Lifespan Development Final Exam
Course Introduction
Lifespan Development explores the psychological, biological, and social changes that occur throughout the human life cycle, from conception to old age. The course examines major theories and research findings related to development in infancy, childhood, adolescence, adulthood, and late adulthood, addressing topics such as cognitive growth, emotional regulation, identity formation, family and peer relationships, and aging. Emphasis is placed on understanding the complex interplay between genetic, environmental, and cultural influences on individual growth and adaptation across diverse life stages. Students gain a comprehensive perspective on developmental patterns, challenges, and milestones, equipping them with insights applicable to a variety of personal, academic, and professional contexts.
Recommended Textbook
Developmental Psychology Childhood and Adolescence 4th Edition by Shaffer
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17 Chapters
2557 Verified Questions
2557 Flashcards
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Page 2
Chapter 1: Introduction to Developmental Psychology and Its Research Strategies
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171 Verified Questions
171 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Garrett tells you that he believes that it is crucial for a parent to establish ground rules for acceptable behaviour,from day one.Garrett confides that everyone knows that all children will be naughty.Which philosophy does Garrett likely believe in?
A) tabula rasa
B) innate purity
C) experiential purity
D) original sin
Answer: D
Q2) Lexis is conducting research related to moral development in children of different ages.She asks each participant in her study the same set of questions,in the same order.Which research method is Lexis using?
A) clinical interview
B) case study
C) ethnography
D) structured interview
Answer: D
Q3) What method of studying children did G.Stanley Hall and Sigmund Freud use?
Answer: Answers will vary.
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Chapter 2: Theories of Human Development
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Sample Questions
Q1) Sabina believes that the best way to help children master math is to start by teaching them the basic building blocks that underlie more complex mathematical operations.She thinks that math skills will increase gradually,as children learn more efficient and effective strategies.Which theories do Sabina's views most clearly reflect?
A) social learning
B) information-processing
C) ecological
D) cognitive
Answer: B
Q2) What is the focus of contextual models of development?
A) the individual whose development is greatly influenced by interactions with others in the environment
B) universal aspects of development that are common to all individuals
C) qualitative changes in development rather than quantitative changes
D) quantitative changes in development rather than qualitative changes
Answer: A
Q3) Identify three major contributions that Freud's psychoanalytic theory has made to the field of developmental psychology.
Answer: Answers will vary.
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Page 4
Chapter 3: Hereditary Influences on Development
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Sample Questions
Q1) Antonio has a sex chromosome abnormality.He is taller than most of his friends and his body proportions are slightly feminized.He scored within the normal range on a recent intelligence test,although his score for the verbal scale was lower than average.Based on this description,which syndrome does Antonio have?
A) Turner's
B) fragile-X
C) Klinefelter's
D) Supermale
Answer: C
Q2) If identical twins reared together are more alike on a characteristic than identical twins reared apart,what can you infer regarding the relative roles of heredity and environment in determining that characteristic?
A) Heredity plays a role.
B) Environment plays a role.
C) Heredity plays no role.
D) Environment plays no role.
Answer: B
Q3) Summarize the range-of-reaction principle using appropriate examples. Answer: Answers will vary.
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Page 5
Chapter 4: Prenatal Development
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100 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) What parts of the body does the ectoderm give rise to?
A) the bones, the muscles, and the skin
B) the nervous system, the skin, and hair
C) the lungs, the circulatory system, and the digestive system
D) the nervous system, the lungs, and hair
Q2) Syphilis,genital herpes,and AIDS are diseases that can profoundly affect the developing child.Briefly discuss each,noting when the child typically comes in contact with each and what the major effects are.
Q3) Regular use of marijuana during pregnancy been found to result in which effect on the developing child?
A) physical malformations, particularly of the face and neck
B) newborns who are addicted and who will experience withdrawal symptoms after birth
C) an increased risk for problems with language-related behaviours
D) an increased life-time risk for cancer
Q4) What congenital abnormalities are associated with prenatal exposure to rubella?
