Legal and Ethical Issues in Health Care Study Guide Questions
Course Introduction
This course explores the complex legal and ethical issues that arise in health care settings, focusing on both foundational principles and current challenges. Students will examine key topics such as patient rights, confidentiality, informed consent, professional liability, and end-of-life decision making. The course also addresses regulatory frameworks, policy considerations, and the ethical dilemmas that healthcare professionals face in practice. By analyzing real-world case studies and legal precedents, students will develop critical thinking skills and ethical reasoning to navigate the evolving landscape of health care law and ethics.
Recommended Textbook
Ethics and Issues in Contemporary Nursing 3rd Canadian Edition by Margaret Burkhardt
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19 Chapters
317 Verified Questions
317 Flashcards
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Chapter 1: Social, Philosophical, and Other Historical Forces
Influencing the Development of Nursing
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16 Verified Questions
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Sample Questions
Q1) How is Mary Agnes Snively significant to the development of Canadian nursing?
A)She established the mission of Grey Nuns to new settlers.
B)She established the International Council of Nursing.
C)She established the first national organization for nursing.
D)She established certification for nurses to become experts.
Answer: C
Q2) After the First and Second World Wars, the Canadian Red Cross Society and nursing groups noted an important trend in health care that is still articulated in the Lalonde and Romanow report. What is that trend?
A)the formation of nursing groups such as the CNA and professional organizations
B)the political and economic action taken to correct the wrongs suffered by the military
C)the establishment of governments' social and political responsibility in health care
D)the need for strong, well-established public health programs, health education, and care of those living in poverty
Answer: D
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Chapter 2: Ethical Theory
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19 Verified Questions
19 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) What is the Kantian maxim requiring that one treat others always as ends and never as a means?
A)the categorical imperative
B)the practical imperative
C)deontology
D)utilitarianism
Answer: B
Q2) What focal virtue is best exemplified by soundness, reliability, and wholeness of moral character?
A)discernment
B)conscientiousness
C)trustworthiness
D)integrity
Answer: D
Q3) Which concept was first noted in the writings of Socrates?
A)virtue ethics
B)utilitarianism
C)deontology
D)rationalism
Answer: A
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Chapter 3: Ethical Principles
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17 Verified Questions
17 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which principle of the Canada Health Act entitles reasonable contact with insured health care services in terms of physical availability of medically necessary services?
A)comprehensiveness
B)universality
C)accessibility
D)public administration
Answer: C
Q2) If the patient works with a nurse to formulate his/her plan of care, which ethical principle has been upheld?
A)beneficence
B)veracity
C)fidelity
D)autonomy
Answer: D
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Chapter 4: Values Clarification
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16 Verified Questions
16 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) In what way can keeping a journal or diary of experiences in work situations be a useful tool for a nurse?
A)to develop awareness and gain insight into personal values
B)to identify negative actions and interpretations that need to be reinforced
C)to identify challenging situations and apply alternative responses
D)to develop and monitor professional reactions in situations
Q2) What is the correct terminology for values that are implicit in the expectations of an institution, but are not in set out writing?
A)formal values
B)covert values
C)integral values
D)overt values
Q3) How can values best be defined?
A)as principles of right or wrong
B)as ideals, beliefs, customs, and modes of conduct
C)as self-knowledge and the willingness to express that awareness
D)as reflections upon and evaluations of one's own experiences
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6
Chapter 5: Values Development
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15 Verified Questions
15 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which of the following does Stage 1 of Gilligan's study of the Psychological Development of Women include?
A)a focus on what is best for the self, and includes selfishness and dependence on others
B)a sense of being responsible for others, so that one is regarded positively
C)a period when the imperatives of absolute love and justice become prime
D)a deep appreciation of connectedness, including responsibility to self and others
Q2) Which of the following is believed to be learned within, and shared by, a group of interacting persons?
A)culture
B)independence
C)values
D)connections
Q3) What is another term that can be used interchangeably with "human values development"?
A)moral development
B)faith development
C)ethical values
D)formal operations development
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Page 7
Chapter 6: Ethical Decision Making
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17 Verified Questions
17 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) A registered nurse witnesses another nurse violating a patient's autonomy. Even though she did not participate in the action, the nurse who witnessed the act experiences powerlessness, frustration, and anger. What does this reaction describe?
A)moral distress
B)moral uncertainty
C)moral outrage
D)moral disengagement
Q2) What step in the process of ethical decision making involves the nurse examining the situation for evidence of conflicting obligations, principles, duties, rights, loyalties, values, or beliefs?
A)Identify options.
B)Determine moral perspective.
C)Gather facts in order to clarify issues.
D)Determine desired outcomes.
Q3) When do moral dilemmas occur?
