Management and Organizational Theory
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Course Introduction
Management and Organizational Theory explores the fundamental concepts, principles, and frameworks that underpin effective management practices and organizational structures. This course examines classic and contemporary theories related to leadership, motivation, team dynamics, decision-making, and organizational culture. Students will analyze how organizations are designed, the impact of external environments, and the role of change management in achieving strategic goals. Through case studies and practical examples, participants develop skills to critically assess and apply management theories to real-world business challenges, preparing them for leadership roles across various industries.
Recommended Textbook
Organizational Behavior 18th Edition by Stephen P. Robbins
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1987 Verified Questions
1987 Flashcards
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Page 2
Chapter 1: What Is Organizational Behavior?
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Sample Questions
Q1) What is evidence-based management (EBM)?
Answer: Evidence-based management (EBM) complements systematic study by basing managerial decisions on the best available scientific evidence. For example, we want doctors to make decisions about patient care based on the latest available evidence, and EBM argues that managers should do the same, becoming more scientific in how they think about management problems. A manager might pose a managerial question, search for the best available evidence, and apply the relevant information to the question or case at hand.
Q2) According to Fred Luthans and his associates, managers who are involved in networking activities are most likely to undertake which of the following?
A) planning
B) decision making
C) controlling
D) politicking
E) staffing
Answer: D
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3
Chapter 2: Diversity in Organizations
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which of the following best describes the physical ability known as trunk strength?
A) the ability to maintain equilibrium despite forces pulling off balance
B) the ability to coordinate the simultaneous actions of different parts of the body
C) the ability to expend a maximum of energy in one or a series of explosive acts
D) the ability to exert muscular strength using the abdominal muscles
E) the ability to move the trunk and back muscles as far as possible
Answer: D
Q2) Which of the following is the most likely reason why employers should employ older workers?
A) They adjust to new technology promptly.
B) Older workers have extensive work experience.
C) Older workers are flexible and learn quickly.
D) They have shorter tenures and hence lower pension benefits than younger workers.
E) The rates of unavoidable absences are lower than those of younger workers.
Answer: B
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4
Chapter 3: Attitudes and Job Satisfaction
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Sample Questions
Q1) What is power distance? Differentiate between high power distance and low power distance countries.
Answer: Power distance is the degree to which people in a country accept that power in institutions and organizations is distributed unequally, is lower. In low power distance countries like the United States, people are more likely to view work as an exchange than as a moral obligation, so employees look for reasons to be supported by their organizations. In high power distance countries like China, employee POS perceptions are not as deeply based on demonstrations of fairness, support, and encouragement.
Q2) Employees are most likely to perceive their organization as supportive when
A) they experience a cognitive dissonance between their job attitude and behavior
B) the affective component of the attitude is extremely strong
C) there is a weak relationship between their attitude and behavior
D) they have a voice in decisions
E) they experience an emotional contagion while performing their job duties
Answer: D
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Chapter 4: Emotions and Moods
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Sample Questions
Q1) A research group in Arizona recently conducted a survey among workers of a coal power plant to understand emotions and their happiness quotient. Employees at the plant often complained about poor working conditions and low insurance benefits. However, the group was surprised with the findings of the survey because employees had a positive mood 70 percent of the time during work hours. Which of the following concepts would best explain such findings?
A) butterfly effect
B) framing effect
C) anchoring bias
D) distinction bias
E) positivity offset
Q2) The manager's suggestion is based on which of the following assumptions?
A) Employees are not experiencing a lack of work-life balance.
B) Employees' workload can be adjusted to accommodate their requests to go on leave.
C) Employees have been misusing the company's policy that allows them to exchange unused leave for cash.
D) Employees have been able to go on leave whenever they wanted to.
E) Employees have been working on regular working days of the year.
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Chapter 5: Personality and Values
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which of the following, if true, would most weaken Kate's chances of being selected?
A) Kate is socially inept and tends to display her true disposition and attitude in every situation.
B) Kate behaves differently in different situations and occasionally presents striking contradictions between her public persona and her private self.
C) Kate has a strong sense of independence and often gets work done without any support from others.
D) Kate is often in agreement with others' ideas and opinions.
E) Kate is gregarious and comfortable in changing contexts and ambiguous situations.
Q2) Which of the following statements is true about personality?
A) Personality is free from the influence of the environment.
B) Personality remains constant over time.
C) Personality can be measured solely through personal interviews.
D) Personality is influenced by hereditary factors.
E) Parents highly influence the development of their offspring's personality.
Q3) Explain characteristics of a proactive personality who is of the investigative type according to Holland's typology.