A) heart defects, blindness, deafness, and mental retardation
B) only deafness
C) deformed arms and legs
D) only blindness
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Chapter 5: Birth and the Newborns Readiness for Life
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Sample Questions
Q1) Suppose that you observe a sleeping newborn who is breathing irregularly and grimacing.The infant's eyes flutter open and move beneath the eyelids.Based on this information,is this infant's behaviour typical?
A) no, it is evidence of immature neurological development
B) yes, it is characteristic of the brief period just before waking
C) yes, it indicates normative sleep behaviour
D) no, it is predictive of gifted intelligence in toddlerhood
Q2) Alicia has just been born.When the doctor checks her physical condition after severing the umbilical cord,she receives a score of 3 on the Apgar test.Five minutes later,Alicia receives the same score.Based on this information,what is Alicia's doctor likely to do?
A) immediately call for emergency assistance
B) administer a Brazelton test to confirm Alicia's score on the Apgar test
C) administer a Bayley test for motor responses
D) place Alicia to her mother's breast and assist with the first feeding
Q3) Explain the distinction between preterm and small-for-gestational-age infants.
Q4) Briefly discuss natural or prepared childbirth,and home delivery,noting the advantages and disadvantages of each.
Q5) List and describe,in detail,the major events of the three stages of childbirth.
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Chapter 6: Physical Development
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134 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which statement best summarizes the research findings with respect to the sequence of physical maturation?
A) All children go through roughly the same sequence.
B) The sequence of physical development varies from culture to culture.
C) The sequence of physical development varies from individual to individual.
D) Although sequence varies between individual children, the rate of development is universal.
Q2) According to Herkowitz and Dyer,what accounts for the decline in physical performance of many girls during adolescence?
A) declining physical ability accompanying menarche and sexual maturation
B) declining participation in physical activities as a result of sex-role socialization
C) lack of large motor skill development
D) a decrease in girls' overall aerobic capacity during puberty and adolescence
Q3) Identify two processes that contribute to the increase in brain weight during the brain growth spurt.
Q4) Identify two ways in which parents may contribute to the development of obesity in their children.
Q5) Describe the development of the brain during middle childhood and adolescence.
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Page 8
Chapter 7: Early Cognitive Foundations
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170 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which children are most likely to reproduce a behaviour that had been modelled several weeks earlier?
A) those who have generated images of the model's behaviour
B) those who have watched the model silently and attentively
C) those who have produced verbal labels that "capture" the essence of the model's behaviour
D) those who have been told to carefully pay attention to the model's actions
Q2) When do visual looming and development of size constancy occur?
A) They are present at birth.
B) They do not begin to develop until near the end of the first year of life.
C) They develop completely in the first 6 months of life.
D) They develop at different periods during the first year of life
Q3) Describe the negative side effects that have been found to be associated with severe punishments,and then describe two nonaversive punishment strategies.
Q4) Describe what is known about touch,temperature,and pain perception in newborns.
Q5) Do you believe that enrichment or differentiation theory best explains the development of intermodal perception? Justify your answer.
Q6) Describe the long-term correlates of rapid habituation during early infancy.
Q7) Describe a newborn's gustatory (taste)and olfactory (smell)capabilities.
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Chapter 8: Cognitive Development
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176 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Constructing mental images is a prominent feature of which aspect of sensorimotor intelligence?
A) tertiary circular reactions
B) symbolic problem solving
C) reflex activity
D) coordination of secondary schemes
Q2) Suppose you hide a toy behind one of two screens.Then,when you take the screen away,the toy is missing.According to recent research,what would be the most likely response of an 8-month-old infant to this situation?
A) The infant will search under the other screen.
B) The infant will show little reaction.
C) The infant will show surprise.
D) The infant will try to play with the screen.
Q3) Which of the following is the best description of the way in which formal-operational children approach tasks such as the "pendulum" problem?
A) with unplanned trial and error
B) with premature closure
C) creatively
D) systematically
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Page 10
Chapter 9: Cognitive Development
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164 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which strategy has been shown to be helpful for learning the basic vocabulary of a foreign language?
