Learning and Behavior Test Bank
Course Introduction
Learning and Behavior explores the fundamental principles and mechanisms underlying how organisms acquire, modify, and retain behavior. The course examines classic and contemporary theories of learning, including classical and operant conditioning, observational learning, and cognitive processes. Through the analysis of animal and human studies, students will gain an understanding of how behavior is shaped by reinforcement, punishment, motivation, and environmental factors. The course also discusses practical applications in areas such as education, therapy, behavior modification, and habit formation.
Recommended Textbook
The Principles of Learning and Behavior 7th Edition by Michael Domjan
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12 Chapters
859 Verified Questions
859 Flashcards
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Page 2
Chapter 1: Introduction
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62 Verified Questions
62 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Describe how the definition of learning dictates what type of science the study of learning must be.
Answer: Answer not provided
Q2) What can behavioral studies of learning demonstrate?
A)how the elements of the nervous system change due to associative learning
B)the conditions under which information is acquired
C)the features of the reflex arc necessary for learning to occur
D)All of these
Answer: B
Q3) Of the primary rules of association, which has been most prominent in considerations of associations?
A)similarity
B)contingency
C)contrast
D)contiguity
Answer: D
Q4) Explain how the research of I.M.Sechenov and Ivan Pavlov extended Descartes' early conceptualization of the role reflexes have in human behavior.
Answer: Answer not provided
Page 3
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Chapter 2: Elicited Behavior, Habituation, and Sensitization
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83 Verified Questions
83 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Discuss the importance of behavioral sequences.What role do appetitive and consummatory behaviors play in organizing behavior? How do general search, focal search, and consummatory behaviors differ? Provide examples of each.
Answer: Answer not provided
Q2) How does the opponent-process theory of motivation explain drug tolerance and addictive behaviors? What is the evidence for the underlying mechanisms?
Answer: Answer not provided
Q3) Repeated presentations of a tactile stimulus make the skin receptors less sensitive, and responding decreases across trials.This is an example of A)response fatigue.
B)sensory adaptation.
C)habituation.
D)sensitization.
Answer: B
Q4) Describe two changes in neurons of aplysia that are associated with habituation.
Answer: Answer not provided
Q5) What factors influence the elicitation of a modal action pattern?
Answer: Answer not provided
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Chapter 3: Classical Conditioning
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59 Verified Questions
59 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) The is necessary for delay eyeblink conditioning; the is necessary if there is a trace.
A)hippocampus; cerebellum
B)frontal cortex; cerebellum
C)cerebellum; hippocampus
D)cerebellum; frontal cortex
Answer: C
Q2) Pairing repeated presentations of a photograph of a water can with subsequent presentations of a photograph of a flower on a computer screen is likely to A)have little effect on the conscious judgment of causality in normal human adults.
B)affect informal judgments of causality in human adults, and will likely share features common to Pavlovian conditioning.
C)affect informal judgments of causality in human adults, but in spite of surface similarities, does not have the features common to Pavlovian conditioning.
D)impact judgments of causality in only well trained human subjects with experience in the experimental setting.
Answer: B
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Chapter 4: Classical Conditioning
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75 Verified Questions
75 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Your friend plans to autoshape her goldfish to swim up to a hoop (the CS).You recommend using a US that
A)is very familiar to the fish.
B)that is slightly aversive to the fish.
C)that is relatively novel to the fish.
D)that is very aversive to the fish.
Q2) What, if any, limits are there on the kinds of stimuli that can serve as conditioned and unconditioned stimuli in Pavlovian conditioning?
Q3) Research into the role of the US in determining the nature of the CR suggests which of the following is true?
A)The US is important to the form of the CR only if different CSs are used.
B)The US only determines if the CR is an approach or avoidance response.
C)The US only determines if the CR is vigorous or weak.
D)The US determines many aspects of the CR, including very specific aspects of mouth and tongue movements.
Q4) Describe an experimental design that allows investigators to distinguish between S-R and S-S learning.
Q5) How does the intertrial interval influence learning?
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Chapter 5: Instrumental Conditioning
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82 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which of the following is an example of omission training?
A)Wanda cannot play with her friends because she was out too late yesterday evening.
B)Robert takes out the garbage to stop his roommate's nagging.
C)Billy sleeps late to avoid taking his history final.
D)Ellie stops crying when she gets a lollipop.
Q2) In a discrete trial procedure, the researcher can measure all of the following except A)response rate.
B)running speed.
C)food preference.
D)latency to leave the start box.
Q3) Which of the following is true of the nature of the instrumental reinforcer in conditioning procedures?
A)The quality of the reinforcer is important, but not the quantity.
B)The quantity of the reinforcer is important, but not the quality.
C)Neither the quality nor quantity of the reinforcer is important.
D)Both the quality and quantity of the reinforcer are important.
Q4) Describe alternative explanations of the learned helplessness effect.
Q5) What factors contribute to the effectiveness of an instrumental reinforcer?
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Chapter 6: Schedules of Reinforcement and Choice Behavior
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68 Verified Questions
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Sample Questions
Q1) When considering the feedback function of a fixed interval schedule, which of the following is true for a given period?
A)there is an upper limit on the number of reinforcers a subject can earn.
B)there is no limit to the number of reinforcers a subject can learn; more responses = more reinforcers.
C)depending on how the subject responds, it may have a limit or may not have a limit on its number or .
D)it is impossible to determine any of the above.
Q2) Which of the following is the correct way to express the value discounting function mathematically?