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Chapter 6: Perception and Individual Decision Making
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Sample Questions
Q1) ________ bias is a tendency to fixate on initial information and fail to adequately adjust for subsequent information.
A) Hindsight
B) Overconfidence
C) Anchoring
D) Availability
E) Self-serving
Q2) When two people witness something at the same time and in the same situation yet interpret it differently, factors that operate to shape their perceptions reside in the ________.
A) perceivers
B) target
C) timing
D) context
E) situation
Q3) Discuss attribution theory.
Q4) What is selective perception?
Q5) Explain the three components of creativity. Name two biases and give examples of how they would affect creativity.
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Chapter 7: Motivation Concepts
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which of the following types of justice relates most strongly to job satisfaction, employee trust, withdrawal from the organization, job performance, and citizenship behaviors?
A) associative justice
B) interactional justice
C) distributive justice
D) procedural justice
E) integrative justice
Q2) One of the sources of self-efficacy is ________, becoming more confident because you see someone else doing the task.
A) arousal
B) enactive mastery
C) visualization
D) vicarious modeling
E) verbal persuasion
Q3) Self-efficacy refers to an individual's belief that he or she is capable of performing a task.
A)True
B)False
Q4) Why are people motivated by challenging goals?
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Chapter 8: Motivation: From Concepts to Applications
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which of the following alternative work arrangements enables the organization to draw on the talents of more than one individual in a given job?
A) telecommuting
B) flextime
C) gainsharing
D) profit sharing
E) job sharing
Q2) What is job enrichment? Describe how enriching a job is different from enlarging a job.
Q3) Discuss the advantages and disadvantages of flextime.
Q4) The chief concern of both individual and team piece-rate workers is financial risk.
A)True
B)False
Q5) For management, a major downside of telecommuting is ________.
A) decreased productivity
B) increased turnover
C) reduced morale
D) difficulty in scheduling work
E) decreased collaboration
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Chapter 9: Foundations of Group Behavior
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which of the following is true with regard to the social identity theory?
A) It proposes that members take personal pride in accomplishments but dissociate from the group in the event of any offenses or failures.
B) It proposes that people have emotional reactions to the failure or success of their group because their self-esteem is tied into the group's performance.
C) It proposes that people develop only one social identity in childhood that becomes more defined and concrete in the course of their lives.
D) It proposes that social identities can never be detrimental as they have no effect on how members of an ingroup view members of an out-group.
E) It proposes that members of an ingroup are viewed as being homogeneous, while members of an out-group are seen as being heterogeneous.
Q2) Social identity threat is akin to stereotype threat.
A)True
B)False
Q3) How can social loafing be prevented?
Q4) Describe the relationship between groupthink and groupshift.
Q5) Discuss the impact of brainstorming on the possibility of groupthink.
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Page 11
Chapter 10: Understanding Work Teams
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Sample Questions
Q1) Problem-solving teams discuss a problem, generate potential solutions, and implement them successfully.
A)True
B)False
Q2) What are some special challenges that virtual teams face? For virtual teams to be effective, what should management ensure?
Q3) What is meant by member preferences? How can it be altered?
Q4) While discussing their marketing campaign for a new product, the members of the cross-functional team responsible for Carver Inc. realized that a couple of changes relating to their prior plan would be beneficial. The offer of a franchising that had earlier been brushed off by the company head was discussed thoroughly, and it was decided that it would be implemented on a trial basis initially and on full scale if found to work well. From the information provided, it can be concluded that this cross-functional team has a high degree of ________.
A) demography
B) reflexivity
C) conformity
D) diversity
E) uncertainty
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Chapter 11: Communication
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Sample Questions
Q1) Whether people use automatic or controlled processing for reacting to a persuasive message is often a function of ________.
A) time
B) their level of interest in it
C) heuristics
D) effort
E) availability of research
Q2) Europe has the world's largest number of social media users.
A)True
B)False
Q3) Communicating through e-mail provides ________.
A) a host of nonverbal cues to understand the message better
B) the best means to convey negative information
C) a cheaper alternative to the conventional communication through letters
D) a secure communication link that nobody else can access
E) an option to hold real-time meetings with people in different locations
Q4) When communicating with people from a different culture, how can you reduce misinterpretations?
Q5) Describe the various forms of nonverbal communication.
Q6) What are the seven key parts of the communication process?
Page 13
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Chapter 12: Leadership
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Q1) According to the Fiedler contingency model, a very favorable situation in which the leader has a great deal of control is characterized by ________.
A) high task structure, good leader-member relations, and strong position power
B) limited position power, good leader-member relations, and low task structure
C) less structured jobs, strong position power, and moderate leader-member relations
D) broad employee responsibilities, low position power, and moderate leader-member relations
E) good leader-member relations, low position power, unstructured jobs
Q2) According to the attribution theory of leadership, a person aiming to be a leader has to ________.