A) rehearsal
B) elaboration
C) analogical reasoning
D) dimensional sorting
Q2) Which statement best summarizes the research findings regarding the effects of knowledge base on children's memory?
A) Expert children will typically recall more than nonexpert adults if their knowledge base is more extensive.
B) Nonexpert adults will still recall more than expert children because of greater memory capacity.
C) Expert children and nonexpert adults will recall about the same amount of information regardless of knowledge base.
D) Nonexpert children will recall more information than expert adults due to recall interference in adults.
Q3) How does the depth of a child's knowledge base contribute to memory performance?
Q4) Discuss research evidence that relates to the suggestibility of child witnesses.
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Chapter 10: Intelligence
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133 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) According to Cattell and Horn,what does crystallized intelligence refer to?
A) the ability to solve problems, reason, and remember
B) an underlying ability that applies to all types of test performance
C) the ability to understand spatial relationships and think in three dimensions
D) acquired knowledge and ability
Q2) According to recent research,which of the following is the best predictor of IQ test performance and academic competency?
A) family income
B) race
C) age level
D) school attendance
Q3) When a test reports a child's intelligence as a single score,what does this imply that the test designer believes?
A) The child's pattern of errors reveals her intelligence.
B) Intelligence is mainly or entirely a general factor.
C) Creativity is the same as intelligence.
D) Intelligence is a group of distinctly separate abilities.
Q4) What long-range effects have compensatory education programs (such as Head Start)been found to have on IQ,academic achievement,and self-image?
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Chapter 11: Development of Language and Communication Skills
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Sample Questions
Q1) Five grammatical morphemes that children acquire during the preschool period are (1)standard plurals (formed by adding s); (2)regular past tense (formed by adding ed); (3)progressive tense (formed by adding ing); (4)possession (formed by adding 's); (5)definite and indefinite articles (use of the/an/a).List the five morphemes above in their typical order of emergence.
Q2) Three-year-old Reggie says,"The mouses runned their foots into the hole." What language error is he making with this statement?
A) an object scope constraint
B) a lexical contrast
C) an overregularization
D) a holophrastic constraint
Q3) What type of language knowledge is a child demonstrating when he or she engages in word play and says such things as stop,bop,rop,dop,clop,mop but never says sgap,tpir,or sbum?
A) phonology
B) semantics
C) morphology
D) pragmatics
Q4) Contrast a referential style with an expressive style of early language use.
Page 13
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Chapter 12: Emotional Development,temperament,and
Attachment
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166 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Briefly describe the "working models" theory outlined by ethological researchers and give two examples of the type of events that would promote positive or negative working models of self and of others.
Q2) Describe how the strange situation procedure is used to assess the security of an attachment relationship.
Q3) Lyssa is 10 months old when her mother takes her on long car trip to visit her grandmother for the first time.As soon as they arrive,Lyssa's grandmother rushes toward her,picks her up,and starts talking to her in a loud voice.Lyssa starts to cry and struggles to be put down.Is Lyssa's reaction to her grandmother typical?
A) no, because at 10 months of age most babies love to be picked up by adults and have adults talk to them
B) yes, if Lyssa has never been on a long car ride before C) yes, because Lyssa's grandmother is someone she has never met D) no, because most infants have strong bonds with their biological relatives
Q4) List and briefly discuss at least three infant behaviours or characteristics that are thought to foster caregiver-to-infant attachment.
Q5) Briefly outline the ethological theory of attachment formation.
Page 14
Q6) How does an infant's temperament contribute to the attachment relationship?
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Chapter 13: Development of the Self and Social Cognition
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Sample Questions
Q1) Discuss how the four central developmental themes of the textbook relate to the issues of social cognition and the development of the self.
Q2) During which phase of achievement do children expect disapproval following failures?