A)V = M/(1 + k D)
B)M = V/(1 - k D)
C)K = M/(1 - VD)
D)D = V/(1 + k M)
Q3) How have studies of self-control informed us about other important aspects of human behavior?
Q4) Describe various theoretical explanations of the matching law.
Q5) How can self-control be conditioned? Provide an example of self-control training from common human experience.
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Chapter 7: Instrumental Conditioning
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78 Verified Questions
78 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) What are the primary contributions of economic concepts to the understanding of the motivational bases of instrumental behavior?
Q2) The elasticity of demand for candy is likely to be the elasticity of demand for gasoline.
A)the same as B)less than C)greater than D)This cannot be determined.
Q3) According to the response allocation approach, when a rat is hungry, it pushes a lever to get food in order to A)reduce a physiological drive state.
B)stay as close as possible to an unconstrained baseline of behavior.
C)receive the sensory stimulation of consuming the food.
D)make the species typical response of consuming food.
Q4) Which of the following relationships are not included in two process theory?
A)O-O
B)R-O
C)S(R-O)
D)none of the above are included
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Chapter 8: Stimulus Control of Behavior
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which of the following stimuli could be used in an intradimensional discrimination procedure?
A)S+ = bright red light: S- = no light
B)S+ = bright red light: S- = bright yellow light
C)S+ = bright red light: S- = tone
D)S+ = bright red light: S- = white key light with black bar
Q2) Describe two changes that take place at the level of the synapse in long-term potentiation.
Q3) Assume you have a new position as a therapist.What are four things you can do to ensure that the treatment outcomes for your clients will generalize to settings outside your office?
Q4) The term "occasion setters" refers to
A)modulators of the response-reinforcer relationship in instrumental conditioning.
B)modulators of the stimulus-response relationship in instrumental conditioning.
C)modulators of the stimulus-reinforcer relationship in instrumental conditioning.
D)modulators of the CS-US relationship in classical conditioning.
Q5) Describe the relationship between stimulus discrimination and stimulus generalization.
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Chapter 9: Extinction of Conditioned Behavior
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Sample Questions
Q1) Describe the various ways in which control of behavior by contextual cues is relevant to the behavioral effects of extinction.
Q2) Sally worked hard to overcome her taste aversion to cashews.Unfortunately, she caught a stomach bug, was ill, and now finds that she cannot bear to be around cashews again.This demonstrates A)spontaneous recovery.
B)renewal.
C)reinstatement.
D)resurgence.
Q3) Compare three mechanisms of PREE.What evidence supports, or refutes, each mechanism?
Q4) Describe two ways you could reinstate conditioned responding following extinction without retraining the subject.
Q5) What evidence is there that protein synthesis is necessary for the acquisition and extinction of conditioned responding?
Q6) Describe evidence that identifies the development of inhibitory S-R associations in extinction.
Q7) Compare extinction to forgetting.What procedures characterize each?
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Chapter 10: Averse Control
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67 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) A rat is placed in a test arena.When a two-second tone sounds, the rat must push a lever in the arena to prevent a mild footshock from being delivered.If the rat does not push the lever, the shock is delivered periodically until the lever is depressed.On early trials, the rat often fails to push the lever until the shock is delivered.These early trials are referred to as
A)escape trials.
B)punishment trials.
C)avoidance trials.
D)omission trials.
Q2) The reduction of fear to the shock-avoidance CS that accompanies extended avoidance training
A)is accompanied by a reduction in avoidance responses.
B)has little effect on avoidance responses.
C)reduces the persistence of avoidance responses.
D)results in the flooding of avoidance responses.
Q3) How is avoidance responding related to conditioned fear and the expectation of aversive stimulation?
Q4) Compare and contrast discriminated and free-operant avoidance procedures.
Q5) Compare discriminated avoidance to free-operant avoidance procedures.
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Chapter 11: Comparative Cognition I
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Sample Questions
Q1) Infants were trained to kick in order to move a mobile.24 hours later, one group of these infants was tested in the presence of the same contextual cues; another group was tested in the presence of a context familiar to them, but different from the training situation.The infants tested in the training context performed much better, probably because of
A)rehearsal cues.
B)retrieval cues.
C)prospective cues.
D)retrospective cues.
Q2) Compare and contrast traditional and contemporary views of memory storage and recall and the implications of these views for the accuracy of recollections.
Q3) Prospective coding refers to events
A)that must happen in the future.
B)that have occurred in the immediate past.
C)that have occurred in the distant past.
D)that are no longer stored in working memory.
Q4) What is spatial memory? Describe two procedures that demonstrate spatial memory in animals.
Q5) Compare and contrast working and reference memory.
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Chapter 12: Comparative Cognition Ii
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63 Verified Questions
63 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) A cat is trained to fetch a piece of balled paper.The cat has learned that the sound of the paper being crumpled means that the game is on.The game being on tells the cat that the paper is about to fly.Seeing the flying paper means that it is time for the hunt.Grabbing the paper lets the cat know that a treat is waiting.This cat must have learned
A)paired associates.
B)a serial pattern.
C)stimulus-response associations.
D)serial representations.
Q2) According to the behavioral theory of timing, the discriminative stimuli for the required timing responses are
A)the number of impulses sent by the pacemaker.
B)the total time the switch is active.
C)the comparison of impulses in the comparator.
D)the subjects own adjunctive responses.
Q3) Compare response chains, paired associate learning and serial representation learning.How can an investigator determine which strategy is being used by an animal in a simultaneous chain procedure?
Q4) Describe two techniques for measuring an animal's ability for timing behavior.
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