Learning and Cognition Exam Preparation Guide
Course Introduction
Learning and Cognition explores the fundamental processes underlying how humans acquire, store, and use knowledge. This course examines key theories and experimental findings in areas such as perception, attention, memory, problem-solving, language, and decision-making. Students will analyze the interplay between environmental factors and cognitive mechanisms in shaping learning experiences, as well as discuss implications for educational practices and real-world applications. Through lectures, discussions, and hands-on activities, the course aims to develop an understanding of the principles that guide cognitive development and adaptive behavior across the lifespan.
Recommended Textbook
Congitive Psychology 3rd Edition by E. Bruce Goldstein
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13 Chapters
801 Verified Questions
801 Flashcards
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Chapter 1: Introduction to Cognitive Psychology
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55 Verified Questions
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Sample Questions
Q1) At the MIT Symposium on Information Theory, George Miller presented a paper suggesting that
A) the human ability to process information is unlimited.
B) there are limits to the human ability to process information.
C) intelligent machines can be successfully created.
D) memory consolidation is enhanced by REM sleep.
Answer: B
Q2) Donders' reaction time experiment was performed using stimuli in which of the following sensory modalities?
A) Touch
B) Hearing
C) Smell
D) Vision
Answer: D
Q3) According to Ebbinghaus' savings curve, savings is a function of
A) word familiarity.
B) sensory modality.
C) retention interval.
D) reaction time.
Answer: C
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Chapter 2: Cognitive Neuroscience
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Sample Questions
Q1) Research using the ERP method shows that damage to the frontal lobes reduces the larger response that occurs when the form of a sentence is incorrect.
A) N100
B) N400
C) P300
D) P600
Answer: D
Q2) Shinkareva et al.(2008)conducted research that revealed A) the existence of feature detectors.
B) the distinction between form and meaning in language.
C) a computer could fairly accurately predict what category of object one was viewing.
D) strong support for specificity coding.
Answer: C
Q3) A specific person's face is represented in the nervous system by the firing of A) a feature detector that fires specifically to that face.
B) a group of neurons that all respond only to that face.
C) a group of neurons each responding to a number of different faces.
D) a receptor in the retina that responds when the face is present.
Answer: C
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Page 4
Chapter 3: Perception
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Sample Questions
Q1) The results of Gauthier's "Greeble" experiment illustrate A) that neurons specialized to respond to faces are present in our brains when we are born.
B) that training a monkey to recognize the difference between common objects can influence how the monkey's neurons fire to these objects.
C) an effect of experience-dependent plasticity.
D) that our nervous systems remain fairly stable in different environments.
Answer: C
Q2) When you listen to someone speaking a foreign language, the words seem to speed by in an unbroken string of sound.To a speaker of that language, the words seem separated.The Gestalt law that is operating here is the law of A) similarity.
B) familiarity.
C) nearness.
D) good continuation.
Answer: B
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Chapter 4: Attention
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Sample Questions
Q1) Broadbent's model is called an early selection model because
A) the filtering step occurs before the meaning of the incoming information is analyzed.
B) the filtering step occurs before the information enters the sensory store.
C) only a select set of environmental information enters the system.
D) incoming information is selected by the detector.
Q2) Dichotic listening occurs when
A) the same message is presented to the left and right ears.
B) different messages are presented to the left and right ears.
C) a message is presented to one ear, and a masking noise is presented to the other ear.
D) participants are asked to listen to a message and look at a visual stimulus, both at the same time.
Q3) A dynamic environment, in which objects move throughout a scene, is likely to invoke ____ attention.
A) high-load
B) divided
C) location-based
D) object-based
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Chapter 5: Short-Term and Working Memory
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Sample Questions
Q1) Research on monkeys has shown that the part of the brain most closely associated with working memory is the A) hippocampus.
B) amygdala.
C) occipital cortex.
D) prefrontal cortex.
Q2) Jill's friends tell her they think she has a really good memory.She finds this interesting so she decides to purposefully test her memory.Jill receives a list of to-do tasks each day at work. Usually, she checks off each item as the day progresses, but this week, she is determined to memorize the to-do lists.On Monday, Jill is proud to find that she remembers 95 percent of the tasks without referring to the list.On Tuesday, her memory drops to 80 percent, and by Thursday, she is dismayed to see her performance has declined to 20 percent.Jill does not realize that she is demonstrating a natural mechanism of memory known as
A) short-term memory.
B) episodic buffering.
C) chunking.
D) proactive interference.
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Chapter 6: Long-Term Memory--Structure
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Sample Questions
Q1) Your book discusses the memory functioning of patient H.M.who underwent brain surgery to relieve severe epileptic seizures.H.M.'s case has been extremely informative to psychologists by demonstrating that
A) LTM can operate normally while STM is impaired.
B) impairment of one memory system (LTM or STM) necessarily leads to deficits in the functioning of the other.
C) a double dissociation exists for STM and LTM.
D) STM can operate normally while LTM is impaired.
Q2) Work with brain-injured patients reveals that ____ memory does not depend on conscious memory.
A) declarative and non-declarative
B) personal semantic and remote
C) semantic and episodic
D) implicit and procedural
Q3) Which of the following would most likely be a detailed long-term memory?
A) I just sat down.
B) I was talking to that girl just before class.
C) I was talking to that boy three months ago.
D) I talked to my cousin Amelia on the phone six months ago.