A) use-of-standards
B) approval-seeking
C) self-seeking
D) use-of-approval
Q3) Suppose that you are invited to a friend's home and while you are socializing his son Jacob explores the living room.You notice that Jacob has found a small wooden box that he tries to open repeatedly.Jacob's father reaches down and unlatches the catch on the box,but Jacob begins to cry until he opens it for him.Which form of achievement motivation is exemplified by Jacob's behaviour?
A) learned preservation
B) learned helplessness
C) mastery seeking
D) approval seeking
Q4) Discuss the evidence for and against the notion that newborns have a rudimentary sense of self.
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Chapter 14: Sex Differences and Similarities,gender-Role
Development,and Sexual Behavior
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149 Verified Questions
149 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Outline the major milestones during the development of an understanding of the concepts of sex and gender from late infancy through the elementary-school years.
Q2) What is the major source of transmission for the HIV infection among 10- to 19-year-old Canadians?
A) sexual contact
B) infected blood
C) intravenous drug use
D) unknown
Q3) Briefly outline the key aspects of Kohlberg's cognitive-developmental theory of gender typing and gender-role development.What criticisms have been brought against this theoretical perspective?
Q4) According to recent research,the relationship between androgyny and high self-esteem is thought to depend on high levels of which gender trait?
A) masculinity
B) femininity
C) a blend of masculinity and femininity
D) lack of distinct masculinity or femininity
Q5) Identify two potential consequences of sexual activity among adolescents.
Page 16
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Chapter 15: Moral Development,altruism,and Aggression
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Sample Questions
Q1) According to Piaget,why might equal-status contact with peers lead to autonomous morality?
A) It increases the child's respect for authority.
B) It undermines the child's self-respect and self-confidence.
C) It provides additional models for moral behaviour.
D) It illustrates that rules are arbitrary agreements that can be changed.
Q2) According to the research of Marlene Caplan and her associates,aggressive resolutions to disputes in 1-year-olds are most likely to occur under what circumstances?
A) The play groups are dominated by girls.
B) There is no adult supervision of the children.
C) They are required to share toys with older children.
D) The play groups are dominated by boys.
Q3) According to Olweus,what type of aggressor is most likely to become a habitual bully?
A) reactive
B) hostile
C) proactive
D) passive
Q4) Briefly outline the key aspects in Freud's theory of Oedipal morality.
Page 17
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Chapter 16: The Family
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Sample Questions
Q1) According to the results of several cross-cultural research studies,distinct differences exist between the parenting practices of Chinese and North American parents.Which statement best characterizes the behaviour of Chinese parents?
A) They insist that their children display strong respect for others, as opposed to the pursuit of individual goals.
B) They utilize a permissive parenting style that allows children a great deal of freedom.
C) They show a nonresponsive and undemanding parenting style.
D) They encourage their children to develop a strong sense of independence and a high level of competitiveness.
Q2) What percent of adult children raised by lesbian mothers or gay fathers are themselves hetereosexual?
A) less than 10 percent
B) 50 percent
C) 75 percent
D) more than 90 percent
Q3) Describe the sex differences that are seen in children's adjustment to being part of a blended family.
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Chapter 17: Extrafamilial Influences
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Sample Questions
Q1) Suppose that you conduct a research study in which you show children of various ages an hour-long television show about a crime.The show features a female character who is initially very helpful and friendly toward the police.Later,it becomes evident that her behaviour was deceitful because she had committed the crime.Some of your subjects recognize that her intent was to deceive and some do not.Based on current research evidence,how old are the children who recognized her deceptive intent?
A) 5 or 6 years
B) 7 or 8 years
C) 10 or 11 years
D) 15 or 16 years
Q2) Which function do childhood friendships NOT serve?
A) helping children form more secure attachments with their family members
B) providing a sense of social support and security
C) contributing to the growth of social problem-solving skills
D) providing the foundations for later intimate love relationships
Q3) Describe the research findings concerning the impact of educational programs (such as Sesame Street)on cognitive development,and discuss the key criticisms that have been raised regarding programs of this type.
Q4) Discuss how parents influence their children's peer interactions.
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