A)when the nurse is unsure of the morally correct action
B)when there are conflicting moral claims
C)when moral claims conflict with practical claims
D)when participants disagree on the appropriate course of action
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Page 8
Chapter 7: Legal Issues
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28 Verified Questions
28 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which of the following legal terms applies to speaking harmful and defamatory words?
A)slander
B)libel
C)false imprisonment
D)gossiping
Q2) Which of the following terms would apply to an employer placing the label "Unwanted Persons" at the top of a hospital bulletin board and placing a photograph of a nurse on the bulletin board under the label?
A)fraud
B)defamation
C)libel
D)slander
Q3) Which of the following terms is best defined as "acting in a heinous, reckless, or extreme way, and bringing about mental or psychological pain"?
A)defamation of character
B)intentional infliction of emotional distress
C)invasion of privacy
D)false imprisonment
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Page 9
Chapter 8: Professional Issues
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16 Verified Questions
16 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) What term best describes the knowledge necessary to provide a service that is either essential or desired by society?
A)professional education
B)professional recognition
C)professional autonomy
D)professional responsibility
Q2) Which of the following terms is synonymous with "self-governing"?
A)expertise
B)authority
C)autonomy
D)accountability
Q3) According to the Canadian Nurses Association, which of the following is one of the four principles that must be included in any practice statement?
A)to practice at a level appropriate to education, skill, and competence
B)to conduct ongoing competency reviews
C)to review ethical implications for institutions that allow nurses to practice
D)to acknowledge that nursing is a diversified group of professionals
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Chapter 9: Professional Relationship Issues
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15 Verified Questions
15 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) A physician writes an order that the registered nurse believes will harm the patient. The nurse believes the physician to be incompetent. What is the most appropriate action for the nurse?
A)The nurse should follow the order since the physician's education is superior.
B)The nurse should pursue the chain of authority. If the supervisor and others support the physician, the nurse should follow the order.
C)After pursuing the issue with the physician and supervisors, the nurse should disobey all orders that he/she believes to be illegal, immoral, or incompetent.
D)If the nurse is forced to follow the order, the nurse should file a formal complaint against the physician.
Q2) A nurse chooses to go without lunch so that a patient can be taken outside to get a newspaper and a strong cup of coffee. Which of the following terms best applies to this situation?
A)self-sacrifice
B)beneficence
C)non-maleficence
D)obligation
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Chapter 10: Practice Issues Related to End Of Life Care
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16 Verified Questions
16 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which of the following can be both a benefit and a challenge resulting from technological advances in health care?
A)supporting healthy living
B)availability and cost
C)prolonging life
D)alleviating suffering
Q2) What is the term for a situation where a competent patient is refusing food or fluid when there is a prediction of death, yet the family requests tube feeding?
A)medical futility
B)advance directives
C)technological dilemma
D)palliative care
Q3) Why should family and friends be encouraged to touch and talk to the actively dying patient?
A)Increased stimulation to the patient reduces the need for pain medication.
B)The human contact and caring is helpful to both the patient and the family.
C)It reduces the need for complex technologies at the end of life.
D)It increases the family's comfort in providing further elements of care to the patient.
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Chapter 11: Practice Issues Related to Patient
Self-Determination
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16 Verified Questions
16 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) What should be considered when determining whether the information provided for consent was adequate?
A)a subjective standard of what a person may want or need to know
B)what the ethics board for that institution has put into policy
C)a physician's standard of what she has determined the patient should know
D)the standard that determines the potential serious outcomes of the treatment or procedure
Q2) Which of the following elements must be included in an informed consent?
A)description of common practices of the healthcare institute
B)needs and expectations of the patient
C)description of the health concern
D)verification of understanding
Q3) What is the definition of competence?
A)a legal action physicians can impose on patients who are elderly and confused
B)the ability of a patient to understand medical options and treatment
C)a legal ruling regarding a person's ability to make meaningful life decisions
D)the ability of a patient to communicate about current events
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Page 13
Chapter 12: Scholarship Issues
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17 Verified Questions
17 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which of the following statements is an example of ethical treatment of data?
A)removal of invalid research values and entries
B)authentically describing the experiences of others
C)adjustment of facts for positive outcomes
D)episodic treatment of vulnerable participants
Q2) What are two core values basic to academic honesty and to ethical treatment of research data?
A)plagiarism and cheating
B)cheating and fidelity
C)beneficence and integrity
D)veracity and fidelity
Q3) Which document was developed to set forth principles for the ethical conduct of research in response to human rights violations during the Second World War?
A)World Humanities Research
B)CNA Code of Ethics
C)Nuremberg Code
D)Declaration of Helsinki
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14
Chapter 13: The Future of Canadian Health Care: Challenges and Priorities
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12 Verified Questions
12 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) What is one circumstance that precipitated the movement of nursing education away from the hospital base to universities?
