Learning and Cognition Final Exam
Course Introduction
Learning and Cognition explores the fundamental processes underlying how humans acquire, process, store, and apply knowledge. The course examines major theoretical perspectives and research findings related to classical and operant conditioning, memory systems, problem-solving, language, and the development of cognitive skills. By investigating topics such as perception, attention, intelligence, and metacognition, students gain a deeper understanding of how individuals learn and adapt throughout the lifespan, as well as how these processes inform educational practices and everyday decision-making.
Recommended Textbook
Cognitive Psychology 6th Edition by Robert
J. Sternberg
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12 Chapters
1207 Verified Questions
1207 Flashcards
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Page 2
Chapter 1: Introduction to Cognitive Psychology
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Sample Questions
Q1) A philosopher who largely rejected acquisition of knowledge by empirical means was A)John Locke.
B)Aristotle.
C)David Hume.
D)René Descartes.
Answer: D
Q2) Dorothy conducted an experiment in which there was a 20 point difference between the experimental and control group.The statistical test suggests that this result did not occur simply by chance.Dorothy's results are said to have (found)
A)statistical significance.
B)practical significance.
C)descriptive statistics.
D)meta-analysis.
Answer: A
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Chapter 2: Cognitive Neuroscience
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Q1) This particular part of the brain is responsible for regulating behavior that is important for the survival of the organism (e.g. ,fighting,feeding,fleeing,and mating)and "regulating emotions and reactions to stress."
A)hypothalamus
B)thalamus
C)pons
D)limbic system
Answer: A
Q2) This research is well known for his work with split-brain patients.
A)Lashley
B)Broca
C)Gazzaniga
D)All of the above have worked with split-brain patients.
Answer: C
Q3) Which of the following would most likely involve the use of the septum?
A)Mike is scared by a man pointing a knife at him.
B)Mike remembered a man that had pointed a knife at him.
C)Mike sees a man who is pointing a knife at him.
D)Mike sees a photo of a man pointing a knife at a woman.
Answer: A
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Chapter 3: Perception
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Sample Questions
Q1) Someone with this hereditary disorder is born with no cones in the retina and they rely solely on their rods for vision.
A)Achromatopsia
B)Akinetopsia
C)Rod monochromacy
D)Tritanopia
Answer: A
Q2) Gibson's direct perception model is sometimes referred to as a(n)__________,because of Gibson's concern with perception as it occurs in the everyday world rather than in laboratory situations.
A)anti-laboratory view
B)real-life view
C)world model
D)ecological model
Answer: D
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5
Chapter 4: Attention and Consciousness
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Sample Questions
Q1) Your child attends a school that requires use of 1 of 4 different uniforms.You lament that it is often difficult to spot your child in the crowd of children.On that day it is raining,it is easy to spot the red umbrella that your child uses in the sea of black umbrellas.The search has changed from a _____ to a _____.
A)feature search;conjunction search
B)selective attention;divided attention
C)divided attention;selective attention
D)conjunction search;feature search
Q2) __________ refers to a main task for which we use our attention,in which we actively seek out particular stimuli.
A)Selective attention
B)Vigilance
C)Search
D)Multiple-task processing
Q3) _________________ involves being able to select which stimuli to attend to.
A)Orienting
B)Alerting
C)Executive attention
D)Searching
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Page 6
Chapter 5: Memory: Models and Research Methods
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Sample Questions
Q1) The __________ refers to a way of looking at memory storage,which postulates that memory comprises a continuous dimension in which the depth to which information is encoded predicts the ease of retrieving an item.
A)levels-of-processing framework
B)working-memory framework
C)parallel-processing model
D)continuous-dimension model
Q2) Anytime we read,we unconsciously and effortlessly remember the meanings of particular words and even how to read.These are examples of everyday tasks that primarily involve __________ memory.
A)episodic
B)semantic
C)explicit
D)implicit
Q3) Describe the whole-report and partial-report methods used by Sperling.Explain what Sperling thought the two reports have to say about sensory memory.
Q4) Compare the sensory store,the short-term store,and the long-term store with each other and state the way in which they differ from one another.
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Page 7
Chapter 6: Memory Processes
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Sample Questions
Q1) Explain the circumstances under which encoding specificity can be helpful and when it is not.For those situations in which it is not helpful,provide some suggestions in terms of what can be done to minimize the effects.
Q2) According to the __________ theory of forgetting,forgetting occurs because new information ultimately displaces old information in the short-term store.
A)decay
B)availability
C)accessibility
D)interference
Q3) Animal research has revealed that cells in the ___________ that are activated during initial learning are reactivated during sleep.
A)hippocampus
B)amygdala
C)prefrontal cortex
D)cerebral cortex
Q4) Explain the role of REM sleep in memory consolidation.Use experimental results to support your position.
Q5) What is the recency effect?
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Chapter 7: The Landscape of Memory: Mental Images, maps,
and Propositions
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102 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Jane is asked to imagine standing on the north end of the town square and then describe what she sees.In her description Jane reports all of the buildings on the east side of the square,but none from the west side of the square.Based on this report,one might conclude that Jane is suffering from A)unilateral visual neglect.