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Page 8
Chapter 7: Long-Term Memory--Encoding and Retrieval
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Sample Questions
Q1) Retrograde amnesia is usually less severe for memories.
A) remote
B) recent
C) anterograde
D) emotional
Q2) Elementary school students in the U.S.are often taught to use the very familiar word "HOMES" as a cue for remembering the names of the Great Lakes (each letter in "HOMES" provides a first-letter cue for one of the lakes: Huron, Ontario, Michigan, Erie, Superior). This memory procedure usually works better than repeating the names over and over, which provides an example of
A) a self-reference effect.
B) repetition priming.
C) implicit memory.
D) elaborative rehearsal.
Q3) According to the levels of processing theory, memory durability depends on how information is A) encoded.
B) stored.
C) retrieved.
D) all of the above
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Chapter 8: Everyday Memory and Memory Errors
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Sample Questions
Q1) The conclusion to be drawn from the man named Shereshevskii whose abnormal brain functioning gave him virtually limitless word-for-word memory is that having memory like a video recorder
A) is largely a blessing because no event would be erased.
B) is an advantage because it eliminates "selective" recording (remembering some events and forgetting others), which provides no useful service to humans.
C) helped him draw powerful inferences and intelligent conclusions from his vast knowledge base.
D) none of the above
Q2) The "telephone game" is often played by children.One child creates a story and whispers it to a second child, who does the same to a third child, and so on.When the last child recites the story to the group, his or her reproduction of the story is generally shorter than the original and contains many omissions and inaccuracies.This game shows how memory is a ______ process.
A) life-narrative
B) narrative-rehearsal
C) consequentiality based
D) constructive
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10
Chapter 9: Knowledge
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Sample Questions
Q1) Rosch and coworkers conducted an experiment in which participants were shown a category label, like car or vehicle, and then, after a brief delay, saw a picture.The participants' task was to indicate as rapidly as possible whether the picture was a member of the category.Their results showed
A) the priming effect was most robust for superordinate level categories.
B) the priming effect was most robust for basic level categories.
C) no measurable priming effect.
D) the priming effect was the same for superordinate and basic level categories.
Q2) An advantage of the prototype approach over the exemplar approach is that the prototype approach provides a better explanation of the typicality effect.
A)True
B)False
Q3) _______ are actual members of a category that a person has encountered in the past.
A) Icons
B) Prototypes
C) Units
D) Exemplars
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11
Chapter 10: Visual Imagery
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Sample Questions
Q1) The technique in which things to be remembered are placed at different locations in a mental image of a spatial layout is known as
A) the pegword technique.
B) method of loci.
C) paired-associate learning.
D) a propositional representation.
Q2) Ben has had problems with the pipes in his apartment.First, he had a clog in his bathroom sink, and then two months later, his garbage disposal in the kitchen sink clogged.Ben's superintendant told him he was not adequately flushing the debris from his pipes.She suggested that he run the water a little longer and visualize the debris (be it carrot peelings or toothpaste)traveling through the pipes all the way out to the sewer connection in the street.Using this technique, Ben has had no more clogs.The superintendant's suggestion involved
A) image synthesis.
B) mental scanning.
C) method of loci.
D) propositional representations.
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Chapter 11: Language
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Sample Questions
Q1) According to the idea of _____, when we read a sentence like, "Carmelo grabbed his coat from his bedroom and his backpack from the living room, walked downstairs, and called his friend Gerry," we create a map of Carmelo's apartment and keep track of his location as he moves throughout the apartment.
A) global connections
B) situation models
C) causal inference
D) speech continuity
Q2) "Kitchen tables" consists of ____ morphemes.
A) two
B) three
C) four
D) five
Q3) Swinney's research measuring response time to different words with either similar or different meanings is an example of which research methodology?
A) Lexical priming
B) Word superiority
C) Syntactic priming
D) Brain imaging
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Page 13
Chapter 12: Problem Solving
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Sample Questions
Q1) The ability to transfer experience from one problem solving situation to a similar problem is known as
A) analogical encoding.
B) analogical transfer.
C) insight.
D) in vivo problem solving.
Q2) ____ identified people's tendency to focus on a specific characteristic of a problem that keeps them from arriving at a solution as a major obstacle to successful problem solving.
A) Newell and Simon's logic theorist computer problem
B) Gestalt psychologists
C) The physicist Richard Feynman
D) The analogical problem solving approach
Q3) The typical purpose of subgoals is to
A) solve insight problems.
B) move the solver directly from the initial state to the goal state.
C) bring the problem solver closer and closer to the goal state.
D) avoid the need to perform means-end analysis.
Q4) Describe the Gestalt approach to problem solving and provide an example.
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Chapter 13: Reasoning and Decision Making
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Sample Questions
Q1) If it is raining, then I will take my umbrella.It is not raining.Therefore, I didn't take my umbrella.
This syllogism is an example of
A) denying the antecedent.
B) denying the consequent.
C) affirming the antecedent.
D) affirming the consequent.
Q2) Utility refers to
A) outcomes that achieve a person's goals.
B) how useful a reasoning process is.
C) the validity of a syllogism.
D) degree of risk aversion one has.
Q3) Which concept below is most closely associated with the evolutionary perspective to solving the Wason four-card problem?
A) Permission schemas
B) Falsification principle
C) Social-exchange theory
D) Availability heuristic
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