) Unlike cartilaginous fishes, bony fishes do not have a keen sense of smell.
A)True
B)False
Q6) How are the eyes of sharks well adapted to the environment in which they live?
Page 12
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Chapter 11: Reptiles and Birds
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Q1) Chorion
A)disposal of waste
B)embryo containing sac
C)gas exchange
Q2) Snakes
A)Four-chambered heart
B)Plastron
C)Lost limbs
D)Gular pouch
Q3) A common short, plump, shore bird with a worldwide distribution is the:
A) turnstone.
B) pelican.
C) avocet.
D) plover.
E) puffin.
Q4) What are 3 human activities that negatively affect sea turtle survival?
Q5) Describe at least 2 ways that marine iguanas differ from the green iguanas of South American forests.
Q6) Reptiles and birds differ from amphibians in that they lack a free larval stage. What adaptation allowed the elimination of this stage?
Page 13
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Chapter 12: Marine Mammals
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Q1) The greatest threat to the Florida manatees is A) loss of habitat.
B) human predation.
C) being mauled or killed by boats.
D) stranding in thermal plumes of power plants.
E) disease from urban runoff.
Q2) Explain why phocids, especially ones living in polar areas, generally have very short lactation periods compared to eared seals.
Q3) The baleen whale which carries the most barnacles is the A) right whale.
B) sperm whale.
C) gray whale.
D) orca.
E) blue whale.
Q4) Dungong dugon
A)southeastern United States
B)South America
C)Africa
D)Indo-pacific
Q5) Why must sea otters consume 25% of their body weight in food every day?
Page 14
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Chapter 13: Intertidal Communities
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Sample Questions
Q1) Mussels attach to the rocky shores by:
A) byssal threads.
B) mucous secretions.
C) foot.
D) calcareous shells.
E) glue.
Q2) The yellow zone in the tropical middle intertidal owes its color to:
A) sponges.
B) boring algae.
C) barnacles.
D) limpets.
E) crabs.
Q3) Sessile organisms predominate on sandy/muddy subtidal habitats.
A)True
B)False
Q4) Infralittoral fringe
A)coralline algae
B)boring algae
C)Sargassum
Q5) List at least 3 adaptations of rocky intertidal animals to resist desiccation.
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Chapter 14: Estuaries
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Q1) An animal that maintains a constant salt concentration in their body is called:
A) an osmoconformer.
B) an osmoregulator.
C) hyperosmotic.
D) hypo-osomotic.
Q2) Bar-Built estuaries
A)Scandinavia estuaries
B)Long Island Sound
C)Cape Hatteras region
Q3) Even though estuaries support large numbers of organisms, there are relatively few numbers of species that live in estuaries. Why is this the case?
Q4) Pseudofeces are:
A) semisolid deposits containing un-digested material.
B) semisolid deposits of digested material.
C) solid deposits containing un-digested material.
D) solid deposits containing digested material.
Q5) Drowned river valley
A)Scandinavia estuaries
B)Long Island Sound
C)Cape Hatteras region
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Chapter 15: Coral Reef Communities
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Q1) The Atlantic Ocean supports fewer coral species because most of the Atlantic is
A) too warm.
B) too stagnant.
C) too clear.
D) too cold.
E) too nutrient-rich.
Q2) Reef crest
A)finger-like projections
B)highest point
C)vertical wall
Q3) Zooxanthellae provide some of the nutritional requirements of coral in the form of: A) glucose.
B) fats.
C) amino acids.
D) a and c
E) b and c
Q4) Describe at least 3 physical factors that limit coral reef distribution.
Q5) Explain 2 functions of the bright coloration of some coral reef dwellers.
Q6) What role do zooxanthellae play in the reef-building process?
Page 17
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Chapter 16: Continental Shelves and Neritic Zone
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Q1) Microphytoplankton is:
A) 2.0 to 20 microns.
B) 20 - 200 microns.
C) 0.2 - 20 mm.
D) 20 - 200 cm.
E) 20 - 200 mm.
Q2) Nanophytoplankton is
A) 2.0 to 20 microns.
B) 20 - 200 microns.
C) 2 - 20 mm.
D) 20 - 200 cm.
E) 20 - 200 mm.
Q3) On the west coast of North America, sea urchins were historically kept in check by: A) lobsters.
B) surf perches.
C) sea otters.
D) crabs.
E) SCUBA divers.
Q4) Describe 3 adaptations of benthic fishes for living on the continental shelf.
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Chapter 17: The Open Sea
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Q1) Those organisms that live only part of their life history as plankton are called:
A) meroplankton.
B) holoplankton.
C) nanoplakton.
D) seston.
E) pleuston.
Q2) Bacteria play an insignificant role in the pelagic realm.
A)True
B)False
Q3) Those organisms that remain planktonic for their whole lives are called:
A) meroplankton.
B) holoplankton.
C) nanoplankton.
D) seston.
E) nekton.
Q4) Micropatchiness
A)aggregations of nekton
B)migratory zooplankton
C)marine snow
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Chapter 18: Life in the Oceans Depths
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Q1) Anglerfish
A)curved, fanglike teeth; chin barbel
B)dorsal spine lure, vacuum ingestion
C)hinged jaws, expandable stomach
Q2) Laternfish
A)attract prey
B)confuse predator
C)mate selection
Q3) A possible reason for deep-sea gigantism is:
A) the long life of these animals, compared with shallow-water relatives.
B) the healthy diet of these animals.
C) the high pressure of these waters.
D) the lack of predators, which means longer life and larger size.
E) the high metabolism of deep sea animals.
Q4) Deepest regions
A)tiny, only slightly functional
B)small and less functional
C)large - tubular
Q5) Describe at least 3 adaptations of deep-sea fishes for improving feeding efficiency.
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Chapter 19: Harvesting the Oceans Resources
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Q1) A relatively new product made from Alaska pollock is called:
A) surimi.
B) fish fillets.
C) bottom fish.
D) round fish.
E) Krab.
Q2) When non-target species are caught they are called:
A) excess fish.
B) undesirable species.
C) ineffective fishing.
D) incidental catch.
E) secondary catch.
Q3) Methane hydrate
A)decomposition with cold water
B)plant origin
C)microorganism origin
Q4) Describe the impact of the incidental catch of the U.S. trawl fishery on marine ecosystems.
Q5) Describe at least 3 effects of mangrove destruction on marine habitats.
Q6) How is salt extracted from the sea?
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Chapter 20: Oceans in Jeopardy
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Q1) Recent outbreaks of the dangerous dinoflagellate Pfisteria in the waters off North Carolina have been linked to hog farming inland of the coast. What is the connection between the two?
Q2) Animal entanglement/death
A)DDT
B)agriculture runoff
C)plastic wastes
D)range extension of species
Q3) Wetland destruction
A)land runoff
B)jetties, breakwaters
C)draining and filling
Q4) What are 2 reasons why tropical environments are potentially less vulnerable to the effects of oil pollution than higher latitude areas?
Q5) Climate change
A)DDT
B)agriculture runoff
C)plastic wastes
D)range extension of species
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