B)imaginarial dysfunction.
C)representational neglect.
D)hemispatial syndrome.
Q2) Lee Brooks tested the notion that
A)visual perception could interfere with verbal perception.
B)producing a verbal response could interfere with visual imagery,and visual perception could interfere with mental manipulation of words.
C)producing a verbal response could interfere with mental manipulation of words,and visual perception could interfere with visual imagery.
D)verbal imagery seems to be processed differently than visual imagery.
Q3) Contrast the hypothesis of Allan Paivio with that of Anderson and Bower.With which points of each (dual-code vs.propositional)do you agree or disagree? Which would you support and why?
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Chapter 8: The Organization of Knowledge in the Mind
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Sample Questions
Q1) Describe briefly what procedural and declarative knowledge are.Then,come up with a new metaphor (besides the computer and the brain)of how knowledge is organized in our minds.
Q2) _____ refers to a specialized vocabulary that a particular group uses (e.g. ,physicians).Individuals not part of the group may find it difficult to understand the information.
A)Jargon
B)Word-superiority effect
C)Synthesis
D)Representational thought
Q3) List and then define the various types of categories.Explain the similarities and differences between them.
Q4) A "connectionist" model is another way to refer to a(n)
A)elementary information process model.
B)test-operate-test-exit model.
C)production system.
D)parallel distributed processing model.
Q5) What are the main features of connectionist models?
Q6) Explain classical and fuzzy concepts.
Q7) Provide an example of a schema and explain the various components.
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Chapter 9: Language
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Sample Questions
Q1) Describe the principles of conventionality and contrast in relation to word meaning.How might these principles limit what words should be added to or included in a language?
Q2) This type of dyslexia is typically caused by traumatic brain damage.
A)acquired
B)developmental
C)progressive
D)longitudinal
Q3) When speaking,phonemes in a word and between words often overlap.In other word,the boundaries between phonemes are not discrete but more continuous.This overlapping of phonemes is called
A)allophones.
B)holophrases.
C)discourse.
D)coarticulation.
Q4) Explain how the various theories of speech perception account for language comprehension.What are the main differences and similarities?
Q5) Explain deep structure and surface structure.
Q6) Explain semantics and grammar and how they are similar and dissimilar.
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Chapter 10: Language in Context
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Sample Questions
Q1) Compare and contrast alternative views of metaphors.
Q2) List and explain the various conversational postulates.
Q3) Compare and contrast the different types of aphasia (What are the defining features of each?).
Q4) When bilinguals are __________ bilinguals and when they come from __________ backgrounds,positive effects of bilingualism tend to be found.
A)de facto;middle-class
B)subtractive;upper-class
C)balanced;middle-class
D)fluent;lower-class
Q5) An idea may be correct in terms of how we think about it (e.g. ,our "language of the mind" is correct).However,a mistake may be made when conveying the idea to others.This mistake would be called
A)linguistic output error.
B)slips of the tongue.
C)conceptual generation error.
D)linguistic generator error.
Q6) Explain the single-system and dual-system hypotheses for bilingualism.
Q7) Explain the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis.
Page 12
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Chapter 11: Problem Solving and Creativity
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Sample Questions
Q1) One factor that often leads to difficulty with problems is problem representation.What advice could you give to help someone with solving problems?
Q2) John,an expert chess player,is playing chess with Mark,a novice player.Late in the game Mark "accidentally" knocks over the board spilling the pieces on the floor.In this situation ______ is more likely to remember the position pieces because ________.
A)Mark;his arousal was higher because he was losing
B)John;he can rely on sophisticated schemas
C)John;he focuses on superficial details during a match
D)John;he is more likely to have "photographic" memory
Q3) Develop an example of a problem situation that can be used to illustrate the problem-solving cycle.State the application of the cycle to the situation for each of the cycle's steps.
Q4) __________ refers to the production of something that is both original and worthwhile.
A)Insight
B)Creativity
C)Mental set
D)Fluidity
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Page 13
Chapter 12: Decision Making and Reasoning
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Q1) Mark sees a man walk into a bank downtown.Suddenly,alarms sound,people scream,and Mark sees the same man run out of the bank carrying a gun and a bag of money.Because Mark has never seen such an occurrence before,he uses a __________ to deduce that the man is a robber.
A)conversion strategy
B)syllogistic schema
C)transitive-inference strategy
D)pragmatic reasoning schema
Q2) The theory of satisficing states that
A)all decision making is strengthened or weakened depending on whether there is a reward for a certain decision.
B)decision making is geared toward seeking to maximize pleasure and minimize pain.
C)we consider options one by one,and then we select an option as soon as we find one that is just good enough.
D)people make decisions that would ultimately bring satisfaction to themselves,regardless of the effect the decision has on others.
Q3) Compare and contrast inductive and deductive reasoning.
Q4) Explain each of the six symptoms of group think.
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