A)the growing numbers of university prepared nursing faculty
B)the growth of public health nursing as a specialty
C)the Nightingale Report, which recommended the need for higher education to prepare nurses
D)an increasing public demand for nursing education that could no longer be met in the hospital-based system with its relationships and curative measures
Q2) Large immigrant populations may live in overcrowded situations and, in some cases, may be unable to access health care. In addition to financial constraints, what is another issue that immigrant populations might face regarding access to health care?
A)burdening the health care system with longer wait times
B)language and cultural barriers to health care
C)burdening primary health care, and spending more on prescription drugs
D)lack of health care providers and facilities
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Chapter 14: Health Policy Issues
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16 Verified Questions
16 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which of the following describes the most effective type of letter sent to a policy-maker in a lobbying campaign?
A)a long emotional plea that is very thorough and explanatory and includes many examples
B)a form letter with a handwritten salutation and signature
C)a concise handwritten letter written in your own words, using your own thoughts and logic
D)a letter that includes a list of all topics of interest to nurses in your area
Q2) A nursing professor is actively involved in lobbying for health policy issues. The professor tells the class that these activities are moral duties. What is the best explanation for this statement?
A)The nursing professor likely learned the sense of duty from her upbringing.
B)The nursing professor has a deontological ethical perspective.
C)The ICN code of ethics for nurses directs the professor to promote efforts to meet the health needs of society.
D)The nursing professor is attempting to influence the students' political action or influence the pursuit of health.
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Page 16
Chapter 15: Economic Issues
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17 Verified Questions
17 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which of the following is an example of the element of privatization in Canadian health care?
A)a national "drug agency" to oversee and monitor pharmaceutical activity
B)laundry services outsourced to private companies
C)integration between "pharmacare" and Medicare
D)national platform for home care
Q2) There are a number of different models of health care. Which model does the Russian health care system follow?
A)national health systems model
B)public insurance model
C)entrepreneurial model
D)financing systems model
Q3) Which of the following health care financing systems has a strong focus on the principle of autonomy?
A)fee for service
B)managed care
C)universal health insurance
D)single payer systems
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Chapter 16: Social Issues
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16 Verified Questions
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Sample Questions
Q1) Compared to Murphy's original estimate of the number of homeless people in Canada in 2000, how much higher is the estimated number now?
A)5 times
B)10 times
C)20 times
D)30 times
Q2) Which of the following challenges is an important structural issue in health care?
A)abortion
B)research
C)pandemics
D)poverty
Q3) Which of the following can get in the way when working with vulnerable groups?
A)self-determination
B)language that colours speech and actions
C)exploring personal beliefs
D)inadequate research
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Chapter 17: Issues of Gender and Culture
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17 Verified Questions
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which of the following does Williams identify as one of the several hidden advantages to being a man in nursing?
A)Men have increased responsibility and autonomy in health care.
B)Men learn and express caring faster than females.
C)Men are tracked into higher paying and more prestigious positions.
D)Men are territorial and authoritative with other health care professionals.
Q2) Which of the following governs employment equity and equal pay for equal work as a right protected in provinces across Canada?
A)Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women
B)Equal Wages Guidelines
C)Pay Gap Act
D)Fair-Labour Legislation
Q3) What is the term for knowing about the values, beliefs, behaviours, norms, and customs of a patient who comes from a culture other than your own?
A)cultural awareness
B)cultural sensitivity
C)ethnocentrism
D)cultural competence
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Chapter 18: Rural, Remote, and Indigenous Nursing in Canada
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15 Verified Questions
15 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) What is one of the major differences in nursing practice between working in a rural community and an urban community?
A)standards of practice
B)scope of practice
C)code of ethics
D)population health approach
Q2) Which of the following statements applies to Canadians living in a rural environment?
A)More new immigrants and visible minorities live in rural areas.
B)People are more ethnically diverse.
C)People have a wider variety of opportunities.
D)Families tend to have lower incomes.
Q3) Which of the following best defines Indigenous nursing?
A)nurses working in outpost settings and northern territories
B)nurses with specialized knowledge, affirmed by a faith community
C)Indigenous persons who work as nurses
D)nurses who work in Indigenous communities
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Page 20
Chapter 19: Empowerment for Nurses
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16 Verified Questions
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which of the following might hinder nursing empowerment?
A)acting to address system issues
B)eliminating divergent and conflicting views
C)collaborating and sharing in decision making
D)participating in forming institutional policies
Q2) What skills does nursing knowledge foster to enable empowerment?
A)decision making based on intuition
B)values development and their impact on choices
C)application of scientific principles and evidence-based practice
D)imposing personal values on others
Q3) What is the term for a person who waits and hopes something or someone else will change, and makes excuses for not acting?
A)disempowered
B)a whistle-blower
C)a victim
D)an empowered person
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