A) gain sufficient experience to be a leader
B) possess qualities like charisma and intelligence
C) make changes on ground before leading people
D) possess many significant actual accomplishments
E) shape the perception that he or she could be a leader
Q3) Explain mentoring with reference to the dimensions of initiating structure and consideration.
Q4) What is the most important event an organization needs to plan for?
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Page 14
Chapter 13: Power and Politics
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Sample Questions
Q1) ________ power represents the compliance that is achieved based on the ability to distribute positive benefits that others view as valuable.
A) Legitimate
B) Coercive
C) Reward
D) Personal
E) Reflective
Q2) What are defensive behaviors? Provide three examples of defensive behaviors and explain why an employee would engage in the behavior.
Q3) Define sexual harassment and identify ways managers can protect themselves and their employees from it.
Q4) Self-promotion works well as an impression management technique for interviews as well as performance evaluations.
A)True
B)False
Q5) Whistle-blowing is not considered to be a political behavior.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 14: Conflict and Negotiation
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Sample Questions
Q1) A review that examined the effects of the four sets of behaviors across multiple studies found that openness and collaborating were both associated with superior group performance.
A)True
B)False
Q2) During the behavior stage of the conflict process, the parties decide what the conflict is about.
A)True
B)False
Q3) In a negotiation process, which of the following activities is most likely to be included in the definition of ground rules step?
A) determining your best alternative to a negotiated agreement
B) determining time constraints, if any, applicable to negotiation
C) justifying your original demands
D) formalizing the agreement that has been worked out
E) determining the history leading up to the negotiation
Q4) What is the difference between intergroup conflict and intragroup conflict? Provide an example of each type of conflict.
Q5) What is BATNA? Discuss the significance of BATNA.
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Chapter 15: Foundations of Organization Structure
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Sample Questions
Q1) A(n) ________ model is generally synonymous with the bureaucracy in that it has highly standardized processes for work, high formalization, and more managerial hierarchy.
A) mechanistic
B) organic
C) network
D) boundaryless
E) pyramidal
Q2) The chain of command is an unbroken line of authority that extends from the top of the organization to the lowest echelon and clarifies who reports to whom.
A)True
B)False
Q3) Volatility refers to the degree of ________ within an environment.
A) heterogeneity
B) instability
C) flexibility
D) diffusivity
E) conformity
Q4) Describe the five common ways of departmentalization. Give an example of each.
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Chapter 16: Organizational Culture
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Sample Questions
Q1) Organizational culture represents a perception that the organization's members share.
A)True
B)False
Q2) Which of the following terms refers to the recognition that people have an inner life that nourishes and is nourished by meaningful work that takes place in the context of community?
A) dominant culture
B) fundamental mechanism
C) workplace spirituality
D) outcome orientation
E) subculture
Q3) Explain the difference between a typical U.S. manager's point of view of ethical behavior and that of a manager in a developing economy and the implications of the difference.
Q4) Apprenticeship and mentoring programs are examples of random socialization.
A)True
B)False
Q5) Describe the various situations under which culture acts as a liability.
Q6) Explain the concept of organizational climate.
Page 18
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Chapter 17: Human Resource Policies and Practices
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which of the following tends to have a disproportionate amount of influence on employee selection decisions?
A) interview
B) written test
C) performance-simulation test
D) work sampling method
E) personality test
Q2) Which of the following is not an ideal feature of a benefits program?
A) It should be uniquely suited to the organizational culture.
B) It should be sustainable in the long run.
C) It should clearly outline expectations for conduct.
D) It should reflect the values of the organization.
E) It should demonstrate economic feasibility.
Q3) Which of the following is a form of background check?
A) aptitude test
B) offer letter
C) letters of recommendation
D) application form
E) work-sample test
Q4) Discuss e-learning.
Page 19
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Chapter 18: Organizational Change and Stress Management
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Sample Questions
Q1) Excessive smoking, substance abuse, and sleep disorders are all examples of ________ symptoms of stress.
A) personal
B) psychological
C) behavioral
D) physiological
E) pathological
Q2) List the eight steps in Kotter's eight-step plan for implementing change.
Q3) Describe the various ways of overcoming resistance to change.
Q4) ________ is a dynamic condition in which an individual is confronted with an opportunity, demand, or resource related to what the individual desires and for which the outcome is perceived to be both uncertain and important.
A) Change
B) Stress
C) Innovation
D) Stimulation
E) Creativity
Q5) What are the various individual sources of resistance to change?
Q6) Discuss the various individual approaches toward managing stress.
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